This document discusses different types of disasters including natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and wildfires, and man-made disasters caused by human actions or errors. It provides details on pandemic emergencies throughout history. The response to disasters is also outlined, including coordinating with stakeholders, providing basic necessities, and conducting damage assessments. Tips for staying safe during natural disasters like sheltering in place, listening to officials, using generators safely, and avoiding travel are presented. The benefits of hazard mitigation planning to reduce long-term risks from disasters are summarized.

1. A Social Studies Comprehensive Project done by Haridath Nihal

2. Index

3. What is a disaster?
A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long
period of time that causes widespread human, material,
economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.3

4. Types of disasters
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5.  Natural Disasters are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events that
have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering. These
disasters can be:
Natural Disasters
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6. Geophysical (e.g. Earthquakes, Landslides, and
Volcanic Activity)
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7. Hydrological (e.g. Avalanches,
Tsunamis and Floods)
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8. Climatological (e.g. Extreme Temperatures,
Drought and Wildfires)
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9. Meteorological (e.g. Cyclones and Storms/Wave Surges)
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10. Biological (e.g. Disease Epidemics and
Insect/Animal Plagues)
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11.  Man-Made Disasters are events that are caused by humans which occur in or close to human
settlements often caused as a results of Environmental or Technological Emergencies. This can
include
Man-Made Disasters
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12. Environmental Degradation
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13. Pollution
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14.  Pandemic is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread across a large region, which can
occur to the human population or animal population and may affect health and disrupt services
leading to economic and social costs. It may be an unusual or unexpected increase in the
number of cases of an infectious disease which already exists in a certain region or population
or can also refer to the appearance of a significant number of cases of an infectious disease in a
region or population that is usually free from that disease. These have included the following
epidemics:
 Ebola
 Zika
 Dengue Fever
 Malaria
 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Pandemic Emergencies
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15. Causes
Tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and wildfires are
also included under natural disasters. These
disasters cause enormous loss to life and
property. Man-made disasters: When the
disasters are due to carelessness of human or
mishandling of dangerous equipment's they
are called man-made disasters. They are
explosions, major fires, aviation, shipping and
railway accidents, and the release of toxic
substances into the environment.
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16. Disaster Response
 1. Coordinate response with all appropriate stakeholders, such as
government, community groups and other NGOs. Proper
coordination ensures all people impacted by the disaster are
reached and there is no response activity is duplicated.
 2. Provide basic necessities like food and water during the first
48 hours. This is critical to saving more lives.
 3. Complete a rapid assessment of the damage to determine the
needs for the emergency phase of the disaster. This involves
interviewing disaster survivors to determine their most critical
needs and preferences for assistance. World Vision is
increasingly using smartphones to conduct rapid assessments, as
it saves both time and money compared to pen and paper.
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17. No one expects to be caught in a potentially dangerous and extreme
situation such as a natural disaster. If the unthinkable does occur, having a
plan and knowing what to do could make all the difference for you and your
loved ones. These four tips can help you stay safe during a disaster.
 If you have not been ordered to evacuate, stay in a safe area or shelter
during a natural disaster. In your home, a safe area may be a ground floor
interior room, closet or bathroom. Be sure you have access to
your survival kit in case you are in an emergency event that lasts several
days.
 Listen to your portable radio for important updates and instructions
from local authorities. Remember to have a battery-powered radio in
your survival kit. Some radios are now equipped with multiple power
sources, such as batteries, solar panels and a hand crank.
 If power is lost, use a generator with caution. Make sure conditions are
safe before operating a portable generator. Only operate it outside —
away from windows, doors or vents. Follow all manufacturer’s
instructions.
 Stay in your safe area and do not drive until the danger has
passed. Resist the temptation to check on your property until you are sure
it is safe to do so.
4 Tips to Help You Stay Safe During a Natural Disaster
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18. Hazard mitigation plans are prepared and adopted by communities with the
primary purpose of identifying, assessing, and reducing the long-term risk to life
and property from hazard events. Effective mitigation planning can break the
cycle of disaster damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage.
They typically include four key elements: 1) a risk assessment, 2) capability
assessment, 3) mitigation strategy, and 4) plan maintenance procedures.
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19. The benefits include:
 Gaining an increased awareness and understanding of local hazard risks and vulnerabilities, as well as existing
mitigation capabilities and activities.
 Identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing potential risk reduction measures including both mitigation project
and policy alternatives.
 Engaging and communicating with the public, community leaders, other stakeholders on the assessment and
mitigation of known hazards.
 Building partnerships by involving citizens, organizations, and businesses to more comprehensively address
disaster risk reduction.
 Developing strong partnerships between planners and emergency managers to fully integrate land use and
hazard planning efforts.
 Aligning disaster risk reduction strategies with other community objectives.
 Communicating local risk reduction priorities to state and federal officials.
 Increasing the speed and decreasing the costs associated with disaster recovery.
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• A Social Studies Comprerhensive Project By Haridath Nihal
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