Lesson1: Direct Speech
Lesson 2: Indirect Speech
Essential Rules for Indirect Speech
-Indirect speech for interrogative sentences
-Indirect speech for modals
-Indirect speech for exclamatory sentence
-Changes in pronoun in indirect speech
-Changes in time and adverbs in indirect speech
You are allowed to leave now.
The assistant permitted me to leave.
Mother: Please don’t go out tonight, darling.
Mother begged her daughter not to go out that night.
Sergeant: I order you to get back in line immediately!
The sergeant commanded the soldiers to get back in line immediately.
Coach: Keep trying, you can do better than that!
The coach encouraged the team to keep trying.
Doctor: Under no circumstances should you lift anything heavy.
The doctor forbade me from lifting anything heavy.
Teacher: Let me show you how to do this exercise.
The teacher instructed me how to do the exercise.
Host: Do
Cora and Mario met in the corridor. They discussed going to the park on Saturday and bringing a picnic. This dialogue shows that the characters are planning a friendly outing together.
The document discusses adverbial phrases and their use in sentences. It defines adverbial phrases as groups of words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by describing how, why, where, or when an action occurred. Several examples of sentences are provided that contain adverbial phrases answering "how," "where," "why," or "when." A quiz section then gives additional sentences for the reader to identify the verb being modified and determine which question (how, where, why, when) the adverbial phrase in each sentence answers.
The document discusses different types of sentences:
- Complete sentences have both a subject and a predicate expressing a complete thought.
- Sentence fragments are incomplete because they are missing either a subject or predicate.
- Run-on sentences improperly connect two independent clauses without correct punctuation like a period or semicolon.
- Compound sentences properly join two independent clauses with a FANBOYS conjunction like "and" or "but." The document provides examples and practice combining sentences into compound structures.
The document discusses the passive voice in English, including its formation, main uses, and semantic features. It covers passive verb forms, verbs that cannot be used passively, sentences using objects such as clauses or infinitives, object complements, and the uses of "get". It also discusses how the meaning of passives can vary depending on the lexical verb and types of passive constructions including agentive, non-agentive, reflexive, durative, and quasi-passives.
Direct speech uses quotation marks to indicate the exact words spoken by a person. It requires a new line for each new speaker and capitalizes the first word of each quotation. Indirect or reported speech does not use quotation marks and changes verbs and pronouns to reflect when the words were spoken rather than the exact words. It summarizes the key details on using quotation marks, capitalization, punctuation and verb tense changes between direct and reported speech.
1) Direct and indirect speech differ in the changes made to pronouns, tenses, temporal words and question forms.
2) In indirect speech, pronouns change to reflect the speaker rather than listener, tenses backshift, words like "this" become "that", and questions are reported with if/whether for yes/no questions and the wh- word for wh- questions.
3) Modals, the present/future tense of the original speaker, and wh- questions are transformed following set rules while maintaining the original meaning.
You are allowed to leave now.
The assistant permitted me to leave.
Mother: Please don’t go out tonight, darling.
Mother begged her daughter not to go out that night.
Sergeant: I order you to get back in line immediately!
The sergeant commanded the soldiers to get back in line immediately.
Coach: Keep trying, you can do better than that!
The coach encouraged the team to keep trying.
Doctor: Under no circumstances should you lift anything heavy.
The doctor forbade me from lifting anything heavy.
Teacher: Let me show you how to do this exercise.
The teacher instructed me how to do the exercise.
Host: Do
Cora and Mario met in the corridor. They discussed going to the park on Saturday and bringing a picnic. This dialogue shows that the characters are planning a friendly outing together.
The document discusses adverbial phrases and their use in sentences. It defines adverbial phrases as groups of words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by describing how, why, where, or when an action occurred. Several examples of sentences are provided that contain adverbial phrases answering "how," "where," "why," or "when." A quiz section then gives additional sentences for the reader to identify the verb being modified and determine which question (how, where, why, when) the adverbial phrase in each sentence answers.
The document discusses different types of sentences:
- Complete sentences have both a subject and a predicate expressing a complete thought.
- Sentence fragments are incomplete because they are missing either a subject or predicate.
- Run-on sentences improperly connect two independent clauses without correct punctuation like a period or semicolon.
- Compound sentences properly join two independent clauses with a FANBOYS conjunction like "and" or "but." The document provides examples and practice combining sentences into compound structures.
The document discusses the passive voice in English, including its formation, main uses, and semantic features. It covers passive verb forms, verbs that cannot be used passively, sentences using objects such as clauses or infinitives, object complements, and the uses of "get". It also discusses how the meaning of passives can vary depending on the lexical verb and types of passive constructions including agentive, non-agentive, reflexive, durative, and quasi-passives.
Direct speech uses quotation marks to indicate the exact words spoken by a person. It requires a new line for each new speaker and capitalizes the first word of each quotation. Indirect or reported speech does not use quotation marks and changes verbs and pronouns to reflect when the words were spoken rather than the exact words. It summarizes the key details on using quotation marks, capitalization, punctuation and verb tense changes between direct and reported speech.
1) Direct and indirect speech differ in the changes made to pronouns, tenses, temporal words and question forms.
2) In indirect speech, pronouns change to reflect the speaker rather than listener, tenses backshift, words like "this" become "that", and questions are reported with if/whether for yes/no questions and the wh- word for wh- questions.
3) Modals, the present/future tense of the original speaker, and wh- questions are transformed following set rules while maintaining the original meaning.
Voice refers to whether the subject performs or receives the action of the verb, with active voice indicating the subject performs the action and passive voice indicating the subject receives the action. Both active and passive voice are explained through examples, and reasons for using each are provided such as active voice being more direct while passive voice can emphasize the recipient of the action or not reveal who performed it. The document also covers forming passive voice verbs using a form of "to be" plus the past participle.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It provides examples of how to change direct speech into indirect speech, including changing pronouns, tenses, adverbs of time and place, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. The key differences covered are using "that" instead of commas, changing pronouns according to the SON formula, changing present and past tense verbs, changing adverbs of time and place, changing interrogative sentences into statements, using "to" after imperative verbs, and using "that" after reporting verbs for exclamatory sentences.
The lesson plan discusses teaching direct and indirect speech to 8th grade English students. It includes objectives, subject matter, and procedures for a lesson involving differentiating between direct and indirect speech through examples, activities, and exercises where students practice changing sentences between the two forms of speech. Students will apply their understanding by writing about a speech on the role of media in society using direct or indirect speech.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. It defines direct speech as quoting someone's exact words using quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the general idea without exact words using verbs in the appropriate tense. The document provides examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech, including changing verb tenses and pronouns. It also discusses changing modal verbs like will to would. Finally, it includes practice examples for converting statements between direct and indirect speech.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses and phrases in English grammar. It discusses independent and dependent clauses, and explains that clauses contain a subject and verb while phrases do not. It also covers noun phrases, noun clauses introduced by question words like what and how, noun clauses introduced by whether/if and that, and question words followed by infinitives. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.
Sentence, Parts of a Sentence, Subject and Predicate, Complements, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Predicate Nominative, Predicate Adjective, Basic Sentence Structure
This power point presentation explains the simple past tense through examples and activities. It defines the past tense as referring to actions or states that have already occurred. It discusses the regular and irregular forms of past tense verbs, including using "did" as the past form of "do" and exceptions for the verb "to be". It provides examples of time indicators used with the simple past tense and how to form negatives by adding "didn't" or auxiliary verbs like "was" plus "not". Sample activities are included to practice using the simple past.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech reports the exact words spoken enclosed in quotation marks, while indirect speech makes some changes to reflect the words were spoken in the past. It provides examples like John said "I will give you a pen" for direct speech and John said that he would give me a pen for indirect speech. The document outlines rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech like changing tenses and pronouns.
The document discusses the past perfect tense, which is used to describe actions that occurred before other past actions. It provides examples of the past perfect tense with different verbs like "had studied" and "had visited." It also discusses using the past perfect tense with time words like "before" and distinguishing it from the simple past tense in certain contexts.
The document discusses the past perfect tense in English. It explains that the past perfect is used to relate two past events and indicate which event occurred first. It provides the rules for forming the past perfect using "have" in the past tense plus the past participle of the main verb. Examples are given of regular and irregular verbs in the past perfect. The uses and forms of the past perfect tense are then defined, including examples of completed actions before something in the past and duration before something in the past.
Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause and a main clause. There are several types of subordinating conjunctions including those indicating time (e.g. before, after), those indicating purpose (e.g. that, in order that), those indicating cause or reason (e.g. because, since), those indicating result (e.g. so...that), those indicating condition (e.g. if, unless), those indicating contrast (e.g. though, although), and those indicating comparison (e.g. than).
This document discusses verb tenses, including simple tenses, perfect tenses, and progressive tenses. It provides examples of when to use the present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. Exercises are included to demonstrate proper usage of these tenses.
This document defines what constitutes a complete sentence. It explains that a sentence must express a complete thought to be considered complete, and that a complete thought requires both a subject and a verb. Some examples of complete sentences and sentence fragments are provided to illustrate these concepts.
#learningisfun #englishgrammar Parts of Sentence | Subject & Object
To see the video of this lesson please click the link below
https://youtu.be/sRNI_NRKZ58
Prajnaparamita Bhowmik
In this video, I have mentioned the different parts of sentence. Here, I have focussed on subject and object, the difference between object and predicate, three different types of objects and illustrated them with lot of examples.
For Parts of Sentence | Subject & Predicate - please click the link below
https://youtu.be/5llO2p_N7vI
For, Categories of sentences in English grammar based on function and purpose - please click the link below
https://youtu.be/sCV0GuYTy4Q
It will help the viewer to understand different types of sentences. We need to know the sentence function to learn other grammatical problems.
For more English grammar lessons please click the below link-------
For Pronoun
https://youtu.be/F83hNk9-zY8
For Article
https://youtu.be/rmTTH-2ONEw
This document discusses adjectives and adverbs. It explains that adjectives are either descriptive or limiting, and describe nouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, and many are formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives. Some words like "so" and "very" are also adverbs. Adverbs answer questions like "how." Linking verbs require adjectives, not adverbs, to modify the subject complement. The document provides examples and exercises to distinguish between adjective and adverb forms.
The document discusses the key elements of subjects and predicates in sentences. It defines a subject as the person or thing a sentence is about, and the predicate as what is said about the subject. It provides examples of finding the simple subject and predicate, as well as compound subjects and predicates. The document aims to teach the reader to identify these grammatical elements in different types of sentences.
This document outlines the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English. There are 7 main rules discussed:
1) Verb tenses change depending on the tense of the reporting verb
2) Pronouns change person depending on the subject of the reporting clause
3) Time words like "now" and "today" change to words like "then" and "that day" respectively.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words used, while indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks and makes certain modifications like changing pronouns and verb tenses. There are three types of indirect speech - imperative, declarative, and interrogative. The document provides examples and rules for changing each type from direct to indirect speech, such as changing pronouns, expressions of time and place, and verb tenses.
The document outlines 9 rules for converting direct speech to indirect speech:
1. Verb tenses and pronouns change depending on the tense of the reporting verb.
2. Present tenses change to past tenses.
3. Modals like "can" become "could".
4. Punctuation changes with quotes removed in indirect speech.
5. Time references are adjusted to seem more distant in indirect speech.
Voice refers to whether the subject performs or receives the action of the verb, with active voice indicating the subject performs the action and passive voice indicating the subject receives the action. Both active and passive voice are explained through examples, and reasons for using each are provided such as active voice being more direct while passive voice can emphasize the recipient of the action or not reveal who performed it. The document also covers forming passive voice verbs using a form of "to be" plus the past participle.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It provides examples of how to change direct speech into indirect speech, including changing pronouns, tenses, adverbs of time and place, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. The key differences covered are using "that" instead of commas, changing pronouns according to the SON formula, changing present and past tense verbs, changing adverbs of time and place, changing interrogative sentences into statements, using "to" after imperative verbs, and using "that" after reporting verbs for exclamatory sentences.
The lesson plan discusses teaching direct and indirect speech to 8th grade English students. It includes objectives, subject matter, and procedures for a lesson involving differentiating between direct and indirect speech through examples, activities, and exercises where students practice changing sentences between the two forms of speech. Students will apply their understanding by writing about a speech on the role of media in society using direct or indirect speech.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. It defines direct speech as quoting someone's exact words using quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the general idea without exact words using verbs in the appropriate tense. The document provides examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech, including changing verb tenses and pronouns. It also discusses changing modal verbs like will to would. Finally, it includes practice examples for converting statements between direct and indirect speech.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses and phrases in English grammar. It discusses independent and dependent clauses, and explains that clauses contain a subject and verb while phrases do not. It also covers noun phrases, noun clauses introduced by question words like what and how, noun clauses introduced by whether/if and that, and question words followed by infinitives. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.
Sentence, Parts of a Sentence, Subject and Predicate, Complements, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Predicate Nominative, Predicate Adjective, Basic Sentence Structure
This power point presentation explains the simple past tense through examples and activities. It defines the past tense as referring to actions or states that have already occurred. It discusses the regular and irregular forms of past tense verbs, including using "did" as the past form of "do" and exceptions for the verb "to be". It provides examples of time indicators used with the simple past tense and how to form negatives by adding "didn't" or auxiliary verbs like "was" plus "not". Sample activities are included to practice using the simple past.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech reports the exact words spoken enclosed in quotation marks, while indirect speech makes some changes to reflect the words were spoken in the past. It provides examples like John said "I will give you a pen" for direct speech and John said that he would give me a pen for indirect speech. The document outlines rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech like changing tenses and pronouns.
The document discusses the past perfect tense, which is used to describe actions that occurred before other past actions. It provides examples of the past perfect tense with different verbs like "had studied" and "had visited." It also discusses using the past perfect tense with time words like "before" and distinguishing it from the simple past tense in certain contexts.
The document discusses the past perfect tense in English. It explains that the past perfect is used to relate two past events and indicate which event occurred first. It provides the rules for forming the past perfect using "have" in the past tense plus the past participle of the main verb. Examples are given of regular and irregular verbs in the past perfect. The uses and forms of the past perfect tense are then defined, including examples of completed actions before something in the past and duration before something in the past.
Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause and a main clause. There are several types of subordinating conjunctions including those indicating time (e.g. before, after), those indicating purpose (e.g. that, in order that), those indicating cause or reason (e.g. because, since), those indicating result (e.g. so...that), those indicating condition (e.g. if, unless), those indicating contrast (e.g. though, although), and those indicating comparison (e.g. than).
This document discusses verb tenses, including simple tenses, perfect tenses, and progressive tenses. It provides examples of when to use the present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. Exercises are included to demonstrate proper usage of these tenses.
This document defines what constitutes a complete sentence. It explains that a sentence must express a complete thought to be considered complete, and that a complete thought requires both a subject and a verb. Some examples of complete sentences and sentence fragments are provided to illustrate these concepts.
#learningisfun #englishgrammar Parts of Sentence | Subject & Object
To see the video of this lesson please click the link below
https://youtu.be/sRNI_NRKZ58
Prajnaparamita Bhowmik
In this video, I have mentioned the different parts of sentence. Here, I have focussed on subject and object, the difference between object and predicate, three different types of objects and illustrated them with lot of examples.
For Parts of Sentence | Subject & Predicate - please click the link below
https://youtu.be/5llO2p_N7vI
For, Categories of sentences in English grammar based on function and purpose - please click the link below
https://youtu.be/sCV0GuYTy4Q
It will help the viewer to understand different types of sentences. We need to know the sentence function to learn other grammatical problems.
For more English grammar lessons please click the below link-------
For Pronoun
https://youtu.be/F83hNk9-zY8
For Article
https://youtu.be/rmTTH-2ONEw
This document discusses adjectives and adverbs. It explains that adjectives are either descriptive or limiting, and describe nouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, and many are formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives. Some words like "so" and "very" are also adverbs. Adverbs answer questions like "how." Linking verbs require adjectives, not adverbs, to modify the subject complement. The document provides examples and exercises to distinguish between adjective and adverb forms.
The document discusses the key elements of subjects and predicates in sentences. It defines a subject as the person or thing a sentence is about, and the predicate as what is said about the subject. It provides examples of finding the simple subject and predicate, as well as compound subjects and predicates. The document aims to teach the reader to identify these grammatical elements in different types of sentences.
This document outlines the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English. There are 7 main rules discussed:
1) Verb tenses change depending on the tense of the reporting verb
2) Pronouns change person depending on the subject of the reporting clause
3) Time words like "now" and "today" change to words like "then" and "that day" respectively.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words used, while indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks and makes certain modifications like changing pronouns and verb tenses. There are three types of indirect speech - imperative, declarative, and interrogative. The document provides examples and rules for changing each type from direct to indirect speech, such as changing pronouns, expressions of time and place, and verb tenses.
The document outlines 9 rules for converting direct speech to indirect speech:
1. Verb tenses and pronouns change depending on the tense of the reporting verb.
2. Present tenses change to past tenses.
3. Modals like "can" become "could".
4. Punctuation changes with quotes removed in indirect speech.
5. Time references are adjusted to seem more distant in indirect speech.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words said, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and does not have to be word for word. It provides examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech for statements, exclamatory sentences, imperative sentences, and questions. It also discusses changing verbs and other elements like time and place adverbs when changing to indirect speech.
1. The document discusses the difference between direct and indirect speech, providing examples of how to change direct speech into indirect speech.
2. Key aspects that change include changing pronouns, tense, time words, and enclosing direct speech in quotation marks.
3. Imperative and exclamatory sentences also change structure in indirect speech, such as adding "requested" or "ordered" for imperatives and "exclaimed with joy/sorrow" for exclamatories.
English Grammar needs an Understanding of the Usage of Various rules of Narration as well as other aspects like voices and tenses as well.
See this presentation by Tri Wahyuni (Source Online-Rights with the Maker only)
1) The document discusses direct and indirect speech, explaining that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words said, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and does not have to be word-for-word.
2) It also discusses how to change different types of sentences, such as exclamatory, imperative, and interrogative sentences, into indirect speech by modifying the reporting verb.
3) Finally, it provides rules for changing verbs and other elements like time and place adverbs when changing from direct to indirect speech, such as changing the tense of verbs and adjusting references to time.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech repeats the exact words spoken, while indirect speech changes the words but maintains the same meaning. There are rules for changing verbs and pronouns when converting from direct to indirect speech based on tense. For example, the present tense would change to the past tense. Indirect speech also changes words like "I" and "you" based on who is speaking. The document provides examples of converting different types of statements like assertive, imperative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences from direct to indirect speech.
Learn Indirect/reported speech. Learn tips and rules to convert active sentence into passive sentence. All rules and best practices shared with step-wise examples.
- Direct speech reports the exact words spoken, using quotation marks. Indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks, changing pronouns, tenses, and other elements as needed.
- When changing from direct to indirect speech, tenses change if the reporting verb is in the past tense. Punctuation, pronouns, time/place references, and questions/exclamations are also adjusted following set rules.
- Modals like "can" change to "could" and verbs reflect whether the speech is a request, command, or other intention through verbs like "request", "order", and "advise".
This document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks and makes necessary grammatical changes to reflect the change from quoting someone's exact words to reporting what they said. The document provides examples of direct and indirect statements, questions, and commands. It also outlines rules for changing verb tenses, pronouns, places, and times when converting direct speech to indirect speech.
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not have to be word-for-word and does not use quotation marks unless reporting exactly. When changing statements, questions, exclamations or imperatives to indirect speech, verbs change to the past tense and other modifications may occur such as changing pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and the type of verb used depending on the sentence type. Examples are provided to illustrate how direct speech is changed to indirect speech based on these rules.
This document outlines a lesson plan on direct and indirect speech. The lesson aims to teach students to distinguish between direct and indirect speech, familiarize the rules for converting direct speech to indirect speech, and apply the concepts through activities. Key points covered include the definitions and examples of direct versus indirect speech, rules for tense changes and pronoun changes when converting between the two forms. Students practice examples and take part in exercises to solidify their understanding before the lesson concludes with a closing prayer.
Direct and indirect speech are two ways to report what someone else has said. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and reports the general idea without exact words. When changing direct speech to indirect speech, verb tenses and words like today and now may need to change to be consistent with the past tense of reported speech. Different types of sentences, like exclamatory or interrogative, have specific rules for changing to indirect speech like adding phrases about emotion or changing a question to report if or whether.
Here are the key points about using a series of adjectives:
- Adjectives in a series are usually separated by commas. For example: "She wore a long, flowing, red dress."
- If the adjectives are short and the meaning is clear, you can sometimes omit the commas. For example: "It was a quick easy fix."
- The adjectives should be in a logical order - from most general to most specific or from least important to most important. For example: "She had a beautiful, rare, antique vase."
- Coordinate adjectives have equal grammatical weight and can be rearranged without changing the meaning. For example: "a tall,
This document provides information on direct and reported speech. It discusses how to change pronouns, adverbs of time and place, verbs, and other elements when changing direct speech to reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate these changes, such as changing "I" to "he" or "she" and changing tenses of verbs from present to past. Guidelines are given for cases where verbs would not usually change, such as for statements of universal truths or the past. The concept of using "told" instead of "said" is also covered. Exercises are included to practice changing direct speech to reported speech.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report someone's exact words, while indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks. To change direct speech to indirect speech, the tense of the reported verb is changed according to the tense of the reporting verb, and words indicating proximity in time or place are replaced. Yes/no questions in indirect speech require "if/whether" while wh-questions do not require any additional words. The examples provided demonstrate how to properly change direct speech to indirect speech based on these rules.
This document provides examples and rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English grammar. It discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech, and how punctuation, tense, pronouns, place and time adverbs are changed in indirect speech. Key rules covered include: maintaining the tense of the reported verb if the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, changing the tense of the reported verb to the past tense if the reporting verb is in the past tense. Yes/no questions are changed to use "if" or "whether", while wh- questions do not require any changes. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these rules to change direct speech into the corresponding indirect speech sentences.
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances without directly quoting them. The document outlines 6 rules for converting direct speech into reported or indirect speech, including changing verb tenses, pronouns, conjunctions, and punctuation based on the reporting clause. It also provides examples to illustrate the rules and includes sample questions to test understanding of reported speech.
Reported speech is when you tell another person what you or somebody else has said before. There are two forms: direct speech quotes someone verbatim, while reported speech conveys the general idea without quotes. Reported speech often requires changing pronouns, tenses, places, times and demonstratives to reflect the new context. For statements, pronouns may change and the tense may backshift if the reporting verb is in the past tense. Questions are transformed into indirect questions using question words for information questions or "if/whether" for yes/no questions.
This document provides information on reported speech in English. It begins by defining reported speech as telling another person what was said previously. It distinguishes between direct speech, which repeats someone's exact words, and reported speech. The document then explains how to report both statements and questions in English. For statements, it discusses changing pronouns, tense through backshifting, and place/time expressions. For questions, it explains transforming them into indirect questions using question words for information questions and if/whether for yes/no questions.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
3. Direct Speech
03
The actual words of speaker are quoted as it is
without any change. The exact words of speaker
are enclosed in inverted commas or quotation
marks.
Group 2
7. INDIRECT SPEECH
reported speech
reports what a speaker said without using the exact
words
when we report what another person has just said, we
usually do not use the speaker's exact words (direct
speech" but reported (indirect speech)
07 Group 2
9. in reporting speech, the tense usually
changes. this is because when we use reported
speech, we are usually talking about a time in
the past.
09 Group 2
11. NO.1
1. Words of the speaker (reported
speech) are not enclosed in inverted
commas or quotation marks
11 Group 2
12. NO.2
2. Usage of the Word “that”
12
The conjunction “that” is always used between reporting
verb and reported speech in indirect speech
Example:
Direct Speech: He said, “I write a letter”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he wrote a letter
Group 2
13. NO.3
13
3. Change in the Tense of the reported speech
A change is made in the tense of reported speech for
changing a direct speech into an indirect speech.
Example:
Direct Speech: She said, “I am watching a movie”.
Indirect Speech: She said that she was watching a movie.
TENSE CHANGED
Direct Speech:
He says, “I am playing cricket”.
Indirect Speech: He says that he is playing cricket.
NO CHANGE IN TENSE
Group 2
14. NO.4
14
4. Changes in Pronoun
The pronoun of reported speech is sometime changed
according to the pronoun or the object of the reported verb
Example
Direct Speech: He said, “I eat two apples”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he ate two apples.
Group 2
15. NO.5
15
5. Change in Time
If there’s a specific time mentioned in the sentence of a direct
speech, the time will be changed in Indirect Speech
Example
Direct Speech: She said, “I am buying a laptop today”.
Indirect Speech: She said that she was buying a
laptop that day.
Group 2
16. Keith Hinojales & Ellen Mae Francisco
16
Indirect Speech for
Indirect Speech for
Interrogative (question) sentences – Rules
Interrogative (question) sentences – Rules
Group 2
17. 17
The basic rules for converting Direct Speech into Indirect Speech are as
follow:
1.Comma and inverted commas will be removed.
2.The Conjunction “that” will not be used in Indirect Speech. The conjunction “that” is
used in indirect speech of all positive sentences.
3.In indirect speech, the question sentence will be expressed in an assertive (positive)
form instead of interrogative form.
4.Question mark (?) will not be used in the indirect speech of interrogative sentence.
5.The verb such as ‘say’ or ‘tell’ (e.g. he said/she said) in direct speech is replaced
with verb such as ‘ask’ or ‘inquire’ (e.g. he asked/she inquired) in indirect speech.
Group 2
18. 18
·Do you like a mango?
(can be answered by saying only YES/NO)
There are two types of question-sentences:
·What are you doing?
(cannot be answered by YES/NO but requires a bit
explanation)
Examples:
1.Question which can be answered with YES or NO
2.Question which cannot be answered only with YES
or NO but requires a detailed answer.
Group 2
19. The specific rules according to the type of question are as follows:
1. Question which can be answered with YES or NO
19
To make the indirect speech of such question, the word
“if” or “whether” will be used in Indirect Speech. Both the
words “if” or “whether” can be used interchangeably.
Group 2
21. 2. Question which cannot be answered only with YES or NO.
21
To make the indirect speech of such questions,
the word “if” or “whether” will not be used. The
question is changed into assertive (positive) form
and is simply placed after the reporting verb.
Group 2
23. Mae Arra Lecobu-an & Janessa Gayares
INDIRECT SPEECH
FOR MODALS:
23 Group 2
24. Modals
24
a modal is a verb that combines with another verb to
indicate mood or tense. A modal, also known as a modal
auxiliary or modal verb, expresses necessity, uncertainty,
possibility, or permission.
Some modals in reported speech also shift back in
time just like tenses do.
Group 2
25. 25
There are some modal verbs that change tense in indirect speech.
The most commonly used are:
MODAL VERBS MODAL VERBS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Must (obligation) Had to
Can Could
May (possibility) Might
May (permission) Could
Will Would
Shall Should
NOTE: Modal verbs that do not change: could, might, must (speculation), need,
ought, should and would.
Group 2
26. INDIRECT SPEECH FOR MODALS
26
e.g., MUST, MAY, CAN, MIGHT, etc
For coverting direct speech into indirect
speech, Present Modals (e.g. Must, Can,
May) are changed into Past Modals (i.e.
Could, Might, Had to)
Group 2
28. INDIRECT SPEECH FOR MODALS
28
e.g., Might, Should, Would, Could, Ought to
These Modals are not changed and
remain the same in indirect speech
Group 2
31. Gerna Hombrebueno & Shara Mae Jabolin
31
INDIRECT SPEECH
FOR IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:
Group 2
32. 32
Imperative Sentence
-A sentence which expresses command, request,
advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence.
For example:
• Open the door.
• Please help me.
• Learn your lesson.
Group 2
33. Reported speech imperatives differ in structure to other reported speech sentences.
Imperatives are:
33
Commands: Keep quiet! Requests: Please close the window
Advice: Go and lie down Suggestions: Take the test next year instead
This is the structure that we use:
Group 2
34. Here are some further examples using the imperative sentences ,
showing them in direct speech and indirect speech.
34
Direct Speech:
-She said, “Keep quiet!”
-“Please close the window”, the
teacher said
-He told her, “Go and lie down”
-She said, “Take the test next year
instead”
Reported/
Indirect Speech:
-She instructed me to keep quiet
-The teacher asked me to close
the window
-He told her to go and lie down
-She advised them to take the test
next year instead
Group 2
35. Reporting/ Indirect Verbs for Imperatives
35
She said she was tired
He told me I should come tomorrow
In normal reported speech, the common reporting verbs are said and told. For instance:
There are many more, however, that are used with reported speech imperatives. Some are
for orders while others are for polite requests.
Polite Request
-Advise
-Urge
-Ask
-Remind
-Request
-Beg
-*suggest
Orders
-Tell
-Order
-Instruct
-Command
-Forbid
-*demand
-*insist
Group 2
36. Here are some more examples of reported speech imperatives using
these verbs:
36
Polite Requests
-My doctor advised me to sleep more
-The government urged the people to use less
water
-She asked me to join her on holiday
-They reminded us to put our seat belts on
-He requested the guests to vacate their rooms
-He begs her to stay
Orders
-John told his brother to change direction
-My boss orders me to work harder
-She instructed them to learn the alphabet
-The general commanded his soldiers to
obey
-The sign forbade them to enter
Group 2
37. Suggest / demand / insist as Reported Verbs
37
Suggest / demand / insist + that + someone
the structure for using them is as follows:
She suggested me to study harder X
He insisted us to take a taxi home X
You can't say:
Direct Speech: She said, "Study harder to pass your test"
Reported Speech: She suggested that I study harder to pass my test
Direct Speech: He said, "Take a taxi home"
Reported Speech: He insisted that we take a taxi home
So this is how reported speech with these verbs will look:
Group 2
38. Negative Imperatives in Reported Speech
38
Structure: reporting verb + noun/pronoun + not + to infinitive
Example: She advised me not to come late
examples of direct speech changed into indirect speech using negative imperatives.
Direct Speech:
-She said, "Don't keep talking!"
-"Please don't study too hard", the teacher
said
-He told her, "Don't wait up for me"
-The doctor said, "Don't over eat"
Reported Speech:
She instructed us not to keep keep
talking
The teacher asked them not to study to
hard
He urged me not to wait up for him
Group 2
40. CHANGE OF PRONOUNS IN
INDIRECT SPEECH
To convert a direct speech into an Indirect speech. The pronoun
(subject or object) of a sentence is changed.
Direct speech: He said,” I like music”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he liked music.
40 Group 2
41. THERE ARE FOUR RULES FOR THE CHANGE IN
PRONOUN IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Rule No. 1
The 1st person pronoun of reported speech (e.g. We, I, Me,My
,Mine, Us or Our) is changed according to the Pronoun of the
reporting verb if it is 3rd person Pronouns(i.e. she ,he ,it, they,
their, her, his,them,their, theirs)
41
Examples:
Direct Speech: He said, ”I am busy”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he was busy.
Direct Speech: They said,”We have completed the work”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had completed the work.
Group 2
42. Rule No. 2
-The 1st person pronoun of reported speech (e.g. we, I, me,my
,mine, us or our) is changed according to the Pronoun of the
reporting verb is also 1st Person Pronoun (I.e. I ,we)
42
Examples:
Direct Speech: I said,” I had applied for a job”
Indirect Speech:I said that I had applied for a job.
Direct Speech: We said, ”We sing a song”
Indirect Speech: We said that we sang a song.
Group 2
43. Rule No. 3
-The 2nd person pronoun (I.e you, yours) of the reported
speech is changed according to “ object “ of the reporting verb
43
Examples:
Direct speech: He said to me, “You are a generous person.“
Indirect speech: He said to me that I was a generous person.
Direct speech: He said to her, “You are cute.”
Indirect speech: He said to her that she was cute.
Group 2
44. Rule No. 4
The 3rd person pronoun (I.e, she,he, it, they, his, her,him,
them,their, theirs) of the reported speech will not be changed in
the Indirect speech
44
Examples:
Direct Speech: He said, ”He works in a factory”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he worked in a factory.
Direct speech: They said, “She does not have the necessary qualifications.“
Indirect speech: They said that she did not have the necessary qualifications.
Group 2
45. Pamela Lucas & Skipper Ly
45
INDIRECT SPEECH
FOR EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES:
Group 2
47. 47
Examples:
·Alas! I couldn’t pass the exam. (state of sorrow)
·Hurrah! I won the competition. (state of joy)
·Wow! What a beautiful car. (state of wonder)
Group 2
48. 48
An exclamatory sentence has a sign of exclamation, which
changes into a full stop in the indirect speech.
Exclamations normally become statements in indirect speech.
They Are often introduced by verbs like exclaim, remark, say,
etc. Therefore, to change them into Indirect
Speech, specific words (i.e. exclaimed with joy,
exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed with wonder) are
added to the sentence, depending upon the state of emotion
expressed in the sentence.
Group 2
49. Direct Speech
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
David said to him, “
How intelligent you
are!”
49
Examples:
They said, “
Hurrah! We won
the game”
Indirect Speech
David exclaimed with
wonder that how
intelligent he was.
Indirect Speech
They exclaimed with
joy that they had
won the game.
He exclaimed with
sorrow that he had
failed the test.
Direct Speech
“ Alas! I failed the
test.”
Group 2
50. 50
June Therese Malifero & Ma. Regina Maparangala
CHANGES IN TIME AND
ADVERBS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Group 2
51. Rules for the Change in Time and Adverbs in Indirect Speech
51
Besides the changes in the tenses and the pronouns, words showing nearness in
direct speech are normally changed into words showing distance in indirect speech.
The most common changes are given below. The rules are as follows:
This will change into that.
These will change into those.
Here will change into there.
Now/just will change into then.
Today will change into that day.
Yesterday will change into the
previous day or the day before.
Last night will change into the previous night or the
night before.
Tomorrow will change into the next day.
Ago will change into before.
The next day/week/year will change into the following
day/week/year.
Hence will change into thence.
Thus will change into so or in that way.
Group 2
53. Examples:
53
Direct: He said, ‘I am too weak to work now.’
Indirect: He said that he was too weak to work then.
Direct: She said, ‘I will leave for New York tomorrow.’
Indirect: She said that she would leave for New York the next day.
Direct: He said, ‘I visited them yesterday.’
Indirect: He said that he had visited them the previous day.
Direct: She said, ‘I liked this bag.’
Indirect: She said that she liked that bag.
Group 2
54. Examples:
54
Direct: I said, ‘I am leaving tomorrow.’
Indirect: She said that she was leaving the next day.
Direct: She said, ‘These mangoes are rotten.’
Indirect: She said that those mangoes were rotten.
Direct: He said, ‘These are our dogs.’
Indirect: He said that those were their dogs.
Group 2
55. Notes:
55
Adverbs of time or place do not normally change if the reporting verb is in the present
or future tense.
Direct: She says, ‘My husband will come now.’
Indirect: She says that her husband will come now.
Direct: She will say, ‘I have to leave now.’
Indirect: She will say that she has to leave now
If the adverbs now, this, here etc., refer to objects present at the time of reporting the
speech, or to the place in which the reporter is at the time of the speech, they are not
changed into then, that, there etc.
Group 2
56. Example:
56
John said to me, ‘I have no time to talk to you now.’
John told me that he had no time to talk to me now. (Here the
report is made immediately.)
Alice said, ‘This is my basket.’
Alice said that this was her basket. (Here the basket is right before
us.)
He said, ‘I will speak here.’
He said that he would speak here. (Here the report is made on the
same spot.)
Group 2