This document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks and makes necessary grammatical changes to reflect the change from quoting someone's exact words to reporting what they said. The document provides examples of direct and indirect statements, questions, and commands. It also outlines rules for changing verb tenses, pronouns, places, and times when converting direct speech to indirect speech.

1. We can repeat what another person says in 2 ways:
1. By using the exact words of the speaker, eg.
He says,” I am hungry.”
This form is called Direct Speech. Notice that the
exact wordsexact words used by the speaker are within quotation marks.
2. By using our own words to report what the speaker said. E.g.
He says that he is hungry.
This form is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech. The
Tense is used when the main verb is in the Past Tense. Quotation
Marks are not used.

2. More examples:
Statement
Direct. He said,”I will come again.”
Indirect. He said that he would come again.
Questions
Direct. He asked,” Do you know the way?”
Indirect. He asked if I knew the way.
Direct. He said,” Sit down.”
Indirect. He told me to sit down.
Direct. She said,”Lend me a pen.”
Indirect. She asked me to lend her a pen.

3. When we change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, the
following rules should be followed:
1. Verbs
When the reporting Verb is in the Past Tense, all
the tenses in the Direct Form must be changed accordingly
in the Indirect Form. E.g.
Direct. He said,” I am thirsty.” (Present Tense)
Indirect. He said that he was thirsty. (Past Tense)
Direct. He said,”I am reading.” (Present Continuous)
Indirect. He said that he was reading. (Past Continuous)
Direct. He said,”I enjoyed myself.” (Past Tense)
Indirect. He said that he had enjoyed himself. (Past Perfect)

4. Note: When a statement of fact that is always true is put into
Indirect Form, the tense of the Verb is not changed. E.g.
Direct. He said,”The world is round.”
Indirect. He said that the world is round.
Direct. He said,”Time is money.”
Indirect. He said that time is money.
2. Change in Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives
The Pronoun is changed. E.g.
I becomes he or she
we becomes they
you becomes he,she,I,me,them or they
Direct. “I have finished my work,” he said.
Indirect. He said that he had finished his work.

5. 3. Change in Time and Place
We change:
this to that
these to those
now to then
today to that day
last night to the night before/the previous night
tomorrow to the next day/the day after
here to there
yesterday to the day before
Example:
Direct. “I borrowed two books from the library
yesterday,” Lily said.
Indirect. Lily said that she had borrowed two books from the
library the day before.

6. 3. Change in Time and Place
We change:
this to that
these to those
now to then
today to that day
last night to the night before/the previous night
tomorrow to the next day/the day after
here to there
yesterday to the day before
Example:
Direct. “I borrowed two books from the library
yesterday,” Lily said.
Indirect. Lily said that she had borrowed two books from the
library the day before.