Dinámica de la tierra
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This document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and provides evidence that supports it. It explains that earthquakes and volcanoes are not randomly distributed and often occur at plate boundaries, where plates are either moving apart, colliding, or sliding past one another. Specific examples are given of different plate boundary types, like Iceland showing continental rifting or the Andes forming from oceanic plate subduction under continental plates. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate these concepts.
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12. earthquakes notes
Earthquakes occur when rocks along fault lines slip and release stored energy, causing vibrations. These vibrations travel through the Earth as seismic waves. There are two main types of body waves: P-waves, which are compressional waves that travel fastest, and S-waves, which are slower shear waves that move the ground from side to side. By measuring the difference in arrival times between P and S waves at seismic stations, seismologists can determine the distance and location of the earthquake's epicenter.
Subduction Zone
The document summarizes key aspects of subduction zones including trenches, volcanic arcs, and island arcs. It includes photographs and diagrams showing their formations. Trenches form where oceanic plates subduct under continental plates. Volcanic arcs form from magma generated by the melting oceanic plate. Island arcs form in a similar way to volcanic arcs but occur in the middle of oceans from the subduction of two oceanic plates. The analysis explains how convergent boundaries create these features through the processes of subduction and rising magma.
Plate tectonics
Mantle convection is the driving force behind plate tectonics. Heat rises within the Earth's mantle, causing the lithosphere plates to move over long periods of time. Mantle plumes are abnormally hot regions within the mantle that can partially melt and cause volcanism when they reach the Earth's surface. Hot spots form as oceanic plates move over mantle plumes, creating volcanic island chains. Plate tectonics results in geological structures like folds and faults at plate boundaries and causes the formation of mountain ranges, rift valleys at spreading centers, and deep ocean trenches.
Subduction zone
A subduction zone occurs at a convergent plate boundary where one tectonic plate slides under another, as seen at the Cascadia Subduction Zone where the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting under the North American plate. This convergence can cause earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes due to the interaction of the continental and oceanic plates. Subduction zones can involve both continental and oceanic crust.
Movement Of The Earths Crust
The document discusses various types of forces that cause stress and deformation in Earth's crust, including compression, tension, shearing, fracturing, and faulting. It describes how different types of faults like normal faults, reverse faults, thrust faults, and strike-slip faults lead to movement of crustal blocks and formation of landforms. It also explains how folding of rock layers contributes to mountain building and discusses how plate tectonics shapes Earth's surface over millions of years.
13. volcano notes
Volcanism is any activity that involves the movement of magma, which is liquid rock produced under the Earth's surface, towards or onto the Earth's surface. Magma that reaches the surface becomes lava, emerging from a vent or fissure in the Earth's surface known as a volcano. There are three main types of volcanic formations: at subduction zones, where one tectonic plate sinks under another; at mid-ocean ridges, where magma rises to form new crust; and at hot spots, where magma rises from a stationary location to form volcanic islands in a chain.
Subduction zone
An oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate at a subduction zone due to the lower density of oceanic crust. As the oceanic plate descends it melts, and the resulting magma rises to create volcanic arcs, trenches, and island arcs above the subduction zone. Common examples are found along the Cascade Volcanic Arc in North America.
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The document provides information about the structure of the Earth's interior, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It notes that the Earth's core has shifted 200 miles towards India, and lists other issues like earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. It then summarizes plate tectonics theory and how the positions of continents have changed over time. Additional details are given about plate boundaries, faults, earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.
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12. earthquakes notes
Earthquakes occur when rocks along fault lines slip and release stored energy, causing vibrations. These vibrations travel through the Earth as seismic waves. There are two main types of body waves: P-waves, which are compressional waves that travel fastest, and S-waves, which are slower shear waves that move the ground from side to side. By measuring the difference in arrival times between P and S waves at seismic stations, seismologists can determine the distance and location of the earthquake's epicenter.
Subduction Zone
The document summarizes key aspects of subduction zones including trenches, volcanic arcs, and island arcs. It includes photographs and diagrams showing their formations. Trenches form where oceanic plates subduct under continental plates. Volcanic arcs form from magma generated by the melting oceanic plate. Island arcs form in a similar way to volcanic arcs but occur in the middle of oceans from the subduction of two oceanic plates. The analysis explains how convergent boundaries create these features through the processes of subduction and rising magma.
Plate tectonics
Mantle convection is the driving force behind plate tectonics. Heat rises within the Earth's mantle, causing the lithosphere plates to move over long periods of time. Mantle plumes are abnormally hot regions within the mantle that can partially melt and cause volcanism when they reach the Earth's surface. Hot spots form as oceanic plates move over mantle plumes, creating volcanic island chains. Plate tectonics results in geological structures like folds and faults at plate boundaries and causes the formation of mountain ranges, rift valleys at spreading centers, and deep ocean trenches.
Subduction zone
A subduction zone occurs at a convergent plate boundary where one tectonic plate slides under another, as seen at the Cascadia Subduction Zone where the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting under the North American plate. This convergence can cause earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes due to the interaction of the continental and oceanic plates. Subduction zones can involve both continental and oceanic crust.
Movement Of The Earths Crust
The document discusses various types of forces that cause stress and deformation in Earth's crust, including compression, tension, shearing, fracturing, and faulting. It describes how different types of faults like normal faults, reverse faults, thrust faults, and strike-slip faults lead to movement of crustal blocks and formation of landforms. It also explains how folding of rock layers contributes to mountain building and discusses how plate tectonics shapes Earth's surface over millions of years.
13. volcano notes
Volcanism is any activity that involves the movement of magma, which is liquid rock produced under the Earth's surface, towards or onto the Earth's surface. Magma that reaches the surface becomes lava, emerging from a vent or fissure in the Earth's surface known as a volcano. There are three main types of volcanic formations: at subduction zones, where one tectonic plate sinks under another; at mid-ocean ridges, where magma rises to form new crust; and at hot spots, where magma rises from a stationary location to form volcanic islands in a chain.
Subduction zone
An oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate at a subduction zone due to the lower density of oceanic crust. As the oceanic plate descends it melts, and the resulting magma rises to create volcanic arcs, trenches, and island arcs above the subduction zone. Common examples are found along the Cascade Volcanic Arc in North America.
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The document provides information about the structure of the Earth's interior, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It notes that the Earth's core has shifted 200 miles towards India, and lists other issues like earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. It then summarizes plate tectonics theory and how the positions of continents have changed over time. Additional details are given about plate boundaries, faults, earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.
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The document defines key terms related to earthquakes and seismic activity. It describes earthquakes as the shaking of the Earth's surface from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust caused by compressional or tensional forces. The epicenter is the point above the focus or hypocenter where a seismic rupture begins. Other terms defined include seismograph, mantle, active fault, magnitude, focus, crust, core, trench, seismic wave, typhoon, normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault, tropical depression, tropical cyclone, hurricane, weather, water vapor, comet, asteroid, meteorite, crater, solar system, planetoids, meteor shower, atmosphere
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The document summarizes key aspects of seismology and plate tectonics. It describes how seismology studies earthquakes and seismic wave propagation to understand Earth's internal structure. It then outlines Earth's major layers - crust, mantle, and core. It introduces the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics to explain the movement of tectonic plates across Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the mantle. It categorizes the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates spread apart, convergent boundaries where they collide subduct or collide, and provides examples of each.
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This document defines key terms related to earthquakes, faults, volcanoes, weather, and astronomy. It describes earthquakes as the shaking of the Earth's surface from sudden energy releases in the lithosphere. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where forces cause rock displacement. The epicenter is the point above the focus where an earthquake begins. Other terms defined include mantle, active fault, trench, seismic wave, magnitude, and more.
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This document summarizes the three types of plate boundaries:
1) When an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate. This can form deep trenches and volcanic island arcs.
2) When two oceanic plates meet, one plate subducts beneath the other, forming ocean trenches and island arcs offshore.
3) When two continental plates meet, they are forced upwards to form fold mountains rather than subducting. This leads to earthquakes but no volcanic activity. Mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes are examples of this type of plate boundary.
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An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy stored in rocks below the earth's surface. Most earthquakes occur along existing faults in the earth's crust. There are two key terms used to describe the location of earthquakes - the focus, which is the location below the surface where fault movement begins, and the epicenter, which is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
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This document summarizes different types of plate boundaries including convergent boundaries that form mountain ranges, divergent boundaries that form mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, and transform boundaries that cause earthquakes. It also describes subduction zones where one plate goes under another forming trenches and volcanoes, how earthquakes occur at transform boundaries, and what a tsunami and hot spots are.
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The document describes three main types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide and include ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent convergence. Divergent boundaries exist when plates move apart, such as at oceanic spreading ridges and ancient continental rift valleys. Transform boundaries occur when plates slide past each other horizontally along transform faults. Volcanoes form at ocean-ocean convergent boundaries and ocean-continent convergent boundaries where one plate subducts under the other.
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An earthquake occurs when stress on a fault overcomes friction, causing the plates to slip and release energy in waves. The focus is the underground origin, directly above which is the epicenter where shaking is most intense. Magnitude measures energy released, with each whole number indicating 10 times greater energy release. A seismograph records ground vibrations from seismic waves, distinguishing P and S waves. Volcanoes form when pressure builds from magma and erupts, sometimes continuously, sometimes explosively, posing devastation from ash and flows. They are classified as active, dormant, or extinct based on recent eruption patterns, mostly occurring in three zones of tectonic plate movement.
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The Earth is made up of layers including the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust contains two types of tectonic plates - continental and oceanic. Continental plates form land and are less dense than oceanic plates, which are found below oceans. Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move, resulting in three types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, and conservative. Constructive boundaries form new crust through sea floor spreading. Destructive boundaries include convergent boundaries, where one plate is subducted, and collisional boundaries, where plates collide and fold mountains form. Conservative boundaries cause earthquakes when plates slip past each other. Plate movement also causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and
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Subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries where one tectonic plate slides under another plate. There are two types of lithosphere - oceanic and continental - and subduction can happen between oceanic-oceanic plates, oceanic-continental plates, or continental-continental plates. When two plates converge, one plate will subduct below the other at a boundary called a subduction zone.
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The document defines key terms related to earthquakes and seismic activity. It describes earthquakes as the shaking of the Earth's surface from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust caused by compressional or tensional forces. The epicenter is the point above the focus or hypocenter where a seismic rupture begins. Other terms defined include seismograph, mantle, active fault, magnitude, focus, crust, core, trench, seismic wave, typhoon, normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault, tropical depression, tropical cyclone, hurricane, weather, water vapor, comet, asteroid, meteorite, crater, solar system, planetoids, meteor shower, atmosphere
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The document summarizes key aspects of seismology and plate tectonics. It describes how seismology studies earthquakes and seismic wave propagation to understand Earth's internal structure. It then outlines Earth's major layers - crust, mantle, and core. It introduces the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics to explain the movement of tectonic plates across Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the mantle. It categorizes the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates spread apart, convergent boundaries where they collide subduct or collide, and provides examples of each.
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This document defines key terms related to earthquakes, faults, volcanoes, weather, and astronomy. It describes earthquakes as the shaking of the Earth's surface from sudden energy releases in the lithosphere. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where forces cause rock displacement. The epicenter is the point above the focus where an earthquake begins. Other terms defined include mantle, active fault, trench, seismic wave, magnitude, and more.
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This document summarizes the three types of plate boundaries:
1) When an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate. This can form deep trenches and volcanic island arcs.
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The document discusses key concepts related to plate tectonics. It states that plate tectonics is a theory that the Earth's surface consists of large moving plates (E). It also notes that sea floor spreading supports this theory (C) and that deep sea trenches form when plates are pulled toward the Earth's center (D). Finally, it mentions that plate tectonics can explain features like mid-oceanic ridges and deep sea trenches (A).
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An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy stored in rocks below the earth's surface. Most earthquakes occur along existing faults in the earth's crust. There are two key terms used to describe the location of earthquakes - the focus, which is the location below the surface where fault movement begins, and the epicenter, which is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
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This document summarizes different types of plate boundaries including convergent boundaries that form mountain ranges, divergent boundaries that form mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, and transform boundaries that cause earthquakes. It also describes subduction zones where one plate goes under another forming trenches and volcanoes, how earthquakes occur at transform boundaries, and what a tsunami and hot spots are.
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The document describes three main types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide and include ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent convergence. Divergent boundaries exist when plates move apart, such as at oceanic spreading ridges and ancient continental rift valleys. Transform boundaries occur when plates slide past each other horizontally along transform faults. Volcanoes form at ocean-ocean convergent boundaries and ocean-continent convergent boundaries where one plate subducts under the other.
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An earthquake occurs when stress on a fault overcomes friction, causing the plates to slip and release energy in waves. The focus is the underground origin, directly above which is the epicenter where shaking is most intense. Magnitude measures energy released, with each whole number indicating 10 times greater energy release. A seismograph records ground vibrations from seismic waves, distinguishing P and S waves. Volcanoes form when pressure builds from magma and erupts, sometimes continuously, sometimes explosively, posing devastation from ash and flows. They are classified as active, dormant, or extinct based on recent eruption patterns, mostly occurring in three zones of tectonic plate movement.
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The focus is the point where rock breaks during an earthquake and seismic waves begin, which can be at deep or shallow depths. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus and is usually what is used to locate the position of an earthquake. Magnitude measures the strength of energy released during an earthquake using the Richter scale, while intensity measures the damage or effects based on the Mercalli or PEIS scales.
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2.1 2.2 epicenter and focus and magnitude and intensity.pptx
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plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust is generated; convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other; and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. The movement of tectonic plates results in earthquakes and volcanic activity and has shaped the features of Earth's surface over millions of years.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and creates geologic features like ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and ocean trenches.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates at their boundaries results in geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain building.
plate tectonics power point presentation
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust is generated; convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other; and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. The movement of tectonic plates directly causes earthquakes and creates geologic features such as ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and oceanic trenches.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
GOAL: To create a poster that explains the phenomena of blue sky using the concept of wavelength and frequency of visible light.
SITUATION: As the creative head in the science club of Macasandig National High School, you are tasked to create a poster showcasing the phenomena of blue sky on Science Club bulletin board.
PRODUCT: A creative poster explains the phenomena of blue sky. The poster should be in 1/8 illustration board.
faults generate earthquakes.
S8ES-IIa- 14
Objectives:
1. Describe what fault is and how these faults related to earthquakes.
2. Determine the extent of damage an earthquake can do in a particular location.
Article Reading
Earthquake wreaks havoc in the Philippines more than 1,000 people are killed when a 7.7-magnitude earthquake strikes Luzon Island in the Philippines on this day in 1990. The massive tremor wreaked havoc across a sizeable portion of Luzon, the country’s largest island, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating effects.
The epicenter of the quake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was north of Manila in the Nueva Ecija province. Reports indicate that the shaking went on for nearly a full minute. Collapsing buildings were the main cause of damage and death. Getting out of a multi-story building was a good safety precaution that afternoon, although many people were injured and a few even died in stampedes of others doing the same thing.
At Christian College, a six-story building completely collapsed, trapping approximately 250 students and teachers inside. Heroic rescue efforts saved many, but some victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.
All types of buildings, including several resort hotels in Baguio, known as the
Philippines’ Summer Capital, suffered tremendous damage. Most of the city’s 100,000
residents slept outdoors that evening and during the following week, afraid to return to
their homes amid the frequent aftershocks. For days, workers pulled bodies from the
demolished buildings in Baguio. The best estimate is that 1,000 bodies were eventually
recovered. At least another 1,000 people suffered serious injuries. Rescue efforts were
hampered severely because the three main roads into the city were blocked by landslides. Hundreds of motorists were stranded on the roads as well.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of
rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time.
The ground in the area of fault tends to remain not moving
because of frictional force between the two opposing plates (boxes). As stronger forces (rubber band) shakes up the fault, the friction (tape) can no longer hold up the plates (box) thus resulting to a slip in the plates t
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
The Theory of Tectonic Plates 7.3.ppt
The document summarizes plate tectonics and tectonic plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates move towards each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges form at continental-continental collisions while subduction zones and volcanoes form at oceanic-continental and oceanic-oceanic collisions. New seafloor is created at divergent boundaries through sea floor spreading as magma rises between separating plates. Transform boundaries create earthquakes as plates grind past each other.
Landforms_Change.pptx
The document discusses different types of landforms associated with plate tectonic activity, including forces inside and outside the Earth. It describes fold mountains as formed by the buckling of crust along plate boundaries. Oceanic trenches form deep under the sea at destructive boundaries where one plate subducts below another. Island arcs are chains of volcanic islands formed above subduction zones, where melting of the subducting plate fuels volcanism. Ocean ridges occur at divergent boundaries and are underwater mountain ranges built up by volcanic eruptions along spreading centers.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure and movement of tectonic plates. It explains that Earth's outer layer is divided into plates that move relative to each other due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. These boundary types result in different geologic features and events like volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
PT
The document discusses the internal structure and composition of the Earth. It describes how temperature, pressure, and density increase towards the core. The Earth has a solid inner core made of iron and nickel, a liquid outer core also made of iron and nickel, a thick mantle made of silicate rocks, and a thin crust on top. Seismic data is used to determine this internal structure.
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The Theory of Tectonic Plates - earth tectonic plates
The Theory of Tectonic Plates - earth tectonic plates
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- 5. Alfred Wegener and the continental drift theory
- 6. Concordancia de los continentes Evidencias glaciares
- 9. Pacific Ring of Fire Hotspot volcanoes
- 10. • As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe • At the boundaries between plates, friction causes them to stick together. When built up energy causes them to break, earthquakes occur. Figure showing the distribution of earthquakes around the globe
- 11. Plate Boundaries
- 12. The Age of Oceanic Crust
- 14. • Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle Iceland: An example of continental rifting Animación sobre bordes divergentes
- 15. Oceanic and continental plates colliding El proceso de subducción
- 16. • Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere • Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides • The melt rises forming volcanism • E.g. The Andes Subduction
- 18. Himalayas: two continental plates colliding Animación de la colisión India- Asia
- 19. Plates sliding past each other
- 20. Aerial view of the San Andreas Fault
Editor's Notes
- Hotspot volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific plate. Can anyone guess where they are? Answer: Hawaii
- The black dots on this map of the world depict where earthquake activity is occurring. You can see that, as with volcanoes, the earthquakes are NOT randomly distributed around the globe. Instead they occur in linear patterns associated with plate boundaries. (Note this diagram of earthquake distribution closely resembles the Pacific Ring of Fire distribution of volcanism).
- Iceland is located right on top of a divergent boundary. In fact, the island exists because of this feature. As the North American and Eurasian plates were pulled apart (see map) volcanic activity occurred along the cracks and fissures (see photographs). With many eruptions over time the island grew out of the sea! Question: Why don’t we have islands like Iceland where ever we get an Ocean Ridge? Answer: Scientists believe that there is a large mantle plume (an upwelling of hot mantle material) located right underneath where Iceland has formed. This would mean that more material would be erupted in the Iceland area compared with if there was just the divergent boundary without the plume underneath it.
- The Andes mountain range along the western edge of the South American continent is an example of a mountain belt formed by subduction. The continental crust of the South American plate has buckled under the compressional strain of converging with the Nasca and Antarctic plates. Additionally there are many volcanoes, the result of melting of the subducting slab and the production of new material that has risen through the crust to the surface.
- Example: India used to be an island, but about 15 million years ago it crashed into Asia (see map). As continental crust was pushing against continental crust the Himalayan mountain belt was pushed up. “Mountains” were also pushed down into the mantle as the normally 35 km thick crust is approximately 70 km thick in this region. Mt Everest is the highest altitude mountain on our planet standing 8,840 metres high. This means that below the surface at the foot of the mountain the crust is a further 61 km deep!!