1. The document describes a student project to build a digital weighing machine using a microcontroller. It includes the components used, descriptions of key parts like the load cell and microcontroller, and the hardware and software design.
2. The students faced challenges in constructing the hardware and interfacing with the sensitive microcontroller. Their design provided weight readings but with a large offset that could be improved.
3. The document concludes the low-cost weighing machine was an interesting learning experience and useful product, though commercial versions are more expensive.
The epidemic growth of wireless technology and mobile services in this epoch is creating a great impact on our life style. Some early efforts have been taken to utilize these technologies in medical industry. In this field, ECG sensor based advanced wireless patient monitoring system concept is a new innovative idea. This system aims to provide health care to the patient. We have sensed the patient’s ECG through 3 lead electrode system via AD8232 which amplifies minor and small bio-signals to the arduino which processes them, along with saline level. Saline level is detected through IR sensors. The output of the electrical pulse is shown with the serial monitor. The saline level is indicated by LCD. The major output ECG analog signal is displayed on serial plotter. The outputs are displayed through mobile application.
The Piezoelectric transducer is an electroacoustic transducer use for conversion of pressure or mechanical stress into an alternating electrical force. It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is directly not possible to measure.The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter.
The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element
Respiration Sensor
The respiration sensor is a sensitive girth sensor worn using an easy fitting high durability woven elastic band fixed with a length-adjustable webbing belt. It detects chest or abdominal expansion/contraction and outputs the respiration waveform.
The epidemic growth of wireless technology and mobile services in this epoch is creating a great impact on our life style. Some early efforts have been taken to utilize these technologies in medical industry. In this field, ECG sensor based advanced wireless patient monitoring system concept is a new innovative idea. This system aims to provide health care to the patient. We have sensed the patient’s ECG through 3 lead electrode system via AD8232 which amplifies minor and small bio-signals to the arduino which processes them, along with saline level. Saline level is detected through IR sensors. The output of the electrical pulse is shown with the serial monitor. The saline level is indicated by LCD. The major output ECG analog signal is displayed on serial plotter. The outputs are displayed through mobile application.
The Piezoelectric transducer is an electroacoustic transducer use for conversion of pressure or mechanical stress into an alternating electrical force. It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is directly not possible to measure.The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter.
The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element
Respiration Sensor
The respiration sensor is a sensitive girth sensor worn using an easy fitting high durability woven elastic band fixed with a length-adjustable webbing belt. It detects chest or abdominal expansion/contraction and outputs the respiration waveform.
Heart Attack Detection VIA HEART Beat Monitor System Utkarsh Lokpriye
A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device which allows one to measure his or her heart rate in real time or record the heart rate for later study. It is largely used by performers of various types of physical exercise
An ECG module (Arduino shield ) monitor the electric pulses generated by the heart of the patient and then sending readings using Bluetooth low energy to the mobile application of the patient then uploading these readings to the cloud to get processed and diagnosed using machine learning algorithm then sending the diagnosis to the doctor mobile application to monitor the state of his patient letting him to response quickly in an urgent state.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Infrared IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principleelprocus
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
Inbuilt Digital Weighing System Inside Travel BagMOHAMMAD TANVEER
This is the ppt that we made to present our idea of "Inbuilt Weighing System Inside Travel Bag" in techFest'21 at Sant Longowal Institute Of Engineering And Technology (Deemed University), Punjab, India.
Heart Attack Detection VIA HEART Beat Monitor System Utkarsh Lokpriye
A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device which allows one to measure his or her heart rate in real time or record the heart rate for later study. It is largely used by performers of various types of physical exercise
An ECG module (Arduino shield ) monitor the electric pulses generated by the heart of the patient and then sending readings using Bluetooth low energy to the mobile application of the patient then uploading these readings to the cloud to get processed and diagnosed using machine learning algorithm then sending the diagnosis to the doctor mobile application to monitor the state of his patient letting him to response quickly in an urgent state.
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are miniature devices comprising of integrated mechanical (levers, springs, deformable membranes, vibrating structures, etc.) and electrical (resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) components designed to work in concert to sense and report on the physical properties of their immediate or local environment, or, when signaled to do so, to perform some kind of controlled physical interaction or actuation with their immediate or local environment
Infrared IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principleelprocus
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
Inbuilt Digital Weighing System Inside Travel BagMOHAMMAD TANVEER
This is the ppt that we made to present our idea of "Inbuilt Weighing System Inside Travel Bag" in techFest'21 at Sant Longowal Institute Of Engineering And Technology (Deemed University), Punjab, India.
Home automation or domestics is building automation for a home, called a smart home or smart house. A home automation system will monitor and/or control home attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home security such as access control and alarm systems.
CONFIGURING TIMERS FOR AUTOMATIC SWITCHING “ON AND OFF” OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS...ARUL S
This paper proposes an automated
irrigation using Arduino microcontroller system
which is cost effective and can be used in a farm or
in an average home garden. The proposed system is
developed to be automatically watering the plants
when the soil moisture sensor detected water
insufficiency in the soil by using the Arduino as
the center core. The automated irrigation system
is a fully functional prototype which consists of
a soil moisture sensor; an LCD display to show
the moisture percentage and pump status; a relay
module which is used to control the on and off
switch of the water pump; and a water pump.
When the soil moisture sensor senses the dry soil,
it will show the moisture percentage on the LCD
display, and the relay module will switch on the
water pump automatically to start the watering
process or vice versa. Hardware testing is
conducted to ensure the proposed system is fully
functional.
Keywords—microcontroller; sensor; automated
irrigation system
I. INTRODUCTION
Fresh water is needed for crop and energy
production, industrial fabrication as
well as human and ecosystem. According to
AQUASTAT database, in the year 2010, 69%
of the total extracted freshwater is used by
the agriculture sector, whereas 19% is used
by industrial sector and the rest in used by
domestic segment [1]. Therefore, water can be
considered as a critical need in the agriculture
sector for future global food security [2], [3].
However, continuous increase in demand for
water by domestic and industrial sectors and
greater concerns for environmental quality have
created a challenge to every country to reduce
the farm water consumption while sustaining
the fresh food requirement [4]. Consequently,
there is an urgent need to create strategies based
on science and technology for the sustainable
use of water. Industrialist and researchers
are working to build efficient and economic
automatic systems to control water usage in
order to reduce much of the wastage.
Irrigation is an artificial application of
watering the land for agricultural production.
The requirement of water for soil depends on
soil properties such as soil moisture and soil
temperature.
Effective irrigation can influence the entire
growth process and automation in irrigation
system using modern technology can be used
to provide better irrigation management. In
general, most of the irrigation systems are
manually operated [5]. These traditional
techniques can be replaced with automated
techniques of irrigation to use water efficiently
and effectively [6]. Conventionally, farmers
must be present in their fields to do irrigation
process. Nevertheless, nowadays farmers need
to manage their agricultural activity along with
other occupations. A sensor based automated
irrigation system provides a promising solution
to farmers where the presence of a farmer in
the farm is not compulsory anymore during the
process of irrigation. Article history: Manuscript received 12 March 2019; received in
revised form 06 April
Digital voltmeter using 89c51 microcontrollerSaylee joshi
Voltmeter is a voltage measuring instrument.
We can measure the potential difference between any two points in an electrical network using voltmeter.
There are two types of voltmeter as analog voltmeter and digital voltmeter.
Analog voltmeter moves pointer on a scale but it has some limitations like accuracy of few percent of full scale.
Digital voltmeter can display numerical value of voltage on a display by use of analog to digital converter (ADC).
All the data processing and manipulating is in digital form, so it is very essential to use ADC.
We have used ADC0804 analog-to-digital converter IC. The range of input voltage is 0-15V. Here the input voltage should be DC voltage so as to get the steady output on the LCD display.
If you give the AC voltage as an input, it will display continuously running numbers as the nature of AC voltage.
Design, simulation and implementation of an Arduino microcontroller based aut...IJAAS Team
The paper explains utilization of Arduino Microcontroller to automatically control level of water in a tank. From a well spelt out algorithms, flowchart was drawn, from which Codes were written and compiled on Arduino IDE. IF statements were copiously used. Proteus was used to simulate the design while the project was implemented on breadboard. Liquid Crystal Display function displays the level of water on the 16 × 2 LCD thus: Very Low, Low, High and Very High. An option of I2C LCD codes was written thus providing advantage of using only two analog input A4 and A5 pins instead of 4 to 8 pins in other configurations thereby allowing other pins dedicated for other tasks. The design recommends improvements in the area of sump control so that its low water level could disable pump thus preventing it from running dry. Protection devices like circuit breaker overload and phase failure relays are recommended in order to prolong the life of the Water pump. It is believed that the design will go in long way in educating power electronic engineers in the arts of design using Arduino; also, a mass production of the device will accentuate Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs in developing countries with its concomitant economic advantages.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
1. IUB, EEE
Independent University, Bangladesh
Project title
“Microcontroller based Digital Weighing Machine”
Course Title: Embedded Systems(EEE418)
Submitted By:
1. Harunnur Rasid
ID: 1220883
2. Suraiya Akter
ID: 1120415
3. Mahajabin Ara Muna
ID: 1120416
Submitted to:
Dr. Khoshru Mohammad Salim
School of Engineering and Computer Science
Submissiondate:03-12-2015
2. IUB, EEE
Digital Weighing Machine
Weighing machine is very useful product. It helps us in checking our weight as well
as other product’s weight. Moreover, Weighing machine are used in many industrial
and commercial applications. Without a weight machine it is not possible to know the exact
mass of anything. There are two types of weighing measuring system called analog
weighing machine and digital weighing machine. The analog weighing system is very erroneous.
In digital weighing machine, we don’t have to face any problem. Only viewing the display we
come to know the exact weight of the product. In digital weighing machine, we interface with the
digital world. In our project, we come to know the basic principle of digital weighing
machine and know how to make a digital weight machine easily and cheaply. This project
basically helps us to compete with Manufacturer Company of digital weighing machine in future.
Component used in our project
To do the project we had to collect some components. They are given below-
Load Cell
Stand of iron to set up Load Cell
Microcontroller (PIC16F877A)
Op-Amp (AD620 )
Bread Board, Printed circuit Board(PCB)
LCD 16*2 display
Two power supply
Concomitant: Resistors, Connecting Wires.
Brief descriptions of important usable components
• Load cell :
Load cell is used as force measuring component. We collected a load cell of
5KG(Phidgets 3133_0 - Micro Load Cell (0-5kg) - CZL635)As a result in our project we only
3. IUB, EEE
could measure till 5 KG. There are four or two strain gauges in load cell depending on the
capacity of load cell. It works like a whetstone bridge
When we don’t give any load to it, it remains balanced; there is no flowing of current as
well as corresponding voltage.
Whenever we hang on a load on to it, imbalance situation is occurred. Stress
is caused by external force. Strain gauge converts the deformatio n to
electrica l signals. The electrical signal output is typically in the order of a few mill
volts.
Fig: Load Cell
• Op-amp AD620:
It is an instrumentation amplifier which is a type of differential amplifier. They
are mainly used to amplify very small differential signals from strain gauges.
It has got very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high gain. We made
our gain 100 using AD620. We could also used op-amp LM358 to amplify our
AD620 output further more.
Fig: Op-Amp AD620
4. IUB, EEE
• Bre ad board:
Breadboard is a c o ns t r uc t io n b a s e fo r a o ne - o f- a - k ind electronic.
It’s the solder less breadboard which does not require soldering.
Moreover is reusable.
Fig: Bread Board
• Microcontroller (PIC16F877A):
P I C 1 6 F 8 7 7 A i s a s m a l l p i e c e o f semiconductor
integrated circuits. The package type of these integrated c ir c uit s is
D I P p a c k a ge . W e c o uld us e a no t he r mic r o c o nt r o l l e r .
But P I C 1 6 F 8 7 7 A ha s s o me a d va nt a ge s . . This p a c k a ge is ve r y
e a s y t o b e soldered onto the strip board. PIC16F877A is very cheap.
Moreover, it is a l s o v e r y e a s y t o b e a s s e m b l e d . S o w e u s e
t h i s c h i p . T h i s I C c a n b e reprogrammed and erased up to 10,000
times .Therefore it is very good for new product development phase.
Fig: PIC16F877A Micro Controller Chip
5. IUB, EEE
• Printe d circuit board:
A p r i n t e d c i r c u i t b o a r d o r P C B i s u s e d t o
mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive
pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated on
to a non-conductive substrate. We set up our microcontroller in the PCB.
Fig: PCB Circuit board
Power Source:
Components that we need to make our IC (PIC16F877A) work are just a 5V p o w e r
s up p ly a d a p t e r .
Fig: DC power source
6. IUB, EEE
LCD 16*2:
We have used a 16*2 LCD display to display our output.
Fig: LCD Display
Project description
Hardware Description:
Hardware part is done in a breadboard. We constructed our circuit
diagram on bread board. Isolate four wires are coming out of the load cell. Two wires are
used as input in our amplifier and other two are used as and Ground. We connected it with
the AD620; supplied (+ve) 7.5 volt and (–ve) 7.5 volt separately using two power supply
in the AD620 op amp. We measured the change in voltage as the weight flexes via
the green and white wires. We measured across a resistor of 100ohm as we’ve wanted to gain
1000.
8. IUB, EEE
Fig: Proteus Simulation
Pro g ra m mi ng s o f t wa re :
W e d id o ur c o d e us ing CCS for PIC software. We’ve done our project with c code.
As our input was analog and we wanted to show it on a digital form. The analog to digital
conversion was completely done in our code. This part was little bit difficult to as we had to
check the code many times. Port A is used as out input of the analog input. We used port B of
microcontroller for the 7-segmentdisplay and used port D for the data selector. We
converted the input from binary to 10-bit BCD which displayed in LCD 16*2 in a
corresponding decimal value. As we use 10 bit, we could show from 0-1023.We burn the
code into microcontroller using a burner and then set up the chip in printed circuit board.
C C o de :
#include <16F877A.h>
#device adc=10;
#include <math.h>
#fuses XT,HS,NOWDT,NOLVP
#use delay(clock=4000000)
#include "flex.c"
void main()
{
float offset=0;
float value=0;
RA0/AN0
2
RA1/AN1
3
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF
4
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT
6
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
7
RE0/AN5/RD
8
RE1/AN6/WR
9
RE2/AN7/CS
10
OSC1/CLKIN
13
OSC2/CLKOUT
14
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
16
RC2/CCP1
17
RC3/SCK/SCL
18
RD0/PSP0
19
RD1/PSP1
20
RB7/PGD
40
RB6/PGC
39
RB5
38
RB4
37
RB3/PGM
36
RB2
35
RB1
34
RB0/INT
33
RD7/PSP7
30
RD6/PSP6
29
RD5/PSP5
28
RD4/PSP4
27
RD3/PSP3
22
RD2/PSP2
21
RC7/RX/DT
26
RC6/TX/CK
25
RC5/SDO
24
RC4/SDI/SDA
23
RA3/AN3/VREF+
5
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
15
MCLR/Vpp/THV
1
PIC16F877A
D7
14
D6
13
D5
12
D4
11
D3
10
D2
9
D1
8
D0
7
E
6
RW
5
RS
4
VSS
1
VDD
2
VEE
3
LCD1
LM016L
5V
100%
RV?
1k
9. IUB, EEE
float weight=0;
lcd_init();
setup_adc_ports(ALL_ANALOG);
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL);
while(1)
{
value=read_adc();
offset=290;
weight=(value-offset)/146.6; //weight=k*(measured voltage - zero weight offset)
lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
printf(LCD_PUTC,"weight in kg");
lcd_gotoxy(1,2);
printf(LCD_PUTC,"%f",weight);
}
}
After that we connected the PCB board with the LCD display. When we don’t give any
load, the display was showing an offset value. For 1/2 kg it was showing us decimal 588
and for one kg it was 1023.
We burn this code into the PIC16F877A microcontroller and setup the circuit.
Problem faced during doing our project
Mainly we faced problem in hardware part.
By checking the load cell wires again and again we had to find out which of the two are
inputs.
Making of stand of iron was also very difficult part.
Moreover we could not make sub tractor circuit for avoiding the leakage
voltage only because of time shortness.
As because PIC16F877A is very sensitive we have to very careful of its use.
Further Improvements can be done in following ways
10. IUB, EEE
O ur w e ight ma c hi ne w a s givi n g us a huge o ffs e t va lue w hic h
is r e a lly undesirable. So to avoid that offset value we could make a sub tractor circuit
which would peter out the offset almost.
If we want than we can develop this weighing machine by many ways such as we can use
keypad like if we keep any product on the machine than it will show the cost, weight and
total cost of that product on the display. For doing this we also have to develop the code.
Conclusion
Weighing machine is very useful for us. Without weighing machine it is
not possible to know exact mass of anything. It becomes a part of our daily life.
The o r igina l c o s t o f a w e igh i n g ma c hine is ve r y high b ut o ur
inve nt e d w e igh i n g machine is very low cost. We spend almost 1500 taka for
this weighing machine but the original price of weighing machine is approximately 4000-
5000 taka. D o i n g t h i s p r o j e c t w a s v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g . F r o m t h i s
p r o j e c t a c q u i r e l o t s o f knowledge and come to learn many new things.