Diffusion of Innovation theory examines how, why, and the rate at which new ideas and technologies spread through cultures over time. The key aspects of the theory include the innovation, communication channels, time, and the social system. Adoption of innovations follows an S-curve as they are first adopted by innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Factors like relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability influence adoption rates.

1. Diffusion of Innovation

2. Diffusion of Innovations is a theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. The concept was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1890) and by German and Austrian anthropologists such as Friedrich Ratzel or Leo Frobenius .

3. Why does this happen? Macromarketing issues Valuable resources are wasted which might have been deployed towards more productive uses Products that might have helped people do things more productively or attain higher levels in their quality of life, fail to be used Successful products are those that become culturally anchored.

4. Micromarketing issues Succesful new product development is an important element in achieving long term competitive superiority and profitability,especially in low growth markets New product development plays an important role in market leadership and profitability. Market leaders normally have three times higher returns than firms with lower market shares A successful new product can be the beginning of a whole new company

5. The value chain Contemporary firms are being attacked by competitively on every dimension and from every direction. The only way to survive this onslaught is to create a ‘value chain’ to serve the customer, which will serve to differentiate the successful firm from its competitors and will provide competitive superiority on the critical attributes of importance to the consumer

6. What is an innovation? It is any idea or product perceived by the potential adopter to be new. New products are ideas, behaviour or things that are qualitatively different from existing forms

7. Diffusion of innovation A process through which a new product moves from initial introduction to regular purchase and use A process by which an innovation (idea) is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system – Everett Rogers

8. Diffusion variables Innovation Communication Time Social system

9. Types of Innovations Continuous – modification or improvement of an existing product Dynamically continuous – may involve the creation of either a new product or the alteration of an existing one ,but does not generally alter established patterns of customer buying and product use Discontinuous – production of an entirely new product that causes customers to alter their behaviour patterns significantly

10. Innovations include both a hardware and a software component The hardware are the physical and tangible aspects of a product. The software is the understanding consumers’ values and lifestyles

11. Likelihood of innovation success Relative advantage – new products that are most likely to succeed are those that appeal to strongly felt needs Compatibility – degree to which the product is consistent with existing values and past experience of the adopters Complexity – degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult to understand and use Trialability – the ability to make trials easy for new products without economic risk to the consumer Observability – reflects the degree to which results from using a new product are visible to friends and neighbours

12. Types of Innovators Cognitive – problem solving, cerebral, new mental experience Sensory – fantasy, day dreaming, hedonistic, thrill seeking Monomorphic - consumers who are innovators for one type of product Polymorphic – consumers who are innovators for more than one type of product

13. New products in the market Every year around 5000 new products appear in the market. However, most fail and only a few remain ( around 20%). Products which are innovative.

14. Characteristics that encourage rejection Value barrier Usage barrier Risk barrier

15. Speed of diffusion Competitive intensity Reputation of the supplier Standardised technology Vertical coordination Resource commitments

16. Communication of new products Mass media Homophily – degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are similar in beliefs, education and social status Heterophily – inconsistent with own beliefs and views

17. The Adoption – Decision Process Everett Rogers Confirmation Knowledge Persuasion Decision Implementation

18. Adopter classes Innovators - 2.5% Early adopters – 13.5% Early majority – 34% Late majority – 34% Laggards – 16%

20. Innovators Innovators are the first individuals to adopt an innovation. Innovators are willing to take risks, youngest in age, have the highest social class , have great financial lucidity, very social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction with other innovators .

21. Early Adopters This is second fastest category of individuals who adopt an innovation. These individuals have the highest degree of opinion leadership among the other adopter categories. Early adopters are typically younger in age, have a higher social status, have more financial lucidity, advanced education, and are more socially forward than late adopters

22. Early Majority Individuals in this category adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time. This time of adoption is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Early Majority tend to be slower in the adoption process, have above average social status, contact with early adopters, and show some opinion leadership .

23. Late Majority Individuals in this category will adopt an innovation after the average member of the society. These individuals approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted the innovation. Late Majority are typically skeptical about an innovation, have below average social status, very little financial lucidity, in contact with others in late majority and early majority, very little opinion leadership .

24. Laggards Individuals in this category are the last to adopt an innovation. Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents and tend to be advanced in age. Laggards typically tend to be focused on “traditions”, have lowest social status, lowest financial fluidity, oldest of all other adopters, in contact with only family and close friends, very little to no opinion leadership .

25. Innovativeness This is the degree to which an individual adopts an innovation relatively earlier than others Based on time of adoption Based on number of new product adoption

26. Parameters for innovativeness Socio-economic variables Personality and attitude Communication variables

27. Socio – economic variables Education Literacy Higher social status Upward social mobility Larger-sized units Commercial orientation Favourable attitude towards credit Specialized operations

28. Personality and attitude Empathy Ability to deal in abstraction Rationality Intelligence Favourable attitude towards change Ability to cope with uncertainty Favourable attitude towards education Favourable attitude towards science High aspirations

29. Communication variables Social participation Interconnectedness with the social system Cosmopoliteness Change agent contact Mass media exposure Exposure to interpersonal communication channels Knowledge of innovations Opinion leadership Belonging to highly interconnected systems

30. Polymorphism The degree to which innovators and early adopters for one product are likely to be innovators for other products. Consumers who are innovators for one product are monomorphic . Consumers who are innovators for more than one product are polymorphic .

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