Diarrhea is a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old globally. It is defined as having 3 or more loose stools per day or more stools than normal. Each year around 1.5 to 2 billion deaths are caused by diarrheal diseases, with one in five children in India dying from diarrhea primarily due to contaminated food and water. Diarrhea is classified based on duration, clinical presentation, and physiology, and can be caused by infections, drugs, diet, surgery, or other miscellaneous factors. Management focuses on fluid replacement, prescribed medications, nutrition maintenance, and prevention education.
1.Comparism between Margot L. Van Dis and Edwin T. Parks Article and Tahrir ...MohammedAbdulhammed
Comparison prove that Tahrir N. Aldelaimi ( dean of college of dentistry / Anbar University ) have plagiarized 60% from a article belong to Margot L. Van Dis and Edwin T. Parks it under his name
It’s wrong to say that food poisoning is not as big of a concern as cancer, heart disease, or any other health condition. In Australia, for instance, it’s a standard medical issue: an estimated 4.1 million Australians get afflicted by food-borne illnesses each year. That’s about 11,500 people coming down with food-borne illnesses daily. And throughout the world, it’s largely the same thing.
Acute Biliary tract infections, Diagnostic criteria and Treatmentinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
interactions between kidney disease and diabetes at tobruk medical centre, l...sana I . Souliman
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most dangerous complications of Diabetes Mellitus type 2. the diabetes is affecting in many organs in the body especially the kidneys. KD results in increased hospitalizations and mortality rates, in particular due to cardiovascular complications, in addition to the growing difficulty of ambulatory treatment for patients with DM.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
Running Head: CHOLERA 1
CHOLERA 2
Cholera in Developing Countries
Name
Class
School
Teacher
January 15, 2014
In developing countries, cholera is major concern due to poor sanitation, crowding, poverty, and contaminated drinking water. This disease is caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera. Presence of this bacteria initiates release of a toxin that leads to release of water from the cells of the small intestines, which produces severe diarrhea. Increased diarrhea and vomiting leads to the body being dehydrated. Common locations for cholera in developing countries are Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. Transmission occurs by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by waste products of infected persons (Barua & Greenough, 1992)
Cholera exhibits itself in high levels of diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. Persons may also have variety of symptoms, for instance abdominal cramps, dry mucus membranes, dry skin, excessive thirst caused by high level of dehydration. Further, symptoms of glassy or sunken eyes, low urine output, lethargy and nausea. If anyone exhibits all or one of these signs, it is advisable to consult a physician in order to run tests. These tests include blood culture, stool culture and gram stains. When treating cholera, the main aim is to replace electrolytes and fluid lost through severe diarrhea. Fluid may be given orally or through vein, known as intravenous. Antibiotics may shorten the periods of illness related to cholera. Antibiotics used to treat cholera include tetracycline or doxcyline. The World Health Organization (WHO) has successfully developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier than the IV fluid. If severe diarrhea is not treated in the early stages, it can result in life threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Barua & Greenough, 1992).
Water supply is an essential in human population and ensuring better public health. This can however be limited by low coverage, poor continuity, insufficient quantity and poor quality. Results of epidemiological studying the relationship between the quality of water supply, sanitation, and water-borne diseases such as cholera vary. However, there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that improving water supply can have significant impact on human health. Adequate water supply and the quality of water are vital in cholera infection reduction. Water is essential in the disposal of excreted waste. If the water supply is inadequate due to shortages, the same water used for domestic purposes like drinking and cooking is at risk of cholera contamination. Sufficient water supply reduces cholera infections and contamination. This helps to ensure that water used for excretal d ...
1.Comparism between Margot L. Van Dis and Edwin T. Parks Article and Tahrir ...MohammedAbdulhammed
Comparison prove that Tahrir N. Aldelaimi ( dean of college of dentistry / Anbar University ) have plagiarized 60% from a article belong to Margot L. Van Dis and Edwin T. Parks it under his name
It’s wrong to say that food poisoning is not as big of a concern as cancer, heart disease, or any other health condition. In Australia, for instance, it’s a standard medical issue: an estimated 4.1 million Australians get afflicted by food-borne illnesses each year. That’s about 11,500 people coming down with food-borne illnesses daily. And throughout the world, it’s largely the same thing.
Acute Biliary tract infections, Diagnostic criteria and Treatmentinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
interactions between kidney disease and diabetes at tobruk medical centre, l...sana I . Souliman
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most dangerous complications of Diabetes Mellitus type 2. the diabetes is affecting in many organs in the body especially the kidneys. KD results in increased hospitalizations and mortality rates, in particular due to cardiovascular complications, in addition to the growing difficulty of ambulatory treatment for patients with DM.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
Running Head: CHOLERA 1
CHOLERA 2
Cholera in Developing Countries
Name
Class
School
Teacher
January 15, 2014
In developing countries, cholera is major concern due to poor sanitation, crowding, poverty, and contaminated drinking water. This disease is caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera. Presence of this bacteria initiates release of a toxin that leads to release of water from the cells of the small intestines, which produces severe diarrhea. Increased diarrhea and vomiting leads to the body being dehydrated. Common locations for cholera in developing countries are Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. Transmission occurs by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by waste products of infected persons (Barua & Greenough, 1992)
Cholera exhibits itself in high levels of diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. Persons may also have variety of symptoms, for instance abdominal cramps, dry mucus membranes, dry skin, excessive thirst caused by high level of dehydration. Further, symptoms of glassy or sunken eyes, low urine output, lethargy and nausea. If anyone exhibits all or one of these signs, it is advisable to consult a physician in order to run tests. These tests include blood culture, stool culture and gram stains. When treating cholera, the main aim is to replace electrolytes and fluid lost through severe diarrhea. Fluid may be given orally or through vein, known as intravenous. Antibiotics may shorten the periods of illness related to cholera. Antibiotics used to treat cholera include tetracycline or doxcyline. The World Health Organization (WHO) has successfully developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier than the IV fluid. If severe diarrhea is not treated in the early stages, it can result in life threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Barua & Greenough, 1992).
Water supply is an essential in human population and ensuring better public health. This can however be limited by low coverage, poor continuity, insufficient quantity and poor quality. Results of epidemiological studying the relationship between the quality of water supply, sanitation, and water-borne diseases such as cholera vary. However, there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that improving water supply can have significant impact on human health. Adequate water supply and the quality of water are vital in cholera infection reduction. Water is essential in the disposal of excreted waste. If the water supply is inadequate due to shortages, the same water used for domestic purposes like drinking and cooking is at risk of cholera contamination. Sufficient water supply reduces cholera infections and contamination. This helps to ensure that water used for excretal d ...
Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Epidemiology and Control Measures for CholeraAB Rajar
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The Role of Hemolytic Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli EPEC in the Developme...YogeshIJTSRD
The article deals with a group of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli. Most often, these bacteria cause acute intestinal disorders intestinal coli infection , and in young children and in weakened persons, they can also cause damage to the urinary tract, sometimes the development of cholecystitis, meningitis, and sepsis. Distinguish between enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, enteroadhesive infection and other infections. Yusupov Mashrabismatillayevich | Shaykulov Hamza Shodiyevich "The Role of Hemolytic Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (EPEC) in the Development of Diarrhea in Children, its Features of Prevention and Treatment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38270.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38270/the-role-of-hemolytic-enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec-in-the-development-of-diarrhea-in-children-its-features-of-prevention-and-treatment/yusupov-mashrabismatillayevich
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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1. Diarrhoea
Introduction
Diarrhea is derived from Greek word, meaning ‘flowing through’. It is the second leading cause of death in children
under 5 years of age.
Definition
According to WHO, Diarrhea is defined as ‘passage of 3 or more loose stools per day or passing more stools than
normal for the age’.
Incidence
• Every year there are about 1.5 to 2 billion death of diarrheal diseases occurs. Diarrhea is the second leading cause
of child mortality and morbidity in the world.
• One in 5 children die of diarrhea every year in India. It mostly due to contaminated food and water sources.
Classification
On the basis of duration
• Acute diarrhea
• Chronic diarrhea
On the basis of clinical presentation
• Acute watery diarrhea
• Acute bloody diarrhea
On the basis of physiology
• Secretory Diarrhea
• Osmotic Diarrhea
• Exudative Diarrhea
• Motility Related
• Inflammatory Diarrhea
Etiology
The causes of diarrhea are as follows:
• Infection
• Drugs
• Dietary causes
• Surgical conditions
• Miscellaneous causes
2. CLINICAL FEATURE & ASSESSMENT
Clinical feature of diarrhea depends on its severity:
1) Mild diarrhea (2-5 loose stool)
2) Moderate diarrhea (10 or more loose stool)
3) Severe diarrhea (100 loose stool within 24 hours)
Diagnostic evaluation
• History taking
• Physical examination
• Stool examination
• Stool culture
• Blood tests
Management
Management of infants and young children with diarrhea & dehydration focus on:
• Replacement of the fluids
• Administration of prescribed drugs
• Maintenance of nutritional status
• Educate the mother regarding prevention of diarrhea
Diarrhoea
Loss of normal
alkaline secretions
& fluids
Inflammation & edema of
mucosal membranes
Chronic diarrhea
Metabolic
acidosis
Dehydration
Released organic
acids
Fluid loss &
carbohydrate
increases
Increased bacterial growth
Poor nutritional status
