This document provides guidelines from the World Gastroenterology Organisation on the diagnosis and treatment of acute diarrhea. It discusses the global epidemiology and impact of acute diarrhea. It also reviews the major causative agents of acute diarrhea including bacteria (such as E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), viruses (such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus), and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia). It provides details on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute diarrhea and recommends treatment options based on the severity of dehydration and the likely causative agent. The guidelines are intended to provide a global perspective on acute diarrhea in
Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in childrenLucy Maya
Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children
Napa County Public Health is holding a tabletop exercise on 10/28/13 to discuss the response to an e. Coli outbreak. This is in conjunction with the CA Dept of Public Health and anticipation of the upcoming statewide functional exercise. Slides prepared by The Abaris Group
Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in childrenLucy Maya
Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children
Napa County Public Health is holding a tabletop exercise on 10/28/13 to discuss the response to an e. Coli outbreak. This is in conjunction with the CA Dept of Public Health and anticipation of the upcoming statewide functional exercise. Slides prepared by The Abaris Group
Global health issues with focus on food safety in Southeast AsiaILRI
Keynote presentation by Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham Duc and Delia Grace at the International Symposium on Global Physiology, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 22 October 2016.
The Role of Hemolytic Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli EPEC in the Developme...YogeshIJTSRD
The article deals with a group of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli. Most often, these bacteria cause acute intestinal disorders intestinal coli infection , and in young children and in weakened persons, they can also cause damage to the urinary tract, sometimes the development of cholecystitis, meningitis, and sepsis. Distinguish between enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, enteroadhesive infection and other infections. Yusupov Mashrabismatillayevich | Shaykulov Hamza Shodiyevich "The Role of Hemolytic Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (EPEC) in the Development of Diarrhea in Children, its Features of Prevention and Treatment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38270.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38270/the-role-of-hemolytic-enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec-in-the-development-of-diarrhea-in-children-its-features-of-prevention-and-treatment/yusupov-mashrabismatillayevich
Global health issues with focus on food safety in Southeast AsiaILRI
Keynote presentation by Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham Duc and Delia Grace at the International Symposium on Global Physiology, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 22 October 2016.
The Role of Hemolytic Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli EPEC in the Developme...YogeshIJTSRD
The article deals with a group of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli. Most often, these bacteria cause acute intestinal disorders intestinal coli infection , and in young children and in weakened persons, they can also cause damage to the urinary tract, sometimes the development of cholecystitis, meningitis, and sepsis. Distinguish between enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, enteroadhesive infection and other infections. Yusupov Mashrabismatillayevich | Shaykulov Hamza Shodiyevich "The Role of Hemolytic Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (EPEC) in the Development of Diarrhea in Children, its Features of Prevention and Treatment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38270.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38270/the-role-of-hemolytic-enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-epec-in-the-development-of-diarrhea-in-children-its-features-of-prevention-and-treatment/yusupov-mashrabismatillayevich
Running Head: CHOLERA 1
CHOLERA 2
Cholera in Developing Countries
Name
Class
School
Teacher
January 15, 2014
In developing countries, cholera is major concern due to poor sanitation, crowding, poverty, and contaminated drinking water. This disease is caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera. Presence of this bacteria initiates release of a toxin that leads to release of water from the cells of the small intestines, which produces severe diarrhea. Increased diarrhea and vomiting leads to the body being dehydrated. Common locations for cholera in developing countries are Africa, Asia, India, Mexico and South and Central America. Transmission occurs by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by waste products of infected persons (Barua & Greenough, 1992)
Cholera exhibits itself in high levels of diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. Persons may also have variety of symptoms, for instance abdominal cramps, dry mucus membranes, dry skin, excessive thirst caused by high level of dehydration. Further, symptoms of glassy or sunken eyes, low urine output, lethargy and nausea. If anyone exhibits all or one of these signs, it is advisable to consult a physician in order to run tests. These tests include blood culture, stool culture and gram stains. When treating cholera, the main aim is to replace electrolytes and fluid lost through severe diarrhea. Fluid may be given orally or through vein, known as intravenous. Antibiotics may shorten the periods of illness related to cholera. Antibiotics used to treat cholera include tetracycline or doxcyline. The World Health Organization (WHO) has successfully developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier than the IV fluid. If severe diarrhea is not treated in the early stages, it can result in life threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Barua & Greenough, 1992).
Water supply is an essential in human population and ensuring better public health. This can however be limited by low coverage, poor continuity, insufficient quantity and poor quality. Results of epidemiological studying the relationship between the quality of water supply, sanitation, and water-borne diseases such as cholera vary. However, there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that improving water supply can have significant impact on human health. Adequate water supply and the quality of water are vital in cholera infection reduction. Water is essential in the disposal of excreted waste. If the water supply is inadequate due to shortages, the same water used for domestic purposes like drinking and cooking is at risk of cholera contamination. Sufficient water supply reduces cholera infections and contamination. This helps to ensure that water used for excretal d ...
Food PoisoningNutritional Problems In Pakistan: Their Control And PreventionDrSindhuAlmas
According to WHO, foodborne diseases are mounting up at an alarming rate, causing significant impediment to socio-economic development of a country. Food based outbreak causes mortality of 2.2 million that contributes 4% of all deaths each year worldwide.
Comparative Studies of Knowledge and Perception of Parents on Home Management...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent