Cholera is a bacterial disease caused by Vibrio cholerae that causes severe watery diarrhea and dehydration. It occurs in outbreaks related to contaminated water supplies in areas with poor sanitation. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of painless, copious watery diarrhea and vomiting leading to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Diagnosis is confirmed by identifying the bacteria in a stool sample. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and intravenous fluids to replace fluid and electrolyte losses. Antibiotics are given to shorten the duration of illness and reduce spread.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention focuses on access to clean water, sanitation, vaccination in high risk areas, and public health education on hygiene practices.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention focuses on access to clean water, sanitation, handwashing, and occasional vaccination in high risk areas. Cholera remains a global threat, especially in areas with poor sanitation and water quality.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention involves proper sanitation, safe drinking water, vaccination in high risk areas, and public health education on hygiene practices.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to rapid dehydration. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking water or food infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Treatment involves oral rehydration solutions and antibiotics for severe cases.
- Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which produces a toxin that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. It spreads through contaminated food and water.
- There have been 7 pandemics of cholera since 1817. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluid losses. Antibiotics can shorten the course of the disease. Prevention emphasizes access to clean water, sanitation, and vaccination in endemic areas.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, which can lead to rapid dehydration. It is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace fluid losses. Antibiotics such as doxycycline or azithromycin may also be given to shorten the duration of the illness. Preventing transmission relies on access to clean water and proper sanitation. Vaccines provide protection but are not widely used for endemic areas.
Cholera in Pakistan by Prof Taffazul Zaidi 2018.pptMuhammad Majeed
1. Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes severe diarrhea and dehydration.
2. There have been 7 cholera pandemics since 1817, with the most recent pandemic beginning in 1961 caused by the Vibrio cholerae El Tor biotype. Cholera remains a global threat, with the WHO estimating 1.3 to 4 million cases and 21,000 to 143,000 deaths annually.
3. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and prevent dehydration, along with antibiotics in some cases to reduce symptoms and transmission; prevention relies on access to clean water,
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention focuses on access to clean water, sanitation, vaccination in high risk areas, and public health education on hygiene practices.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention focuses on access to clean water, sanitation, handwashing, and occasional vaccination in high risk areas. Cholera remains a global threat, especially in areas with poor sanitation and water quality.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention involves proper sanitation, safe drinking water, vaccination in high risk areas, and public health education on hygiene practices.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to rapid dehydration. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking water or food infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Treatment involves oral rehydration solutions and antibiotics for severe cases.
- Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which produces a toxin that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. It spreads through contaminated food and water.
- There have been 7 pandemics of cholera since 1817. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluid losses. Antibiotics can shorten the course of the disease. Prevention emphasizes access to clean water, sanitation, and vaccination in endemic areas.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, which can lead to rapid dehydration. It is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace fluid losses. Antibiotics such as doxycycline or azithromycin may also be given to shorten the duration of the illness. Preventing transmission relies on access to clean water and proper sanitation. Vaccines provide protection but are not widely used for endemic areas.
Cholera in Pakistan by Prof Taffazul Zaidi 2018.pptMuhammad Majeed
1. Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes severe diarrhea and dehydration.
2. There have been 7 cholera pandemics since 1817, with the most recent pandemic beginning in 1961 caused by the Vibrio cholerae El Tor biotype. Cholera remains a global threat, with the WHO estimating 1.3 to 4 million cases and 21,000 to 143,000 deaths annually.
3. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and prevent dehydration, along with antibiotics in some cases to reduce symptoms and transmission; prevention relies on access to clean water,
This document summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of Campylobacter infection. Campylobacter is a common cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide. It is often acquired through contaminated poultry or water and causes gastroenteritis. While usually self-limiting, it can occasionally lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics like erythromycin to shorten the course of infection. Prevention focuses on food safety and water treatment.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. While rare in developed nations, there are still over 1 million cases annually worldwide. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like doxycycline. Prevention relies on access to clean water, sanitation, and vaccines.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
This document provides an overview of cholera, including its causes, transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. The main points of treatment are oral rehydration and antibiotics in severe cases. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, handwashing, and cholera vaccines.
This document provides guidelines from the World Gastroenterology Organisation on the diagnosis and treatment of acute diarrhea. It discusses the global epidemiology and impact of acute diarrhea. It also reviews the major causative agents of acute diarrhea including bacteria (such as E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), viruses (such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus), and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia). It provides details on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute diarrhea and recommends treatment options based on the severity of dehydration and the likely causative agent. The guidelines are intended to provide a global perspective on acute diarrhea in
This document provides guidelines from the World Gastroenterology Organisation on the diagnosis and treatment of acute diarrhea. It discusses the global epidemiology and impact of acute diarrhea. It also reviews the major causative agents of acute diarrhea including bacteria (such as E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), viruses (such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus), and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia). It provides details on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute diarrhea and recommends treatment options based on the severity of dehydration and the likely causative agent. The guidelines are intended to provide a global perspective on acute diarrhea in
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease and its main cause, Helicobacter pylori bacteria. It notes that H. pylori infection is present in about half of the world's population and increases the risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcers. At least 95% of duodenal ulcer patients are infected with H. pylori. The document discusses various tests used to diagnose H. pylori infection, including urea breath tests and biopsy tests. Eradication of H. pylori through treatment is recommended for patients with peptic ulcers who test positive for the infection.
Gastroenteritis is an inflammatory disease of the stomach and intestines characterized by sudden onset of diarrhea and vomiting. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and other non-infectious agents. The main symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and dehydration. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids based on the level of dehydration, along with continued breastfeeding and nutritional supplements. Antibiotics may be given for specific bacterial infections. The goal of management is to prevent and treat dehydration through oral or intravenous fluid replacement.
This document provides information on a lesson plan about diarrhea presented by Ms. B. Hemalatha. It begins with an introduction stating that diarrhea is a leading cause of death in developing countries, killing over 10 million children under 5 each year. It then defines diarrhea and describes the clinical types including acute watery diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, persistent diarrhea, and diarrhea with severe malnutrition. It discusses the epidemiological determinants of diarrhea including common pathogens, reservoirs of infection, host factors, and environmental factors. It covers the modes of transmission and prevention and control methods such as oral rehydration therapy and vaccination.
Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 cause cholera, an acute bacterial enteric disease characterized by sudden onset of profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting that can lead to rapid dehydration and death if untreated. Cholera is typically diagnosed by isolating V. cholerae O1 or O139 from a patient's stool. While outbreaks are associated with consumption of unsafe water and poor sanitation, the main reservoir of cholera is humans. Transmission occurs through ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from infected individuals. Preventive measures include access to safe water and proper sanitation.
Cholera is an acute secretory diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include copious watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and intravenous fluids to replace fluid losses. Antibiotics may also be given. Prevention relies on water treatment, sanitation, handwashing, and oral cholera vaccines.
Shigella bacteria cause the infectious disease shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. It is estimated to cause around 90 million cases annually, resulting in over 100,000 deaths mostly in children in developing countries. The bacteria are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to reduce duration of symptoms.
This document provides an overview of gastroenteritis in pediatrics. It defines gastroenteritis as an inflammatory disease of the stomach and intestines characterized by sudden onset of diarrhea and/or vomiting. Common causes are viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and non-infectious agents. Symptoms and management depend on the cause. Treatment involves rehydration and replacement of fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration, along with any necessary medical treatment of the underlying infection. Nutritional management is also important during treatment and recovery.
The document discusses peptic ulcer disease, specifically focusing on the role of Helicobacter pylori infection as the main cause of gastric and duodenal ulcers. It details how H. pylori infection increases the risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcers. The document then discusses various diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease, including biopsy, urea breath tests, and stool antigen tests. It also discusses the recommended treatment of peptic ulcer disease when patients are infected with H. pylori.
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. It is usually caused by viruses like rotavirus or bacteria like Campylobacter. Common symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever and dehydration. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration therapy. Antiemetics may help reduce vomiting, and antibiotics are sometimes used for bacterial causes. Prevention involves handwashing, sanitation and food safety.
Typhoid and cholera are bacterial infections caused by Salmonella Typhi and Vibrio cholerae, respectively. Both result in severe diarrhea which can lead to dehydration and death if left untreated. Typhoid symptoms include sustained fever and abdominal pain over several weeks. Cholera onset is more sudden with rice water diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission is through contaminated food or water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like doxycycline. Prevention relies on water purification, sanitation, and hygiene practices. Vaccines are available to protect travelers from typhoid.
This document discusses cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It provides definitions and terminology related to cholera, describes the history and epidemiology of the disease. Key points include that cholera spreads via contaminated food or water, symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and shock. Prevention strategies focus on access to clean water, sanitation, and oral cholera vaccines. Recent studies examined rapid diagnostic tests and strategies for preventing cholera outbreaks in India.
Acute diarrhea is caused by infections spread through the fecal-oral route. It affects over 1.7 billion people globally each year and causes 760,000 deaths in children under 5. The key to management is fluid replacement to prevent dehydration through oral rehydration solutions. Antimicrobial treatment is usually not needed for acute infectious diarrhea but may be used for invasive bacteria like Shigella or Salmonella to prevent systemic complications. Proper hygiene and sanitation can help limit the spread of diarrhea-causing illnesses.
Acute diarrhea is caused by infections spread through the fecal-oral route. It affects over 1.7 billion people globally each year and causes 760,000 deaths in children under 5. The key aspects of management are fluid replacement to prevent dehydration, using oral rehydration solutions, and antimicrobial treatment only for invasive infections or immunocompromised patients to prevent antibiotic resistance. Proper sanitation and hygiene can help limit the transmission of infectious agents causing acute diarrhea.
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the disease cholera. It produces a toxin that binds to receptors on intestinal cells and causes severe diarrhea by promoting fluid secretion and inhibiting absorption. Cholera spreads through contaminated food and water and causes epidemics in areas with poor sanitation. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration to replace fluid losses. Prevention involves access to clean water, hygiene education, and possibly vaccination in endemic areas.
This document summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of Campylobacter infection. Campylobacter is a common cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide. It is often acquired through contaminated poultry or water and causes gastroenteritis. While usually self-limiting, it can occasionally lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics like erythromycin to shorten the course of infection. Prevention focuses on food safety and water treatment.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. While rare in developed nations, there are still over 1 million cases annually worldwide. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like doxycycline. Prevention relies on access to clean water, sanitation, and vaccines.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
This document provides an overview of cholera, including its causes, transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. The main points of treatment are oral rehydration and antibiotics in severe cases. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, handwashing, and cholera vaccines.
This document provides guidelines from the World Gastroenterology Organisation on the diagnosis and treatment of acute diarrhea. It discusses the global epidemiology and impact of acute diarrhea. It also reviews the major causative agents of acute diarrhea including bacteria (such as E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), viruses (such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus), and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia). It provides details on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute diarrhea and recommends treatment options based on the severity of dehydration and the likely causative agent. The guidelines are intended to provide a global perspective on acute diarrhea in
This document provides guidelines from the World Gastroenterology Organisation on the diagnosis and treatment of acute diarrhea. It discusses the global epidemiology and impact of acute diarrhea. It also reviews the major causative agents of acute diarrhea including bacteria (such as E. coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella), viruses (such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus), and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia). It provides details on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute diarrhea and recommends treatment options based on the severity of dehydration and the likely causative agent. The guidelines are intended to provide a global perspective on acute diarrhea in
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease and its main cause, Helicobacter pylori bacteria. It notes that H. pylori infection is present in about half of the world's population and increases the risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcers. At least 95% of duodenal ulcer patients are infected with H. pylori. The document discusses various tests used to diagnose H. pylori infection, including urea breath tests and biopsy tests. Eradication of H. pylori through treatment is recommended for patients with peptic ulcers who test positive for the infection.
Gastroenteritis is an inflammatory disease of the stomach and intestines characterized by sudden onset of diarrhea and vomiting. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and other non-infectious agents. The main symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and dehydration. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids based on the level of dehydration, along with continued breastfeeding and nutritional supplements. Antibiotics may be given for specific bacterial infections. The goal of management is to prevent and treat dehydration through oral or intravenous fluid replacement.
This document provides information on a lesson plan about diarrhea presented by Ms. B. Hemalatha. It begins with an introduction stating that diarrhea is a leading cause of death in developing countries, killing over 10 million children under 5 each year. It then defines diarrhea and describes the clinical types including acute watery diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, persistent diarrhea, and diarrhea with severe malnutrition. It discusses the epidemiological determinants of diarrhea including common pathogens, reservoirs of infection, host factors, and environmental factors. It covers the modes of transmission and prevention and control methods such as oral rehydration therapy and vaccination.
Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 cause cholera, an acute bacterial enteric disease characterized by sudden onset of profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting that can lead to rapid dehydration and death if untreated. Cholera is typically diagnosed by isolating V. cholerae O1 or O139 from a patient's stool. While outbreaks are associated with consumption of unsafe water and poor sanitation, the main reservoir of cholera is humans. Transmission occurs through ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from infected individuals. Preventive measures include access to safe water and proper sanitation.
Cholera is an acute secretory diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include copious watery diarrhea that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and intravenous fluids to replace fluid losses. Antibiotics may also be given. Prevention relies on water treatment, sanitation, handwashing, and oral cholera vaccines.
Shigella bacteria cause the infectious disease shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. It is estimated to cause around 90 million cases annually, resulting in over 100,000 deaths mostly in children in developing countries. The bacteria are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to reduce duration of symptoms.
This document provides an overview of gastroenteritis in pediatrics. It defines gastroenteritis as an inflammatory disease of the stomach and intestines characterized by sudden onset of diarrhea and/or vomiting. Common causes are viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and non-infectious agents. Symptoms and management depend on the cause. Treatment involves rehydration and replacement of fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration, along with any necessary medical treatment of the underlying infection. Nutritional management is also important during treatment and recovery.
The document discusses peptic ulcer disease, specifically focusing on the role of Helicobacter pylori infection as the main cause of gastric and duodenal ulcers. It details how H. pylori infection increases the risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcers. The document then discusses various diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease, including biopsy, urea breath tests, and stool antigen tests. It also discusses the recommended treatment of peptic ulcer disease when patients are infected with H. pylori.
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. It is usually caused by viruses like rotavirus or bacteria like Campylobacter. Common symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever and dehydration. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration therapy. Antiemetics may help reduce vomiting, and antibiotics are sometimes used for bacterial causes. Prevention involves handwashing, sanitation and food safety.
Typhoid and cholera are bacterial infections caused by Salmonella Typhi and Vibrio cholerae, respectively. Both result in severe diarrhea which can lead to dehydration and death if left untreated. Typhoid symptoms include sustained fever and abdominal pain over several weeks. Cholera onset is more sudden with rice water diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission is through contaminated food or water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like doxycycline. Prevention relies on water purification, sanitation, and hygiene practices. Vaccines are available to protect travelers from typhoid.
This document discusses cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It provides definitions and terminology related to cholera, describes the history and epidemiology of the disease. Key points include that cholera spreads via contaminated food or water, symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and shock. Prevention strategies focus on access to clean water, sanitation, and oral cholera vaccines. Recent studies examined rapid diagnostic tests and strategies for preventing cholera outbreaks in India.
Acute diarrhea is caused by infections spread through the fecal-oral route. It affects over 1.7 billion people globally each year and causes 760,000 deaths in children under 5. The key to management is fluid replacement to prevent dehydration through oral rehydration solutions. Antimicrobial treatment is usually not needed for acute infectious diarrhea but may be used for invasive bacteria like Shigella or Salmonella to prevent systemic complications. Proper hygiene and sanitation can help limit the spread of diarrhea-causing illnesses.
Acute diarrhea is caused by infections spread through the fecal-oral route. It affects over 1.7 billion people globally each year and causes 760,000 deaths in children under 5. The key aspects of management are fluid replacement to prevent dehydration, using oral rehydration solutions, and antimicrobial treatment only for invasive infections or immunocompromised patients to prevent antibiotic resistance. Proper sanitation and hygiene can help limit the transmission of infectious agents causing acute diarrhea.
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the disease cholera. It produces a toxin that binds to receptors on intestinal cells and causes severe diarrhea by promoting fluid secretion and inhibiting absorption. Cholera spreads through contaminated food and water and causes epidemics in areas with poor sanitation. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration to replace fluid losses. Prevention involves access to clean water, hygiene education, and possibly vaccination in endemic areas.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. Definition
Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects
the intestinal tract.
It is caused by Vibrio cholerae.
.While cholera is a rare disease in US and
Europe, those who may be at risk include
people traveling to foreign countries where
outbreaks are occurring.
3. Epidemics
Epidemics occur after war, or natural
disasters when water and food supplies
become contaminated with V cholera due
poor sanitation.
In the United States and Europe, because of
sanitation systems, cholera is not a major
threat.
In developing countries outbreaks of cholera
continue every year.
4. Cholera, 2009
In 2009, the number of cases of cholera reported
to WHO increased by 16% when compared with
2008.
A total more then 200 000 cases, including 5000
deaths, were reported from 45 countries; the
case-fatality rate (CFR) was 2.24% .
Global trends during the past 20 years have
shifted from a high incidence in the Americas
during the early 1990s to a high incidence in
Africa, with few cases reported from Asia
5. History
. Records from Hippocrates (460-
377 BC) and Galen (129-216 AD)
The seventh pandemic of cholera,
caused by V cholerae O1, biotype El
Tor, began in 1961 and continues
today. Reports also document
endemics caused by biotype O139.
6. History and epidemyology
Robert Koch discovered V cholerae in 1883
during an outbreak in Egypt.
The organism is, gram-negative aerobic bacillus
whose size varies from 1-3 μm (micrometres)
Its antigenic structure consists of a flagellar H
antigen and a somatic O antigen.
The differentiation of the latter allows for
separation into pathogenic and nonpathogenic
strains.
V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139 are
associated with epidemic cholera
7. Biotypes and serotypes
V cholerae O1 is classified into 2 major biotypes:
Classic 01 and El Tor. Currently, El Tor is the
predominant cholera pathogen.
Organisms in both biotypes are subdivided into
serotypes according to the structure of the O
antigen, as follows:
Serotype Inaba - O antigens A and C
Serotype Ogawa - O antigens A and B
Serotype Hikojima - O antigens A, B, and C
8. Pathophysiology
The infectious dose of bacteria required to cause
clinical disease varies by the mode of administration
. If ingested with water, the infectious dose is 103 -
106 organisms.
When ingested with food, fewer organisms (102 -104
organisms) are required to produce disease.
The use of antacids, H receptor blockers, and proton
pump inhibitors increases the risk of cholera
infection as a result of reduced gastric acidity.
The same applies to patients with chronic
gastritissecondary to Helicobacter pylori infection or
those who have undergone a gastrectomy.
9. Pathophisiology and
manifestations 1
Cholera is a toxin-mediated disease.
The clinical features and epidemiologic
manifestations of disease caused by
cholera O139 are indistinguishable
from those caused by O1
10. Cholera toxin (CTX) is
enterotoxin elaborated
by the organism in the
small intestine.
To reach the small
intestine, however, the
organism has to
negotiate the normal
defense mechanisms
of the GI tract.
Pathophysiology 2
11. Pathophysiology 3
Because the organism is not acid-
resistant, it depends on its large
inoculum size to bypass gastric acidity.
motility, chemotaxis, and elaboration of
hemagglutinin/protease to invade the
mucous layer of the small intestine.
12. Pathophysiology 4
V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139 cause
clinical disease by producing an enterotoxin
that promotes the secretion of fluid and
electrolytes into the lumen of the small
intestine.
The enterotoxin is a protein molecule
composed of 5 B subunits and 2 A subunits.
The B subunits are responsible for binding
to a ganglioside ( GM1) receptor located on
the surface of the intestinal mucosa cells
13. Diarrhea mechanism
The activation of the A1 subunit by adenylate
cyclase is responsible for the increasing in
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
cAMP blocks the absorption of sodium and
chloride by the microvilli and promotes the
secretion of chloride and water by the crypt
cells.
The result is watery diarrhea with electrolyte
concentrations isotonic to those of plasma.
14. NOTE!
The enterotoxin acts locally and
does not invade the intestinal wall.
As a result, few neutrophils are
found in the stool.
15. Age
In nonendemic areas, incidence of infection
is similar in all age groups, although adults
are less likely to become asymptomatic than
children.
The exception is breastfed children, who are
protected against severe disease because of
less exposure and because of the antibodies
to cholera they obtain in breast milk.
16. Mortality/Morbidity
If untreated, the disease rapidly results
in dehydration and can result in death
in more than 50% of infected
individuals.
The mortality rate is increased in
pregnant women and children.
17. Clinical presentation
Incubation period 24- to 48-hour
Onset - sudden of painless watery diarrhea
that may quickly become severe and
profuse.
The patient may experience accompanying
abdominal cramps.
The stool may contain fecal material early in
the course of clinical illness.Then The
diarrhea becames more watery like "rice
water" with fishy odor
Fever is typically absent
In patients with severe disease, the stool
volume can exceed 250 mL/kg in the first 24
hours.
19. Сlinical presentation
V cholerae does not elicit an inflammatory
response, and cholera stool contains few
leukocytes and no erythrocytes.
Because of the large volume of diarrhea,
patients with cholera have frequent and often
uncontrolled bowel movements.
Patients experience abdominal cramps,
probably caused by distention of loops of
small bowel as a result of the large volume of
intestinal secretions.
20. V cholerae course
However, often V cholerae infections may
be asymptomatic, mild or moderate
diarrhea and may not be clinically
distinguished from other causes of
gastroenteritis.
An estimated 5% of infected patients will
develop cholera gravis, ie, severe watery
diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration
21. Vomiting
Vomiting, although a prominent
manifestation, may not always be present.
It occurs early in the course of the disease
.
22. Dehydration
Dehydration can be developed rapidly,
within hours after the onset of symptoms.
This contrasts with disease produced by
infection from any other enteropathogen.
Because the dehydration is isotonic, water
loss is proportional between 3 body
compartments: intracellular,
intravascular, and interstitial.
27. Categories of Dehydration
Dehydration has been classified into
the following 3 categories : severe,
some (previously termed moderate in
the WHO criteria for the classification
of dehydration), and none (previously
termed mild by the WHO).
28. Physical
Clinical signs of cholera parallel the level
of amount of fluid loss
The amount of fluid loss and the corresponding
clinical signs of cholera are as follows:
l. 3-5% loss of normal body weight - Excessive thirst
ll. 5-8% loss of normal body weight - Postural
hypotension, tachycardia, weakness, fatigue, and
dry mucous membranes or dry mouth
lll.> 10% loss of normal body weight - Oliguria;
sunken eyes; sunken fontanelles in infants; weak,
thready pulse; wrinkled "washerwoman" skin;
somnolence; and coma
29. Condition Eyes Tears
Mouth
and
Tongue
Thirst
Skin
Pinch
Decision
Well, alert Normal Present Moist Drinks
normally,
not
thirsty
Goes
back
quickly
Patient has no signs of
dehydration.
*Restless,
irritable
Sunken Absent Dry *Thirsty,
drinks
eagerly
*Goes
back
slowly
If the patient has 2 or
more signs, including at least 1 *
sign, some dehydration is
present.
*Lethargic or
unconscious,
Very
sunken
and dry
Absent Very dry Thirst
may be
missing
*Goes
back
very
slowly
If the patient has 2 or more signs,
including at least 1 * sign, severe
dehydration is present.
Assessment of the Patient With Diarrhea for Dehydration
30. Children
Children with some (moderate) dehydration
have lost approximately 7-10% of body water
(approximately 5% of body weight).
Children have decreased skin turgor, as
manifested by prolonged skin response to a skin
pinch test (the most reliable sign of isotonic
dehydration), and a normal pulse.
Children without clinically significant dehydration
(<5% loss of body weight) may have increased
thirst without other signs of dehydration.
31. Children-differences from adult
Children with severe cholera may present with signs
that are rarely seen in adults.
A child with cholera is usually very somnolent, and
coma is not uncommon.
Pediatric patients may have convulsions due ,in
part, to hypoglycemia because of diminished food
intake during the acute illness, exhaustion of
glycogen stores.
Acidosis in cholera is a result of bicarbonate loss in
stool and accumulation of lactate and inadequate
Respiratory compensation
Another significant difference from the adult
presentation is that children are often febrile.
32. Hypokalemia
Results from potassium loss in the stool,.
Hypokalemia is most severe in children with
preexisting malnutrition who have diminished
body stores of potassium and may be
manifested as paralytic ileus.
Rehydration therapy with bicarbonate-containing
fluids can also produce hypocalcemia by
decreasing the proportion of serum calcium that
is ionized.
33. Chvostek and Trousseau signs
The Chvostek sign (also
Weiss sign) is one of the
signs of tetany seen in
hypocalcemia.
It refers to an abnormal
reaction to the stimulation of
the facial nerve.
When the facial nerve is
tapped at the angle of the jaw
(i.e. masseter muscle), the
facial muscles on the same
side of the face will contract
momentarily due
hyperexcitability of nerves.
34. Trousseau signs
Tonic spasm of
muscles after the
hand jamming
neurovascular
forearm or shoulder
35. Other
:
O(l) blood group: The role played by O blood group
is less certain. The cause is unknown, but incidence
of infection appears to be twice as high in this
population.
Second infections complications rarely occur or are
mild.
Asymptomatic carriers: This may have a role in
transfer of disease in areas where the disease is not
endemic.
Although carriage usually is short-lived, a few
individuals may excrete the organisms for a
prolonged period.
37. Laboratory Studies
Diagnosis may be confirmed via
identification of V cholerae in the stool.
The organism may be detected directly
with dark-field microscopy examination of
fresh stool; chaotic motility is observed.
The serotype may be determined by
immobilization with Inaba-specific or
Ogawa-specific antiserum.
38. Laboratory isolation
Laboratory isolation
requires a selective
medium. V cholerae
grows as a flat, yellow
colony on thiosulfate-
citrate-bile salts-
sucrose agar or
taurocholate-tellurite-
gelatin agar.
More recently,
polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) has been used with
a high degree of sensitivity
and specificity
39. Hematological tests
.
Hematocrit, are elevated in
dehydrated patients because of
resulting hemoconcentration.
When patients are first observed,
they generally have a leucocytosis
without a left shift.
40. Serum electrolytes
Serum sodium is usually 130-135 mmol/L, reflecting
the substantial loss of sodium in the stool that has
accompanied the water.
Serum potassium usually is normal in the acute
phase of the illness, reflecting the exchange of
intracellular potassium for extracellular hydrogen
ion in an effort to correct the acidosis.
Bicarbonate concentration usually is less than 15
mmol/L in severely dehydrated patients and often is
nondetectable.
41. Renal profile
1.BUN and serum creatinine levels are elevated,
reflecting the decrease in glomerular filtration.
The extent of their elevation is dependent on the
degree and duration of dehydration.
2.Other biochemical tests
Blood glucose measurement and blood gases
and bicarbonate concentration are important
parameters to monitor and treatment as
required.
42. Medical Care instructions
The WHO's guidelines for the
management of cholera are the most
practical, easily understood, and applied in
clinical practice.
These guidelines can be used for the
treatment of any patient with diarrhea and
dehydration.
Diagnosis of cholera is not mandatory
before therapy.
43. Steps in the treatment of a patient with
suspected cholera
Step 1: Assess for dehydration. Assess the
degree of dehydration and categorize it into
severe dehydration, some dehydration, or no
signs of dehydration.
Step 2: Rehydrate the patient and monitor
frequently. Then reassess hydration status.
Step 3: Maintain hydration. Replace ongoing
fluid losses until diarrhea stops.
Step 4: Administer an oral antibiotic to the
patient with severe dehydration.
Step 5: Feed the patient.
44. Goal of the rehydration
The goal of the rehydration phase is to
restore normal hydration status, which
should take no more than 4 hours.
Set the rate of infusion in severely
dehydrated patients at 50-100 mL/kg/h.
Lactated Ringer solution is preferred over
isotonic sodium chloride solution because
saline does not correct metabolic acidosis
46. Severe dehydration
Administration intravenous (IV) fluid immediately to
replace fluid deficit with lactated Ringer solution or, if not
available, isotonic sodium chloride solution. Start IV fluid
immediately.
If the patient can drink, begin giving oral rehydration salt
(ORS) solution by mouth .
For patients older than 1 year, give 100 mL/kg IV in 3
hours—30 mL/kg as rapidly as possible (within 30 min)
then 70 mL/kg in the next 2 hours.
For patients younger than 1 year, administer 100 mL/kg
IV in 6 hours—30 mL/kg in the first hour then 70 mL/kg in
the next 5 hours.
47. Rehydration regime
Monitor the patient very frequently. After
the initial 30 mL/kg have been
administered, the radial pulse should be
strong and blood pressure should be
normal.
If the pulse is not yet strong, continue to
give IV fluid rapidly. Administer ORS
solution (about 5 mL/kg/h) as soon as the
patient can drink, in addition to IV fluid
48. Monitoring
Reassess the patient after 3 hours (infants
after 6 h). If signs of severe dehydration
(rare) still exist, repeat the IV therapy
already given.
If signs of some dehydration are present,
continue oral rehydration
If no signs of dehydration exist, maintain
hydration by replacing ongoing fluid losses
49. Maintenance phase
The objective of the
maintenance phase is to
maintain normal
hydration status by
replacing ongoing
losses.
The oral route is
preferred, and the use of
oral rehydration solution
(ORS) at a rate of 500-
1000 mL/h is
recommended.
50. Some dehydration
Administer ORS solution according to the amount recommended in Table 3.
Table 3. Approximate Amount of ORS Solution to Administer in the First 4 Hours
]
Age* <4
mo
4-11
mo
12-
23
mo
2-4 y 5-14
y
³ 15 y
Weight <5
kg
5-
7.9
kg
8-
10.9
kg
11-
15.9
kg
16-
29.9
kg
³ 30
kg
ORS
solution in
mL
200-
400
400-
600
600-
800
800-
1200
1200-
2200
2200-
4000
•Use the patient's age only when weight is unknown.
51. Patients who are first observed with no signs of dehydration
can be treated at home.
No signs of dehydration
Age Amount of Solution After Each Loose Stool
<24 mo 50-100 mL
2-9 y 100-200 mL
>10 years As much as is wanted
52. Note!
Most patients absorb enough ORS
solution to achieve rehydration, even when
they are vomiting. Vomiting usually
subsides within 2-3 hours, as rehydration
is achieved.
. Regular urinary output (ie, every 3-4 h) is
a good sign that enough fluid is being
given
53. Cholera cots
In areas where cholera is endemic,
cholera-cots have been used to assess
the volume of ongoing stool losses.
A cholera cot is a cot covered by a plastic
sheet with a hole in the center to allow to
collect the stool in a calibrated bucket.
54. Diet
Resume feeding with a normal diet when
vomiting has stopped.
Continue breastfeeding infants and young
children.
Malnutrition after infection is not a major
problem, as observed after infection with
Shigella species or rotavirus diarrhea.
55. Medication
An effective antibiotic can reduce the
volume of diarrhea in patients with severe
cholera and shorten the period during
which V cholerae O1 is excreted.
In addition, it usually stops the diarrhea
within 48 hours, thus shortening the period
of hospitalization.
56. The mane rules
If the patient is severely dehydrated and older
than 2 years, administer an antibiotic.
Initiate the antibiotic after the patient has been
rehydrated (usually in 4-6 h) and vomiting has
stopped.
No advantage exists to using parenteral
antibiotics, which are expensive.
No other drugs should be used in the treatment
of cholera
57. Antibiotic Single
Dose (PO)
Multiple Dose (PO)
Doxycycli
ne†
7 mg/kg;
not to
exceed
300
mg/dose‡
2 mg/kg bid on day 1; then 2 mg/kg qd on
days 2 and 3; not to exceed 100 mg/dose
Tetracycli
ne†
25 mg/kg;
not to
exceed 1
g/dose‡
40 mg/kg/d divided qid for 3 d; not to exceed 2
g/d
Furazolido
ne
7 mg/kg;
not to
exceed
300
mg/dose
5 mg/kg/d divided qid for 3 d; not to exceed
400 mg/d
58. Trimethoprim
and
sulfamethoxaz
ole
Not
evaluated
<2 months: Contraindicated
>2 months: 5-10 mg/kg/d (based on trimethoprim
component) divided bid for 3 d; not to exceed 320 mg/d
trimethoprim and 1.6 g/d of sulfamethoxazole
Ciprofloxacin§ 30 mg/kg;
not to
exceed 1
g/dose‡
30 mg/kg/d divided q12h for 3 d; not to exceed 2 g/d
Ampicillin Not
evaluated
50 mg/kg/d divided qid for 3 d; not to exceed 2 g/d
Erythromycin Not
evaluated
40 mg/kg/d erythromycin base divided tid for 3 d; not to
exceed 1 g/d
59. Complications of therapy and
prognosis
Overhydration with parenteral fluid therapy
presents with the earliest sign of puffiness of
eyelids. If not recognized at this stage, it may
lead to pulmonary edema
Prognosis
Before the development of effective regimens for
replacing fluids and electrolyte losses, the
mortality rate in severe disease was more than
50%.
Mortality rates are lowest where intravenous
therapy is available.
60. Prevention
Early identification and case management
Rapid identification of cases in children and adults
and prompt treatment will limit further spread of the
disease.
Surveillance systems
Surveillance systems can provide an early alert to
outbreaks, which should lead to a coordinated
response and efforts.
Multisectoral approach .
A multisectoral and coordinated approach is
paramount to efficiently control a cholera outbreak.
Key sectors to be involved are health, water and
sanitation, fishery and agriculture, and education.
61. Prevention
Personal hygiene, food preparation, and health
education
Vaccines
Parenteral vaccines have been discontinued
because of their poor efficacy.
WHO has identified 3 oral vaccines, which are
available in some countries but are used mainly by
travelers.
Efforts are underway to identify further use of these
vaccines in endemic and epidemic situations