This document summarizes a study on the relationship between diabetes and kidney disease. The study analyzed statistics from Tobruk Medical Center's kidney department between 2018-2019. It found that 57 out of 100 patients receiving dialysis had diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes was found to play a major role in kidney failure. The study aims to understand this relationship to help prevent kidney failure and the need for dialysis. While diabetes is a leading cause of kidney disease, other factors can also contribute. Further research is still needed to better understand the links between diabetes and kidney function.
IndiCure pledges to support the cause of World Kidney day and educate people in all possible manners for a better kidney health and thus better life.
Visit Us: www.indicure.com
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem
worldwide. The worldwide prevalence of CKD has increased in
various countries such as the U.S. (13.1%), Taiwan (9.8-11.9%),
Norway (10.2%), Japan (12.9-15.1%) China (3.2-11.3%), Korea (7.2- 13.7%), Thailand (8.45-16.3%), Singapore (3.2-18.6%), and Australia(11.2%)
Chronic kidney disease is a situation in which the kidneys lose the functions gradually. This continuous dysfunction supports the condition of kidney failure, at which the kidney only performs 10 to 15 percent of its function or less.
IndiCure pledges to support the cause of World Kidney day and educate people in all possible manners for a better kidney health and thus better life.
Visit Us: www.indicure.com
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem
worldwide. The worldwide prevalence of CKD has increased in
various countries such as the U.S. (13.1%), Taiwan (9.8-11.9%),
Norway (10.2%), Japan (12.9-15.1%) China (3.2-11.3%), Korea (7.2- 13.7%), Thailand (8.45-16.3%), Singapore (3.2-18.6%), and Australia(11.2%)
Chronic kidney disease is a situation in which the kidneys lose the functions gradually. This continuous dysfunction supports the condition of kidney failure, at which the kidney only performs 10 to 15 percent of its function or less.
World Kidney Day is a worldwide campaign to create awareness about kidney disease and its associated health problems. Every year, many activities from public screenings in Argentina to Zumba marathons in Malaysia take place throughout the world. We do everything in our power to create knowledge about the sensitivity for protective action, understanding of hazards, and to provide insights on how to survive with renal disease.
The growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes is one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly due to the micro- and macrovascular complications associated with the disease. A growing body of evidence suggests that although the risk of developing complications is greater with glucose levels beyond the established
Causes, Symptoms, and Early Diagnosis of DiabetesRodney Goodie
Diabetes is a long-term disorder marked by unusually high blood sugar (glucose) levels. The pancreas produces insulin, which reduces blood glucose levels. Diabetes is caused by a lack of or inadequate insulin synthesis or the body's inability to utilize insulin correctly.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the two main forms of diabetes. The other types of diabetes are gestational diabetes and prediabetes.
In the United States, diabetes affects roughly 34.2 million individuals (10.5 percent of the population), while another estimated 88 million people have prediabetes and are unaware of the condition. In addition, an estimated 7.3 million people have diabetes that is undiagnosed.
Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles in all the fields of Nephrology. Nephrology is the study of Kidney problems, diagnosis, treatments and transplantation of Kidney. Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension journal provides a new platform for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Nephrology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This presentation introduces the types of Diabetes and updates on the care, support and information available from Diabetes UK.
It also lets know how one can get involved and support in dealing with Diabetes.
Jeffrey Meer, Special Advisor for Global Health at the Public Health Institute, discusses the toll of non-communicable diseases on the developing world and what civil society can do, and dispels common myths.
Running Head Nursing Care Plan Nursing Care Plan for an 80-ye.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Nursing Care Plan
Nursing Care Plan for an 80-year-old female with Chronic Kidney Disease
Student’s name; Daysi Fernandez
South University
Course: Illness & Disease Management
Nursing Care Plan for an 80-year-old female with Chronic Kidney Disease
Case study
An 80-year-old female presents to the clinic with grievances of asthenia, malaise, headache, weight gain, and a decrease in urination. A tentative diagnosis of acute renal failure is made. She has a history of alcohol and drug abuse. Her medical history is unremarkable, and she has not been taking any medicines. The laboratory results include values of a serum sodium level of 151mg/dl. The potassium level is 2.7mg/dl, chloride is 123mg/dl, and bicarbonate is 14mg/dl. Blood urea nitrogen is 95mg/dl. Blood glucose is 757mg/dl. Serum calcium is 7.5mg/dl, and leukocyte counts are 8000/mm3. The patient is hydrated. She is diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Chronic Kidney Disease Patient Questionnaire
1. Have you been diagnosed with kidney disease? Y / N
2. How long has it been your first diagnosed? ____Months / ____years
3. Do you take pain or anti-inflammatory medication? Y / N
4. Do you use herbal treatments? Y / N
5. Do you take blood pressure medication? Y / N
6. Do you check your blood pressure at home? Y /N
7. Have you heard any family heart diseases? Y /N
8. Have you had a history of diabetes or prediabetes? Y /N
9. Have you ever been diagnosed with anemia, or low hemoglobin count? Y / N
10. Have you had any history of osteoporosis, osteopenia, brittle, thin or broken bones? Y / N
11. Summary
I. If you responded yes to any of the questions above, please give more detail___
II. Do you have any question about your Kidney disease that we can help you? ___
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to (Bomback and Bakris, 2011) is a continuous decrease of working renal tissue whereby the residual kidney mass cannot sustain the body’s internal environment. CKD is an illness that progressively develops for years or as an effect from an occurrence of kidney related diseases from which the patient has not improved. Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is a continuous and quick weakening of the working of the kidneys (Healthy people 2010, 2013). It occurs when there is a high accumulation of toxic substances in the kidney and left unattended. Development of ARF happens when the kidney fails to remove waste materials from the kidney in the form of urine. Therefore kidney disorders have stopped functioning and lost their strength to remove water and waste from the blood. Deterioration of kidney functioning will lead to other problems in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure and nerve damage (Wong et al., 2010). Early diagnosis of this disorder is essential when it comes to its management. Researchers assert that when CKD is detected early, its progression is slowed down and managed (Bomback an ...
World Kidney Day is a worldwide campaign to create awareness about kidney disease and its associated health problems. Every year, many activities from public screenings in Argentina to Zumba marathons in Malaysia take place throughout the world. We do everything in our power to create knowledge about the sensitivity for protective action, understanding of hazards, and to provide insights on how to survive with renal disease.
The growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes is one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly due to the micro- and macrovascular complications associated with the disease. A growing body of evidence suggests that although the risk of developing complications is greater with glucose levels beyond the established
Causes, Symptoms, and Early Diagnosis of DiabetesRodney Goodie
Diabetes is a long-term disorder marked by unusually high blood sugar (glucose) levels. The pancreas produces insulin, which reduces blood glucose levels. Diabetes is caused by a lack of or inadequate insulin synthesis or the body's inability to utilize insulin correctly.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the two main forms of diabetes. The other types of diabetes are gestational diabetes and prediabetes.
In the United States, diabetes affects roughly 34.2 million individuals (10.5 percent of the population), while another estimated 88 million people have prediabetes and are unaware of the condition. In addition, an estimated 7.3 million people have diabetes that is undiagnosed.
Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles in all the fields of Nephrology. Nephrology is the study of Kidney problems, diagnosis, treatments and transplantation of Kidney. Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension journal provides a new platform for all researchers, scientists, scholars, students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Nephrology and Hypertension supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Nephrology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This presentation introduces the types of Diabetes and updates on the care, support and information available from Diabetes UK.
It also lets know how one can get involved and support in dealing with Diabetes.
Jeffrey Meer, Special Advisor for Global Health at the Public Health Institute, discusses the toll of non-communicable diseases on the developing world and what civil society can do, and dispels common myths.
Running Head Nursing Care Plan Nursing Care Plan for an 80-ye.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: Nursing Care Plan
Nursing Care Plan for an 80-year-old female with Chronic Kidney Disease
Student’s name; Daysi Fernandez
South University
Course: Illness & Disease Management
Nursing Care Plan for an 80-year-old female with Chronic Kidney Disease
Case study
An 80-year-old female presents to the clinic with grievances of asthenia, malaise, headache, weight gain, and a decrease in urination. A tentative diagnosis of acute renal failure is made. She has a history of alcohol and drug abuse. Her medical history is unremarkable, and she has not been taking any medicines. The laboratory results include values of a serum sodium level of 151mg/dl. The potassium level is 2.7mg/dl, chloride is 123mg/dl, and bicarbonate is 14mg/dl. Blood urea nitrogen is 95mg/dl. Blood glucose is 757mg/dl. Serum calcium is 7.5mg/dl, and leukocyte counts are 8000/mm3. The patient is hydrated. She is diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Chronic Kidney Disease Patient Questionnaire
1. Have you been diagnosed with kidney disease? Y / N
2. How long has it been your first diagnosed? ____Months / ____years
3. Do you take pain or anti-inflammatory medication? Y / N
4. Do you use herbal treatments? Y / N
5. Do you take blood pressure medication? Y / N
6. Do you check your blood pressure at home? Y /N
7. Have you heard any family heart diseases? Y /N
8. Have you had a history of diabetes or prediabetes? Y /N
9. Have you ever been diagnosed with anemia, or low hemoglobin count? Y / N
10. Have you had any history of osteoporosis, osteopenia, brittle, thin or broken bones? Y / N
11. Summary
I. If you responded yes to any of the questions above, please give more detail___
II. Do you have any question about your Kidney disease that we can help you? ___
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to (Bomback and Bakris, 2011) is a continuous decrease of working renal tissue whereby the residual kidney mass cannot sustain the body’s internal environment. CKD is an illness that progressively develops for years or as an effect from an occurrence of kidney related diseases from which the patient has not improved. Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is a continuous and quick weakening of the working of the kidneys (Healthy people 2010, 2013). It occurs when there is a high accumulation of toxic substances in the kidney and left unattended. Development of ARF happens when the kidney fails to remove waste materials from the kidney in the form of urine. Therefore kidney disorders have stopped functioning and lost their strength to remove water and waste from the blood. Deterioration of kidney functioning will lead to other problems in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure and nerve damage (Wong et al., 2010). Early diagnosis of this disorder is essential when it comes to its management. Researchers assert that when CKD is detected early, its progression is slowed down and managed (Bomback an ...
Diabetes-related Clinical Complications: Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and M...asclepiuspdfs
Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In the past four decades, childhood and adolescent obesity has increased four-fold worldwide. During the same period, obesity in adults has doubled and diabetes has increased by four-fold. In China, India, and the USA, the number of prediabetes is more than diabetics. This population is at considerable risk for developing diabetes, its clinical complications, and acute vascular events. The management of modifiable risks for cardiometabolic risks has improved considerably. Several major studies have demonstrated, that robust management of modifiable risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), significantly reduces premature mortality from CVDs. Considering the progress made in the risk assessment, risk management, we feel strongly, that not much progress is made in the areas of primary prevention and early risk assessment, for clinical complications associated with metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes. The majority of the clinical complications associated with diabetes are due to dysfunction of the vascular system or nervous system. Complications include vasculopathy leading to subclinical atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and stroke.
The relationship between clinical and biochemical findings with diabetic keto...PhD Assistance
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when the signaling from the body’s insulin is so inadequate that it causes the following conditions:
• Blood sugar cannot enter cells that may be utilised as an energy source.
• The hepatic tissue makes up a remarkable quantity of blood sugar.
• The body cannot keep up with the rate at which fat is broken up.
For #Enquiry:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/clinical-and-biochemical-findings-in-diabetic-ketoacidosis/
India: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Running head MEDICAL CARE PLANNING FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDN.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDICAL CARE PLANNING FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Medical care planning for patients with Chronic Kidney DiseaseNorys GilSouth University
Medical care planning for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Chronic Kidney is a disorder that disturbs the correct working of the kidney, which is increasingly becoming a challenge to the health care sector. Just like any other chronic disease, CKD comes with the responsibility of ensuring that a patient gets maximum medical treatment facilities and attention as much as possible. “The definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have evolved, but current international guidelines define this condition as decreased kidney function as shown by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or markers of kidney damage, or both, of at least three months duration, regardless of the underlying cause”, Morton & Masson, 2017.
Morbidity and comorbidity of chronic Kidney disease
Weak/low results are closely associated with CKD; this is because of the burdens that are so high when it comes to comorbidity. Many pieces of research have indicated that CKD relates to diabetes and hypertension conditions. Intense conditions of chronic kidney disease also lead to heart complications. There is little information on the mental difficulties that come with CKD.
“Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be associated with adverse clinical outcomes, poor quality of life, and high health-care costs; clinicians need to understand that these observations result from a high burden of comorbidity among CKD patients”, (Manns &Hemmelgarn 2010). Key morbidities of CKD, therefore, include pulmonary complications, diabetes, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. CKD, to a very high degree, leads to characteristics such as myocardial infarction, dementia, hypothyroidism, depression, and stroke. All comorbidities remain classified as concordant others that closely relate with CKD but ranked as discordant include; asthma, constipation, lymphoma dementia, etc.
Impacts of chronic kidney disease
Various medical reports by the health care agencies and organizations, including the World Health Organization show that CKD is a growing complication that has become a big concern of the public health care sector not just in the United States but around the globe. An estimation of over 26 million people is affected by CKD in the country. Annual reports have shown that this number is likely to increase if serious investments are in the health care sector. Hypertension and diabetes are proven, leading causes of kidney complications. To an individual, CKD can lead to other primary complications such as nephropathy, lupus, and continuity of kidney failure. The country invests billions of money annually, something that is becoming hard to sustain because of the annual increase in population and the number of those affected by CKD.
As of 2006, over $23 billion was spent on C ...
Diabetes, commonly referred as diabetes mellitus, in general describes a group of metabolic diseases that are caused by insulin deficiency. In which the person has high blood glucose level (blood sugar), either due to the insufficient production of insulin, or due to the body’s cells does not respond to insulin, or both. As long as the cells cannot take up the available glucose molecules from the blood of patients due to the lack of insulin hormone, it develops the sense of hunger (polyphagia). Kidneys act as a filter and normally reabsorb the blood glucose before it gets excreted in the urine, but when glucose level is high, kidnies cannot reabsorb all of the sugar, hence the excess sugar is dumped into the urine (polyurea). The increased urine production and consequential dehydration leads to the extreme thirst (polydipsia). India being the capital for diabetic world, visible increase of Type 2 diabetes is coupled with increasing age and that imposes a significant burden on the health care system. Hence, this work was therefore designed to assess the gender and age prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients attending Government Stanley Hospital, Chennai
10 harmful effects of diabetes on the bodyMedylife
This PDF Describes some of the many Harmful Effects which Diabetes has on the Body.It is therefore very Essential to do whatever one can to ensure a Healthy Life
Assessment Outcomes Dyslipidaemia in Dialysis PatientAI Publications
Background: Chronic kidney disease is defined as the presence, for more than three months, of changes in the structure or function of the kidneys, secondary to a progressive decline in the number of nephrons, with a consequent deterioration in health resulting from the inability of the kidneys to perform their excretory functions, softener, and metabolism. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical condition caused by the progressive and progressive loss of kidney function. Chronic kidney disease is not only implicated by the gradual deterioration of quality of life and life expectancy when it progresses to more advanced stages but also by the increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which is the leading cause of death in these patients. Aim: This paper aims to assess the outcomes of dyslipidemia in a dialysis patient. Patients and method: In this study, a descriptive cross-sectional study was applied to study the Assessment Outcomes of Dyslipidemia in Dialysis Patients in Iraq from 4th January 2021 to 7th August 2022. Data were collected for 150 patients in different hospitals in Iraq, where the patients were divided into two groups, the first group of patients, which included DIALYSIS PATIENTS, which included 80, and the second group, the control group, which included patients, which include 70 patients. Results and discussions: collected 150 cases distributed according to dialysis patients (80) and controls (70); the most frequent ages in this study ranged from 40-49 years old 34 (42.5%) patients group, 33 (47.14%) control group with a statistical difference of 0.0831. In this study was evaluated the Outcomes of dyslipidemia in a dialysis patient. Imbalances were found in levels of dyslipidemia which LDL 5.12±3.4 of the patients' group, as for the control group 2.1±3.3-HDL 2.43±2.4 of the patients' group, 1.4±1.5 for the control group, TRIGLYCERIDE 1.75±1.8 of patients group, 0.55±0.43 for the control group with A statistically significant relationship were found between dyslipidemia levels and outcomes in the group of patients at P value < 0.05.
DIABETES – PART 2Diabetes – Part 2 Johna.docxduketjoy27252
DIABETES – PART 2
Diabetes – Part 2
Johnathon Hakola
Rasmussen College
Signs and symptoms of diabetes
Diabetes is often referred to as a silent killer since it is quite easy to miss its symptoms. Individuals can experience different signs and symptoms and at times there could be no signs at all. The development of type 1 diabetes is normally sudden and dramatic. Its symptoms are often mild or absent especially ion people who are suffering from type II diabetes. The early symptoms of type II diabetes are often subtle and harmless. Over time, one ends up developing diabetes complications even if one did not have any symptoms. These include excessive thirst and an increase in urination. This is because there is an excessive buildup of glucose in the blood and kidneys are forced to overwork. If kidneys are not able to keep up the excess sugar is excreted through urine hence frequent urination (Mathew, 2008). The other symptom is fatigue that is caused by dehydration from the increase in urination. The other symptom is weight loss since the loss of sugars through urination can lead to loss of calories. Blurred vision is also a symptom of diabetes since high levels of sugars in the blood end up pulling fluids from tissues such as the lenses of the eyes. This affects an individual’s ability to focus. Another symptom is slow healing of sores or frequent infections.
Treatment and prevention of diabetes
If one has a family history, they are exposed to other risk factors or have been diagnosed with pre-diabetes, there are some healthy living tips that one can follow to prevent the onset of diabetes. Numerous studies suggest that leading healthy lifestyles like eating healthy, losing weight and an increase in physical activity can lead to the reduction of progression of diabetes type II and help in controlling type 1 diabetes. Regular physical activity has numerous benefits such as lose weight, lowering the levels of blood sugar and boosting the sensitivity to insulin that assist in keeping the level of blood sugar within the required range (Mathew, 2008). Lifestyle changes have to be complemented with medications that help in controlling the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol and high blood pressure that lead to deaths of many diabetes patients. Working together with a healthcare team can enable an individual to set their personal treatment goals, monitor their critical health and be able to successfully manage diabetes while at the same time preventing any complications that can arise from diabetes (Semple & Olshan, 2000).
Short and long-term consequences of diabetes
Short-term effects of diabetes can occur anytime when an individual has diabetes. Long-term results, on the other hand, develop when an individual has suffered from diabetes for a long period. Some of the short-term consequences include low levels of glucose in the blood also known as hypoglycemia. This can be due to too much insulin, too much exercise or lack of.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025.
total knee replacement in tobruk medical center in, libyasana I . Souliman
The aim of this study to investigate about the causes that lead to total knee joint replacement operation, especially the operation that is performed in Medical Tobruk Center where there are many reasons that cause problem in Knee joint but in tobruk . And the knee joint ,which is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
interactions between kidney disease and diabetes at tobruk medical centre, libya-1
1. البيان مجلة
العلمية
ا العدد
لثامن
يناير
0202
BAYAN.J@su.edu.ly 388
Interactions Between Kideny Disease and Diabetes at Tobruk Medical
Centre, Libya
AFAF A. SALEMAN
ABEER I. SULIMAN
SANA I. SOUIMAN
GAVRILESCU M DENISA
ABSTRACT: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most dangerous complications
of Diabetes Mellitus type 2. the diabetes is affecting in many organs in the body especially the
kidneys. KD results in increased hospitalizations and mortality rates, in particular due to
cardiovascular complications, in addition to the growing difficulty of ambulatory treatment
for patients with DM. The need for renal replacement therapies such as dialysis and kidney
transplants also rise with DKD. there are many causes of kidney disease, but the diabetes may
play a major role in kidney failure, for this reason we investigated and collected statistics
from the Tobruk Medical Center in the kidney department trying to understand the relations
between diabetes and renal disease whereas found in Tobruk Medical Centre about 100 (46
Females, 54 Males ) patients have renal dialysis, 57 who have DKD. kidney disease patients
were older.
According to this study, there is a relation between diabetes and kidney disease at Tobruk
Medical Centre, and diabetes may lead to kidney failure and dialysis. Further studies are
required to confirm these findings.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes kidney disease, Tobruk Medical Centre.
NTRODUCTION:
Diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly process food for use
as energy. Most of the food we consume is converted into glucose , or sugar, to be
used for energy by our bodies. he pancreas, an organ located near the stomach,
produces a hormone called insulin to help get glucose into the cells of our bodies.
The body either does not produce enough insulin when you have diabetes or can't
use its own insulin as well as it can. This induces blood sugar build-ups. This is why
many people refer to diabetes as “sugar [1].
The pancreas between the stomach and the Intestine, which helps with digestion,
releases into the blood a hormone which it produces, called insulin. Insulin helps all
cells in the body deliver glucose to the blood. The body often does not produce
enough insulin or the insulin does not function the way it should. Glucose then stays
in the blood and doesn’t reach the cells. blood glucose levels get too high and can
cause diabetes or prediabetes [2].
When diabetes is not well-controlled, the sugar level in your blood goes up. This is
called hyperglycemia. High blood sugar can cause damage to many parts of your
body, espe-cially kidneys, eyes, feet, ears and blood vessles.
The most common complication with diabetes, the small blood vessel in the body
are injured. When the blood vessels in the kidneys are injured, kidneys cannot clean
blood properly. The body will retain more water and salt than it should, which can
Corresponding author: Afaf A. Saleman, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of
Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya afaf.salemn@yahoo.com.
Assistant lecture Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya
Assistant lecture Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya
Assistant lecture Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya
2. البيان مجلة
العلمية
ا العدد
لثامن
يناير
0202
BAYAN.J@su.edu.ly 389
result in weight gain and ankle swelling. which can result in weight gain and ankle
swelling. May have protein in urine. In addition, waste materials will build up in
blood. The filtering units of the kidney are filled with tiny blood vessels. Over time,
high blood sugar levels can cause these vessels to shorten and become clogged. The
kidneys become compromised without enough blood and albumin (a form of
protein) passes through these filters and ends up in the urine where it shouldn't be.
Diabetes can also cause nerve damage in the body. This can make bladder emptying
difficult [3]. Full-bladder pressure will back up and damage the kidneys.
Furthermore, if urine stays in the bladder for a long time, it may develop an
infection that has a high sugar level due to the rapid growth of bacteria in urine.
Approximately 30 percent of patients with type 1 (youthful onset) diabetes and 10 to
40 percent of patients with type 2 (adult onset) diabetes will ultimately have kidney
failure [4].
Most people have two kidneys. The kidneys are found on either side of the spine
just below the ribs. By acting as a filter to eliminate water and waste from the body,
the kidneys cleanse the blood. The waste is what is left over from the food used by
the body and certain functions of the body in the blood. Part of the waste is filtered
out in urine, which flows down into the bladder through the drainage tubes (called
ureters). Many have two kidneys. The kidneys are found on either side of the spine
just below the ribs. The kidneys clean your blood by working as a filter to remove
water and wastes from the body. The waste is what is left over from the food used
by the body and certain functions of the body in the blood. Part of the waste is
filtered out in urine, which flows down into the bladder through the drainage tubes
(called ureters) [3].
Diabetes isn't responsible for all kidney damage. Other diseases can be involved. If
the kidney disease is caused by diabetes, it is called diabetic kidney disease (DKD)
[1].
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most dangerous complications of
Diabetes Meletus type 2, affecting about one-third of the patients with Diabetes
Meletus type 2 [5]. Kidney failure affects about 1% of persons with diabetes in the
United States. A considerably higher proportion, about 40%, have less severe kidney
disease. Since the second edition of Diabetes in America was published in 1995, a
wealth of new information has contributed substantially to the understanding of
kidney disease associated with diabetes [6].
The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus have grown significantly
throughout the world, due primarily to the increase in type 2 diabetes. This overall
increase in the number of people with diabetes has had a significant impact on the
development of DKD [7]. Diabetes is already the leading cause of end-stage renal
disease (ESKD) in most developed countries, and the increase in the number of
people with ESKD worldwide parallels diabetes growth [8].
Recent research in humans and animals strongly support the idea that the primary
blame for diabetic nephropathy lies with the diabetic state's metabolic derangements
[9].
No evidence of a sex difference in the association between diabetes mellitus and
chronic kidney disease was found. However, the excess risk for end-stage renal
disease was higher in women with diabetes than in men with the same condition,
3. البيان مجلة
العلمية
ا العدد
لثامن
يناير
0202
BAYAN.J@su.edu.ly 390
from which we assume that the female gender could accelerate the disease
progression [10].
Diabetic nephropathy patients were older, more likely to occur in earlier stages of
CKD and had a higher prevalence of males; while those with CKD of unknown
etiology were younger, more females were diagnosed and more often in stage V
[11].
MATERIAL AND METHOD
In this study, we investigated the relation between diabetes and kidney disease, and how
the diabetes is affacting in the kidneys and other organs in the body.
There are many causes of kidney disease, but diabetes may play a major role in kidney
failure, so we collected statistics from the Tobruk Medical Center in the kidney department
between 2018 and 2019 trying to understand the relationship diabetes and renal disease in
order for us to human to avoid the kidney failure and lack of access to the stage of dialysis.
of the patients suffering from renal failure about 100 patients in the city of Tobruk as shown
in Table 1 whereas were 46 fameles and 54 males this based on patients of kideny
depatrtment who have renal dialysis as shown Figure 1 and 2
TABLE 1. Patient kideny dialysis with diabetuis.
Age of Patient (years) Patient with Diabetes Mellitus
Male number Female number
+ - + -
20-30 3 2 2 2
30-50 6 8 8 8
50-70 19 8 12 9
70-100 4 1 6 2
''-'' no diabetus malletus
''+'' diabetus malletus
Figure 1: Patient have renal dialysis with DM.
Figure 2: A dailysis machine in kidney department in Tobruk medical centre
4. البيان مجلة
العلمية
ا العدد
لثامن
يناير
0202
BAYAN.J@su.edu.ly 391
Results And Discussion
There Aim of this study ro investigated the realatiom anbout diabetes and kidney and
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Diabetes play a major role in kidney failure, So we collected
statistics from the Tobruk Medical Center in the kidney department between 2018 and 2019
trying to understand the relation diabetes and diabetes renal disease for us to human life to
avoid kidney failure and lack of access to the stage of dialysis.
According to our findings from our statistics, we may say that diabetes may be a cause of
renal failure, but it is not possible to confirm the actual relationship. Perhaps this statistic may
be confined to the Tobruk centre only or confined to the city of Tobruk, but the person should
actually take this statistic to avoid diabetes. To the destruction of human.
The following figure will show the percentage obtained by the statistics at the Tobruk
Medical Center in the kidney department:
Graph 1: Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes mellitus
Ratio of men to women for
kidney disease
FEMALE MALE
Graphic 2: ratio men for women with kidneys disease.
As shown previous graphic 2 the men are more than women have dialysis Tobruk Medical Centre
and in graphic 3 the patient that have kidney disease most of them more than 40.
Age ratio of patients
more 40 less 40
Graphic 3: Age ratio of patients.
5. البيان مجلة
العلمية
ا العدد
لثامن
يناير
0202
BAYAN.J@su.edu.ly 392
Kurts, C., et al ( 2013) Not all kidney damage is caused by diabetes. Other diseases can be
involved. If the kidney disease is caused by diabetes, it is called diabetic kidney disease
(DKD)[1]. This agree with this study where 43% of patients with kidney disease no have
diabetes.
Mauer, S. M., et al 1981 study has mentioned that the recent studies in human and animals
strongly support the concept that the primary responsibility for diabetic nephropathy rests
with the metabolic derangements of the diabetic state [8]. And this agreement in this study.
Shen, Y., et al 2017 in study found no evidence of a sex difference in the association
between diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. However, the excess risk for end-stage
renal disease was higher in women with diabetes than in men with the same condition, from
which we assume that the female gender could accelerate the disease progression [10]. That
no agree with this study whereae the ratio was men and women 46% : 54 % respectively.
Rajapurkar, M. M. , et al (2012 ) conducted studies Diabetic nephropathy patients were
older, were more likely to occur in earlier stages of CKD and had a higher proportion of
males; while those with CKD of unknown etiology were younger, more females and more
often presented in stage V [11]This agree with this study
Conclusion:
In patients with DM2 and kidney disease, adequate glycaemic monitoring and control
adapted for diabetic patients is required to prevent hypoglycaemia and other glycaemic
disarrays. Understanding the renal physiology and pathophysiology of DKD has become
important for all the specialties that treat diabetic patients. According to statistics in this
study, we may say that diabetes may be a cause of renal failure, but it is not possible to
confirm the actual relationship. Perhaps this statistic may be confined to the center of Tobruk
only or confined to the city of Tobruk, but the person should actually take this statistic to
avoid diabetes.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank everyone helpe in this paper especially pateints, Kedney department
in Medical Tobruk Centre and Tobruk University.
:المستخلص
ي
انسكشي يشض ٌؤحش .ًَانخا انُىع ٍي انسكشي يشض يعاعفاخ أخطش ٍي واحذ هى انسكشي انكهى شض
انخاس انعٍاداخ ًف انًتضاٌذ انتعقٍذ إنى تاإلظافح .انكهى وخاصح انجسى أععاء ٍي انعذٌذ ًف
ٌؤدي ،انسكشي نًشظى جٍح
واألوعٍح انقهة يعاعفاخ تسثة خاصح ،انىفٍاخ ويعذالخ انًستشفى دخىل يعذالخ صٌادج إنى انسكشي انكهى يشض
انكهى وصسع انكهى غسٍم يخم ،انكهى َقم عالجاخ عهى انطهة ٍي اًعٌأ انسكشي انكهى يشض ٌضٌذ .انذيىٌح
.
انس ٍونك ،انكهى أليشاض عذٌذج أسثاب هُاك
تانتحشي قًُا انسثة ونهزا ،انكهىي انفشم ًف ًاٍسئٍس اًسدو ٌهعة قذ كشي
انكهى ويشض انسكشي يشض ٍٍت انعالقح نفهى يحاونح ًف انكهى قسى ًف ًانطث غثشق يشكض ٍي اإلحصائٍاخ وجًع
ًحىان ٌأ غثشق يشكض ًف وجذ حٍج انسكشي
111
( يشٌط
64
و إَاث
46
وتٍُه انكهىي تغسٍم ٌٌقىيى )ركىس
ى
45
ٍٍاالستع فىق اعًاسهى ًٍي انًشظى اغهثٍح ٌوكا .انسكشي تانكهى يشٌط
انسكشي يشض ٌؤدي وقذ ،ًانطث غثشق يشكض ًف انكهى وأيشاض انسكشي يشض ٍٍت عالقح هُاك ،انذساسح ِنهز اًقووف
.انُتائج ِهز نتأكٍذ انذساساخ ٍي يضٌذ إجشاء وٌهضو ،انكهى وغسٍم انكهىي انفشم إنى
ال
كلمات
المفتاحية
:
انسكشي داء
،
انسكشي انكهى
،
ًانطث غثشق يشكض
.
REFERENCES
1. Kurts, C., Panzer, U., Anders, H. J., & Rees, A. J. (2013). The immune system and kidney
disease: basic concepts and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Immunology, 13(10), 738.
6. البيان مجلة
العلمية
ا العدد
لثامن
يناير
0202
BAYAN.J@su.edu.ly 393
2. American Diabetes Association. (2014). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes care, 37(Supplement 1), S81-S90.5
3. The National Kidney Foundation., (2014), diabetes and kidney disease,
https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/Diabetes-and-Kidney-Disease-Stages1-4
4. IMAI, M., BRIGITTE KAISSLING, B., MAUNSBACH, A. B., MOFFAT, D. B., &
NATOCHIN, Y. V. (1988). A standard nomenclature for structures of the kidney. Kidney
international, 33, 1-7.
5. Boushey, C. J., Coulston, A. M., Rock, C. L., & Monsen, E. (Eds.). (2001). Nutrition in
the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Elsevier.
6. Tuttle, K. R., Bakris, G. L., Bilous, R. W., Chiang, J. L., De Boer, I. H., Goldstein-
Fuchs, J., ... & Neumiller, J. J. (2014). Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA
Consensus Conference. American journal of kidney diseases, 64(4), 510-533.
7. Perkovic, V., Agarwal, R., Fioretto, P., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Levin, A., Thomas, M. C., ...
& Bakris, G. L. (2016). Management of patients with diabetes and CKD: conclusions from a
“Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes”(KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney
international, 90(6), 1175-1183.
8. Mauer, S. M., Steffes, M. W., & Brown, D. M. (1981). The kidney in diabetes. The
American journal of medicine, 70(3), 603-612.
9. Shen, Y., Cai, R., Sun, J., Dong, X., Huang, R., Tian, S., & Wang, S. (2017). Diabetes
mellitus as a risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in
women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
10. Rajapurkar, M. M., John, G. T., Kirpalani, A. L., Abraham, G., Agarwal, S. K.,
Almeida, A. F., ... & Pisharody, R. (2012). What do we know about chronic kidney disease in
India: first report of the Indian CKD registry. BMC nephrology, 13(1), 10.