A Large Intra-Articular Ossicle in the Knee Joint-A Rare Occurrence_Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAICS
A Large Intra-Articular Ossicle in the Knee Joint-A Rare Occurrence by Lokesh Rana, Dinesh Sood, Raman Chauhan, Roshni Shukla, Pooja Gurnal SR and Himanshu Nautiyal in Advancements in Case Studies
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Why PT’s Need to Know
About Medical Imaging
To correctly interpret radiologists written
report
To speak the same language as physicians
To enhance awareness of patients condition
Radiologist reports are often written for the
MD’s and may not take into account
information the PT needs to treat the patient
and to adequately formulate a prognosis
3. Important Facts About Xrays
Plain film radiography remains as the 1rst order
diagnostic imaging modality
Xrays are a form of electromagnetic radiation
similar to visible light but of shorter wavelength
Xray tube generates xrays and beams them toward
the patient. Some of the energy is absorbed; rest
passes through patient and hits the film plate.
Shades of gray on film are a representation of the
different densities of the anatomic tissues through
which the xrays have passed.
4. Tissues with greater density will absorb
more of the xray so less of the beam reaches
the film plate. The resultant image is
therefore lighter. Tissues with less density
will allow more xray to reach the film so it
will be darker. This is called radiodensity
and is determined by:
*composition of the structure
*thickness of the structure
5. BODY COMPOSITION
AIR: Black
Examples- trachea, lungs, stomach,
digestive tract
FAT: Gray black
Examples- subcutaneously along
muscle sheaths; around
viscera
6. Continued
WATER: Gray
Examples: Muscles, nerves, tendons,
ligaments, vessels
(All of these structures have the same density
and therefore are hard to distinguish on
plain xrays.)
11. PERCEIVING 3
DIMENSIONS
The center of the xray beam is always
perpendicular to the film plate. The
position of the body will determine the
outline of the image.
SEE FIGURES 5 -6
12. ROUTINE RADIOLOGIC
EVALUATION
Consists of the angles of projection that best
demonstrate the anatomy while utilizing the least
amount of exposures.
Common Views:
• Anteroposterior (AP)
• Lateral (R and L)
• Oblique (R and L)
(See Figure 7)
Patient positioning for each projection is
standardized throughout the USA
13. VIEWING RADIOGRAPHS
In AP and Lateral views, the film is always
positioned on the view box with the patient
positioned as if facing the viewer in anatomical
position.
Hands and feet are placed with fingers or toes
pointing up
Lateral views are placed on the box in the
direction that the beam traveled.
Magnetic markers are used for R and L. Use this
as the reference to place the patient facing the
viewer in anatomical position (Fig 8)
14.
15. FACTORS INFLUENCING
QUALITY OF XRAYS
Detail: Geometric sharpness. Can be
affected by movement
Distortion: Difference between the actual
imagery and the recorded image.
Geometric distortion occurs as the beam
progresses away from the perpendicular.
Fig. 9
17. ANATOMY OF BONE
Compact Bone: forms outer shell or cortex
of bone; dense
Cancellous Bone: forms the inner aspect of
bone except for the marrow
cavity; spongy
18. FIGURE 10
Periosteum: Covers the cortex; fibrous layer
which contains blood vessels, nerves and
lymphatics.
Endosteum: Membrane lining the inner
aspect of the cortes and medullary (marrow)
cavity
Diaphysis: Shaft
Metaphysis: Flared part at either end of shaft
Epiphysis: Either end of the bone
19.
20. PROCESSES OF BONE
GROWTH
Ossification: Process of replacing
cartilagenous model with bone
Endochondral Ossification: How bones
grow in length
Intramembraneous Ossification: How
bones grow in width
Physis: The growth plate evidenced by the
“open space” Fig 11 and 12
23. REMODELING OF BONE
WOLFF’S LAW
Bone will be deposited in sites subjected to
mechanical stress with trabeculae aligning
in ways that best absorb stress. Bone will
resorb from sites deprived of stress.
Clinical Relevance: As soon as it is safe,
weight bearing should be allowed through
the bones
24. ABC’S OF VIEWING FILMS
A: ALIGNMENT
1. Assess the size of the bones: gigantism,
dwarfism, etc
2. Assess the number of bones
3. Assess each bone for normal shape and
contour; irregularities can be from
trauma, congenital, developmental or
pathological
4. Assess joint position: trauma, inflammatory
or degenerative disease (Fig 13)
25.
26.
27.
28. B. BONE DENSITY
1. Assess general bone density
*contrast between soft tissues and bone
*contrast between cortical margin and the
cancellous bone and medullary cavity
*loss of contrast means loss of bone density
ie: osteoporosis
*labeled as osteopenia, demineralization or
rarefaction
29. Originally coined for the changes of senile osteoporosis,
biconcave deformities of the vertebral bodies ("fish
vertebrae") are characteristic of disorders in which there is
diffuse weakening of the bone. The name is derived from the
actual appearance of a fish vertebrae which normally has
depressions in the superior and inferior surfaces of each
vertebral body. This sign is typically used for osteopenia.
30.
31.
32. 2. Assess local bone density: looking for sclerosis;
sign of repair in the bone. Excessive sclerosis is
indicative of DJD. (Fig 15)
Bone Lesions:
Osteolytic- bone destroying so appear radiolucent
as in RA or Gout (Fig 16)
Osteoblastic- bone forming; osteoblastomas,
osteoid osteomas
3. Assess texture abnormalities: looking at trabeculae
appearance
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. C. CARTILAGE SPACES
1. Assess joint space width
2. Assess subchondral bone
3. Assess the epiphysis and growth
plates
38.
39.
40.
41. s: SOFT TISSUES
1. Assess the gross size of the musculature
(Fig 17)
2. Assess outline of joint capsules: normally
indistinct; become obvious during episodes
of increased joint volume from infection,
hemorrhage or inflammation
3. Assess the periosteum: normally indistinct;
(Fig 18)