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Obesity in America

  Obesity in the U.S. has reached epidemic levels and poses a
continued threat to public health. For millions of Americans this
     condition leads to dangerous comorbidities and costly
   treatments. Because there is no single cause of obesity, the
      condition remains difficult to both prevent and treat.
An Epidemic
            of Diabetes
 There is a strong correlation between people who suffer from
obesity and people who develop type 2 diabetes. Consequently,
     as the obesity epidemic has grown in recent years, the
     incidence of type 2 diabetes has also increased across
populations. Those who develop this condition can be affected
  by debilitating complications, and higher health care costs.
A Serious
           Complication
Nearly a quarter of people with diabetes will develop a diabetic
    foot ulcer (DFU). Despite the prevalence and disabling
 consequences of a DFU, many lack awareness of this serious
 diabetic complication. DFUs open the door for infection; the
longer the DFU persists, the greater the risk of hospitalization
and infections like MRSA. Diabetic patients with a DFU are at
  significantly increased risk for amputation and loss of life.
Cost Realities

The magnitude of the challenge is reflected in the high cost of
     treatment. The economic burden of DFUs and the
 complications arising from them are enormous. One of the
 most important cost-saving considerations in caring for the
   patient with a DFU is expeditious and complete wound
           healing to avoid serious complications.
The Chronic Ulcer

   Diabetic foot ulcers often fail to heal because persistently high
 concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the wound induce
  high concentrations of proteases, which degrade multiple growth
factors, receptors, and matrix proteins that are essential for wound
healing. Even with good, standard wound care, healing neuropathic
     ulcers in patients with diabetes continues to be a challenge.
References
1.    Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008. Centers for Disease Control website. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/hestat/obesity_
      adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2012.
2.    Obesity Trends Among US Adults between 1985 and 2010. BRFSS, Centers for Disease Control website. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/ obesity_trends_2010.ppt. Accessed 25 January 2012.
3.    National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011.
      Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ ndfs_2011.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2012.
4.    F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer MD, MPH and the NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of
      Overweight and Obesity in Adults – The Evidence Report. The National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. NIH Publication No. 98-4083 September 1998. Available at:
      http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.htm
5.    The Weight-control Information Network (WIN), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Do You Know the Health Risks of Being Overweight? US Department of Health and Human Services. 2007. Available at:
      http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm#type2
6.    The International Diabetes Foundation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed.: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/the-global-burden (Accessed 2-23-12)
7.    Adapted from the IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed. International Diabetes Federation, 2011. Available at http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/the-global-burden. Accessed 17 January 2012.
8.    Sprangers MA, de Regt EB, Andries F, et al. Which chronic conditions are associated with better or poorer quality of life? J Clin epidemiol. 2000;53:895- 907.
9.    Wee H-L, Cheung Y-B, Shu-Chuen Li1, Kok-Yong Fong K-Y, Thumboo J. The impact of diabetes mellitus and other chronic medical conditions on health-related Quality of Life: Is the whole greater than the sum of its parts? Health and Quality of Life
      Outcomes 2005, 3:2
10.   Leichter S, Faulkner S, Camp J. On the Cost of Being a Diabetic Patient: Variables for Physician Prescribing Behavior. Clinical Diabetes. 2000;18(1):42-3.
11.   Chester B. Good, MD, MPH. Polypharmacy in Elderly Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2002;15(4):240-248.
12.   Diabetes Successes and Opportunities for Population-Based Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control website. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ chronicdisease/resources/publications/AAG/ddt.htm. Accessed 8 February 2012.
13.   Economic and Health Costs of Diabetes. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services website. Available at http://archive.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/highlight1/ high1.htm. Accessed 8 February 2012.
14.   Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, et al. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1288-93.
15.   Zhang Y, Hogan P. Cost effectiveness of a human fibroblast-derived dermal substitute for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in Medicare and commercially insured populations. Diabetes. 2011;60(suppl 1A):LB15-LB16.
16.   Harrington C, Zagari MJ, Corea J, Klitenic J. Cost Analysis of Diabetic Lower Extremity Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1333-1338
17.   Ndip A, Rutter MK, Vileikyte L, et al. Dialysis treatment is an independent risk factor for foot ulceration in patients with diabetes and stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1811-6.
18.   Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, et al. Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:382-7.
19.   Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes. JAMA.2005;293(2):217-228
20.   Reiber GE. Epidemiology of foot ulcers and amputations in the diabetic foot. In: Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA, eds. The Diabetic Foot. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2001:13-32.
21.   Don Pelto, DPM, Central Massachusetts Podiatry, PC, Worcester, MA. Diabetic Foot Complications: Current Treatments and Advanced Therapies in Treating the Diabetic Foot. http://www.slideshare.net/donpelto/diabetic-foot-lecture-2010-3294772
22.   Yates C, May K, Hale T, et al. Wound chronicity, inpatient care, and chronic kidney disease predispose to MRSA infection in diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1907-9.
23.   American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on diabetic foot wound care, 7-8 April 1999; Boston, MA. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1354-60.
24.   Iversen MM, Tell GS, Riise T, et al. History of foot ulcer increases mortality among individuals with diabetes: ten-year follow-up of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2365-9.
25.   Armstrong DG, Wrobel J, Robbins JM. Guest editorial: are diabetes-related wounds and amputations worse than cancer? Int Wound J. 2007;4(4):286-287.
26.   Stockl K, Vanderplas A, Tafesse E, et al. Costs of lower extremity ulcers among patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 2129-34.
27.   Kruse I & Edelman S. Evaluation and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Clinical Diabetes. 2006;24(2):91-93.
28.   Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Berlin JA. Healing of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers receiving standard treatment. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22(5):692-695.
29.   Zimny S, Voigt A, Schatz H, Pfohl M. Prediction of Wound Radius Reductions and Healing Times in Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3): 959-960.
30.   Sheehan P, Jones P, Caselli A, Giurini JM, Veves A. Percent Change in Wound Area of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Over a 4-Week Period Is a Robust Predictor of Complete Healing in a 12-Week Prospective Trial. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:1879 –1882.
31.   Falanga V. Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot. Lancet. 2005;366(9498):1736-1743.
32.   Barrientos S, Stojadinovic 0, Golinko MS, et al. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2008;16(5):585-601.
33.   Hunt TK, Hopf H, Hussain Z. Physiology of wound healing. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2000;13(Suppl 2):6-11
34.   Menke NB, Diegelmann RF, Ward KR. Non-healing wounds. Emer Med Rep. 2007;28(4):38-48.
35.   Snyder RJ, Kirsner RS, Warriner RA, et al. Consensus recommendations on advancing the standard of care for treating neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2010;56(4 suppl):S1-S24.
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Diabetic Foot Ulcer Presentation

  • 1.
  • 2. Obesity in America Obesity in the U.S. has reached epidemic levels and poses a continued threat to public health. For millions of Americans this condition leads to dangerous comorbidities and costly treatments. Because there is no single cause of obesity, the condition remains difficult to both prevent and treat.
  • 3.
  • 4. An Epidemic of Diabetes There is a strong correlation between people who suffer from obesity and people who develop type 2 diabetes. Consequently, as the obesity epidemic has grown in recent years, the incidence of type 2 diabetes has also increased across populations. Those who develop this condition can be affected by debilitating complications, and higher health care costs.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. A Serious Complication Nearly a quarter of people with diabetes will develop a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Despite the prevalence and disabling consequences of a DFU, many lack awareness of this serious diabetic complication. DFUs open the door for infection; the longer the DFU persists, the greater the risk of hospitalization and infections like MRSA. Diabetic patients with a DFU are at significantly increased risk for amputation and loss of life.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Cost Realities The magnitude of the challenge is reflected in the high cost of treatment. The economic burden of DFUs and the complications arising from them are enormous. One of the most important cost-saving considerations in caring for the patient with a DFU is expeditious and complete wound healing to avoid serious complications.
  • 11.
  • 12. The Chronic Ulcer Diabetic foot ulcers often fail to heal because persistently high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the wound induce high concentrations of proteases, which degrade multiple growth factors, receptors, and matrix proteins that are essential for wound healing. Even with good, standard wound care, healing neuropathic ulcers in patients with diabetes continues to be a challenge.
  • 13.
  • 14. References 1. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008. Centers for Disease Control website. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/hestat/obesity_ adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2012. 2. Obesity Trends Among US Adults between 1985 and 2010. BRFSS, Centers for Disease Control website. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/ obesity_trends_2010.ppt. Accessed 25 January 2012. 3. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ ndfs_2011.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2012. 4. F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer MD, MPH and the NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults – The Evidence Report. The National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. NIH Publication No. 98-4083 September 1998. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.htm 5. The Weight-control Information Network (WIN), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Do You Know the Health Risks of Being Overweight? US Department of Health and Human Services. 2007. Available at: http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm#type2 6. The International Diabetes Foundation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed.: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/the-global-burden (Accessed 2-23-12) 7. Adapted from the IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed. International Diabetes Federation, 2011. Available at http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/the-global-burden. Accessed 17 January 2012. 8. Sprangers MA, de Regt EB, Andries F, et al. Which chronic conditions are associated with better or poorer quality of life? J Clin epidemiol. 2000;53:895- 907. 9. Wee H-L, Cheung Y-B, Shu-Chuen Li1, Kok-Yong Fong K-Y, Thumboo J. The impact of diabetes mellitus and other chronic medical conditions on health-related Quality of Life: Is the whole greater than the sum of its parts? Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2005, 3:2 10. Leichter S, Faulkner S, Camp J. On the Cost of Being a Diabetic Patient: Variables for Physician Prescribing Behavior. Clinical Diabetes. 2000;18(1):42-3. 11. Chester B. Good, MD, MPH. Polypharmacy in Elderly Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2002;15(4):240-248. 12. Diabetes Successes and Opportunities for Population-Based Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control website. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ chronicdisease/resources/publications/AAG/ddt.htm. Accessed 8 February 2012. 13. Economic and Health Costs of Diabetes. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services website. Available at http://archive.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/highlight1/ high1.htm. Accessed 8 February 2012. 14. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, et al. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1288-93. 15. Zhang Y, Hogan P. Cost effectiveness of a human fibroblast-derived dermal substitute for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in Medicare and commercially insured populations. Diabetes. 2011;60(suppl 1A):LB15-LB16. 16. Harrington C, Zagari MJ, Corea J, Klitenic J. Cost Analysis of Diabetic Lower Extremity Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1333-1338 17. Ndip A, Rutter MK, Vileikyte L, et al. Dialysis treatment is an independent risk factor for foot ulceration in patients with diabetes and stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1811-6. 18. Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, et al. Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:382-7. 19. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes. JAMA.2005;293(2):217-228 20. Reiber GE. Epidemiology of foot ulcers and amputations in the diabetic foot. In: Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA, eds. The Diabetic Foot. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2001:13-32. 21. Don Pelto, DPM, Central Massachusetts Podiatry, PC, Worcester, MA. Diabetic Foot Complications: Current Treatments and Advanced Therapies in Treating the Diabetic Foot. http://www.slideshare.net/donpelto/diabetic-foot-lecture-2010-3294772 22. Yates C, May K, Hale T, et al. Wound chronicity, inpatient care, and chronic kidney disease predispose to MRSA infection in diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1907-9. 23. American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on diabetic foot wound care, 7-8 April 1999; Boston, MA. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1354-60. 24. Iversen MM, Tell GS, Riise T, et al. History of foot ulcer increases mortality among individuals with diabetes: ten-year follow-up of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2365-9. 25. Armstrong DG, Wrobel J, Robbins JM. Guest editorial: are diabetes-related wounds and amputations worse than cancer? Int Wound J. 2007;4(4):286-287. 26. Stockl K, Vanderplas A, Tafesse E, et al. Costs of lower extremity ulcers among patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 2129-34. 27. Kruse I & Edelman S. Evaluation and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Clinical Diabetes. 2006;24(2):91-93. 28. Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Berlin JA. Healing of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers receiving standard treatment. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22(5):692-695. 29. Zimny S, Voigt A, Schatz H, Pfohl M. Prediction of Wound Radius Reductions and Healing Times in Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3): 959-960. 30. Sheehan P, Jones P, Caselli A, Giurini JM, Veves A. Percent Change in Wound Area of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Over a 4-Week Period Is a Robust Predictor of Complete Healing in a 12-Week Prospective Trial. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:1879 –1882. 31. Falanga V. Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot. Lancet. 2005;366(9498):1736-1743. 32. Barrientos S, Stojadinovic 0, Golinko MS, et al. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2008;16(5):585-601. 33. Hunt TK, Hopf H, Hussain Z. Physiology of wound healing. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2000;13(Suppl 2):6-11 34. Menke NB, Diegelmann RF, Ward KR. Non-healing wounds. Emer Med Rep. 2007;28(4):38-48. 35. Snyder RJ, Kirsner RS, Warriner RA, et al. Consensus recommendations on advancing the standard of care for treating neuropathic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2010;56(4 suppl):S1-S24.