This document provides information about diabetes, including: - Types of diabetes such as type 1, type 2, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. - Symptoms of diabetes like increased urination, thirst, hunger, weight loss and blurred vision. - Causes of diabetes which vary depending on genetics, family history, ethnicity and lifestyle factors. - Risk factors for diabetes including nutrition, physical activity, weight, and lifestyle habits. - Treatment options like diet, exercise, oral medications, insulin and prevention through healthy behaviors. - Nursing process details for a case study patient with increased urination and weight loss, including assessments, diagnoses, goals, interventions and evaluations.

1. Diabetes
Instructor:
Asma gasin Hilal
Parwana Ali
Eman Ahmad
 Asma ismail
Ragan Ali
Amin
 zakarya

2. Definition
Type of diabetes mellitus,
symptom of diabetes
 causes
 Risk for diabetes
Treatment
Nursing Process
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contain
 Assessment
case study chief complain
Narsing diagnosis
 Planing
 Implementation
Evaluations

3. Definition:
• “A metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to
produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of
glucose in the blood.”
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4. Type 1 diabetes: This type is an autoimmune
disease, meaning your body attacks itself. In this
case, the insulin-producing cells in your
pancreas are destroyed. Up to 10% of people
who have diabetes have Type 1. It’s usually
diagnosed in children and young adults (but can
develop at any age). It was once better known as
“juvenile” diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes: With this type, your body
either doesn’t make enough insulin or your
body’s cells don’t respond normally to the
insulin. This is the most common type of
diabetes. Up to 95% of people with diabetes
have Type 2. It usually occurs in middle-aged
and older people
Type of diabetes mellitus
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5. Type of diabetes mellitus
Prediabetes: This type is
the stage before Type 2
diabetes. Your blood glucose
levels are higher than normal
but not high enough to be
officially diagnosed with Type
2 diabetes.
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6. Type of diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes: This type
develops in some women during their
pregnancy. Gestational diabetes
usually goes away after pregnancy.
However, if you have gestational
diabetes you're at higher risk of
developing Type 2 diabetes later on
in
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7. Symptoms of Diabetes:
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8. CAUSES OF DIABETES
Diabetes causes vary depending on your genetic makeup,
family history, ethnicity, health and environmental factors.
There is no common diabetes cause that fits every type of
diabetes as the causes of diabetes vary depending on the
individual and the type. For instance; the causes of type 1
diabetes vary considerably from the causes of gestational
diabetes. Similarly, the causes of type 2 diabetes are distinct
from the causes of type 1 diabetes. In fact, type 1 diabetes and
type 2 diabetes causes are very different. Type 1 diabetes is
an autoimmune condition where the pancreas cannot produce
insulin, whereas type 2 diabetes is the body’s resistance to
insulin.
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9. 12/11/2021 9
Risk for diabetes

10. Nutritional care (Diet)
The dosed physical activity(Aerobic and resistive exercise)
Phytotherapy (Galega officinalis, Phaseolus vulgaris,
Vaccinium myrtillum, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum
officinale, Artemisia vulgaris, Araliamandshurica etc)
 Oral hypoglycemic agents (Sulphonylurea preparations of I
and Il generations, Biguanides ect)
 Insulin
TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
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11. There are different ways of preventing diabetes mellitus which are
mentioned below: Maintain a better healthy lifestyle. Eat a healthy
diet. Control of body weight. Turn off the television and computer
and get more physical activity. Take whole grains and whole
grains products over highly processed carbohydrates. Avoid
sugary drinks and choose water, coffee, or tea instead. Eat good
fats instead of bad fats. Limit red meat and choose nuts, whole
grains, poultry, or fish. No smoking. Regular monitor of blood
glucose. Taking care of body especially eye and food. Check feet
to make sure there is no nerve damage or interruption of blood
flow.
Prevention for Diabetes Mellitus Disease:
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12. The history and physical assessment focus on the signs and
symp-toms of prolonged hyperglycemia and on physical,
social, and emotional factors that may affect the patient’s
ability to learn and perform diabetes self-care activities. The
patient is asked to de-scribe symptoms that preceded the
diagnosis of diabetes, such as polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, skin dryness, blurred vision, weight loss, vaginal
itching, and nonhealing ulcers. The blood glucose and, for
patients with type 1 diabetes, urine ketone levels are
measured.
Assessment
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13. Name: A . M
Female
56year
Vital signs Bp ————180/90mm/Hg
Temperature ——— 37c Spo2———94 FBS——
200 RBS———396
Chief complain
Loss of weight for the past 1month increased
frequency of micturation for the past 1 year
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Case study

14. k for fluid volume deficit related to polyuria and dehy-dration
• Imbalanced nutrition related to imbalance of insulin, food,
and physical activity
• Deficient knowledge about diabetes self-care skills/
information
 • Potential self-care deficit related to physical impairments
or social factors
 • Anxiety related to loss of control, fear of inability to
man-age diabetes, misinformation related to diabetes, fear of
diabetes complications
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Narsing diagnosis

15. The major goals for the patient may include maintenance
of fluid and electrolyte balance, optimal control of blood
glucose levels, reversal of weight loss, ability to perform
survival diabetes skills and self-care activities, decreased
anxiety, and absence of complications.
Planning and Goals
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16. MAINTAINING FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE Intake
and output are measured. IV fluids and electrolytes are
administered as prescribed, and oral fluid intake is
encouraged when it is permitted. Laboratory values of serum
electrolytes (especially sodium and potassium) are
monitored. Vital signs are monitored for signs of dehydration
(tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension)..
Nursing Interventions
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17. • Achieves fluid and electrolyte balance
a) Demonstrates intake and output balance
b) Exhibits electrolyte values within normal limits
c) Exhibits vital signs that remain stable with resolution of
orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia
• Achieves metabolic balance
a) Avoids extremes of glucose levels (hypoglycemia or
hyperglycemia)
b) Demonstrates rapid resolution of hypoglycemic episodes
c) Avoids further weight loss (if applicable) and begins to
approach desired weight
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Evaluasion

18. • Demonstrates/verbalizes diabetes survival skills
a) Defines diabetes as a condition in which high blood glucose
levels are present
b) States normal and target blood glucose ranges
c) Identifies factors that cause the blood glucose level to fall
(insulin, exercise, and some oral anti-diabetes medications)
d) Identifies factors that cause the blood glucose level to rise
(food, illness, stress, and infections)
e) Describes the major treatment modalities: diet, exercise,
monitoring, medication, education
Expected patient outcomes may include:
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Thank You for listening

20. QUESTIONS
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