In this paper, we have prepared CdS thin films by chemical spray method on the substrates in (200C°)
and then we annealed the samples of thin film by oven heat in the temperature (250-400C°) and we took
images of the thin film membranes before and after annealing by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in
magnification (1000X). The acquisition image converted to binary image of multithresholdand then
applied image processing where used seed filling algorithm to analysis images and study the porosity on
the surfaces of thin films and that the annealing under different temperature works to reduce the ratioand
number of pores on the surface of the thin membrane.
Microstructural Analysis of the Influence of Ecap on the Pure Nb Rolling PlaneIJERA Editor
Starting From a sample of pure and pre-deformed niobium by cold rolling a severe plastic deformation process was performed using ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) in order to verify the evolution and distibution of the deformation structures and of hardness in the lamination plane of the material. To make the analysis were used: the Scanning Electron Microscope-SEM, optical microscope and a hardness map to have a better view of how homogeneous or heterogeneous a process is in relation to the other. After comparison it was seen that the process through ecap uniformized the microstructure and hardness of the material.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
EFFECT OF ZN CONCENTRATION ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPRIETIES OF ZNO THIN ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
ELECTRICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ZnSe THIN FILMS BY ELECTRODEPOSITION ...IKHIOYA IMOSOBOMEH LUCKY
The document summarizes research on producing zinc selenide (ZnSe) thin films through an electrodeposition technique. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a cubic structure and preferred orientation along the (111) plane. Optical analysis found the band gap energy was between 2.1-2.3 eV. Electrical measurements showed the films had high resistivity, making ZnSe suitable as a buffer layer in thin film technologies. Overall, the research aimed to characterize ZnSe thin films produced through an inexpensive electrodeposition method for potential optoelectronic and photovoltaic device applications.
An Investigation of SILAR Grown Cobalt Selenide Thin Films IIJSRJournal
Nowadays, several deposition techniques have been used to produce thin film materials. The obtained films were characterized by using different tools. These semiconductor materials could be employed in solar cell, laser devices and opto-electronic devices. The main objective of this work is to produce cobalt selenide thin films through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. Advantages of this method include simple procedures, inexpensive equipment, it does not need expensive vacuum system and high quality substrate. During the deposition process, the films were deposited onto soda lime glass under various anionic bath immersion times. The properties of the films were studied for the first time via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Based on the FESEM analysis, uniform morphology could be observed for the sample produced for 30 seconds (anionic immersion time). The band gap was about 2.6 eV and the optical transmission increased in the visible region could be detected for these samples.
Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
This document compares three deposition methods for creating zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on flexible polyimide substrates: spray pyrolysis, sol-gel, and RF sputtering. The sol-gel method produced nanoflower-shaped ZnO films that were 600nm thick and showed the best piezoelectric performance, generating voltages up to 5V and frequencies up to 12MHz. RF sputtering created uniform 20-30nm nanoparticles but thinner films. Spray pyrolysis resulted in flake- and particle-shaped films. Thicker films through sol-gel or potentially thicker RF sputtered films could improve electrical performance for applications in flexible sensors and transducers.
Microstructural Analysis of the Influence of Ecap on the Pure Nb Rolling PlaneIJERA Editor
Starting From a sample of pure and pre-deformed niobium by cold rolling a severe plastic deformation process was performed using ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) in order to verify the evolution and distibution of the deformation structures and of hardness in the lamination plane of the material. To make the analysis were used: the Scanning Electron Microscope-SEM, optical microscope and a hardness map to have a better view of how homogeneous or heterogeneous a process is in relation to the other. After comparison it was seen that the process through ecap uniformized the microstructure and hardness of the material.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
EFFECT OF ZN CONCENTRATION ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPRIETIES OF ZNO THIN ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
ELECTRICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ZnSe THIN FILMS BY ELECTRODEPOSITION ...IKHIOYA IMOSOBOMEH LUCKY
The document summarizes research on producing zinc selenide (ZnSe) thin films through an electrodeposition technique. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a cubic structure and preferred orientation along the (111) plane. Optical analysis found the band gap energy was between 2.1-2.3 eV. Electrical measurements showed the films had high resistivity, making ZnSe suitable as a buffer layer in thin film technologies. Overall, the research aimed to characterize ZnSe thin films produced through an inexpensive electrodeposition method for potential optoelectronic and photovoltaic device applications.
An Investigation of SILAR Grown Cobalt Selenide Thin Films IIJSRJournal
Nowadays, several deposition techniques have been used to produce thin film materials. The obtained films were characterized by using different tools. These semiconductor materials could be employed in solar cell, laser devices and opto-electronic devices. The main objective of this work is to produce cobalt selenide thin films through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. Advantages of this method include simple procedures, inexpensive equipment, it does not need expensive vacuum system and high quality substrate. During the deposition process, the films were deposited onto soda lime glass under various anionic bath immersion times. The properties of the films were studied for the first time via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Based on the FESEM analysis, uniform morphology could be observed for the sample produced for 30 seconds (anionic immersion time). The band gap was about 2.6 eV and the optical transmission increased in the visible region could be detected for these samples.
Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
This document compares three deposition methods for creating zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on flexible polyimide substrates: spray pyrolysis, sol-gel, and RF sputtering. The sol-gel method produced nanoflower-shaped ZnO films that were 600nm thick and showed the best piezoelectric performance, generating voltages up to 5V and frequencies up to 12MHz. RF sputtering created uniform 20-30nm nanoparticles but thinner films. Spray pyrolysis resulted in flake- and particle-shaped films. Thicker films through sol-gel or potentially thicker RF sputtered films could improve electrical performance for applications in flexible sensors and transducers.
Analyzing the compressive behavior of porous ti6 al4v by x ray microtomographyIván Farías
1) Samples of porous Ti6Al4V alloy with 40% pore volume and pore sizes of 100-500 μm were produced by powder metallurgy.
2) X-ray microtomography was used to characterize the porosity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the samples before and after compression testing.
3) The elastic modulus of 8 GPa and yield strength of 80 MPa were within the range suitable for bone implants. Porosity led to greater deformation during compression testing and fractures occurred perpendicular to the applied load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optical and surface properties of al doped ga2 o3 by elemental stack methodeSAT Journals
The document summarizes research on the optical and surface properties of aluminum doped gallium oxide thin films produced by stacking aluminum and gallium oxide layers and annealing at different temperatures. Key findings include:
1) Absorbance spectra showed decreased absorbance for films annealed at higher temperatures, indicating improved transmittance from aluminum doping into the gallium oxide lattice.
2) Scanning electron microscopy images revealed surface morphological changes induced by annealing, with denser films at higher temperatures and particle sizes ranging from 100-145 nm.
3) Energy dispersive spectroscopy showed the aluminum content decreased with increasing annealing temperature, demonstrating diffusion of aluminum into the gallium oxide.
This document presents a novel method for quantifying surface modifications of glass fibre-reinforced polyester composites exposed to UV radiation. The method involves staining the composites with methylene blue dye after UV exposure. Colour analysis of digital images of the stained composites is then used to assess degradation, as degradation leads to increased dye adsorption and darker staining. The colour changes correlated well with FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy results. The method is presented as being easier, faster and cheaper than traditional analysis techniques for evaluating UV degradation of such composites.
Joam (preparation and characterization of zn o thin films deposited by sol ge...Phaccebookq Nizar
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing ZnO thin films deposited using a sol-gel spin coating method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss in the films continued until 300°C. X-ray diffraction revealed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and were preferentially oriented along the c-axis. Higher spin coating speeds resulted in smaller grain sizes and higher dislocation densities. Optical analysis found the films were highly transparent in the visible range and had direct band gaps between 3.28-3.29 eV that increased slightly with higher spin speeds.
Electrical bistabilities behaviour of all solution-processed non-volatile mem...Journal Papers
This document describes an all-solution-processed non-volatile memory device based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) embedded in graphene oxide layers. The memory device was fabricated on a flexible PET substrate using spin-coating and spray-coating deposition of the layers. Electrical characterization showed bistable switching behavior with an ON/OFF current ratio of 105. Various conduction mechanisms were proposed to describe the charge trapping and transport processes in the GQD-based memory, including Schottky emission, Poole-Frenkel emission, and trapped charge limited current conduction. The GQDs provided nanoscale charge trapping sites to enable multilevel switching and non-volatility in the graphene oxide-based resistive memory structure
Microstructural Characterization of Co-Cr-Mo-W Alloy as Casting for Odontolog...IJERA Editor
Interest in the analysis and material characterization is rising due to the necessity of the adequate material selection based on system performance in study. The analysis and knowledge of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of any material are of utmost importance since it aims primarily to estimate the performance during the material life span, minimizing the possibility of degradation and undesirable flaws during product utilization. Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys have been well accepted in odontology as prosthesis material, due to its high mechanical resistance, good corrosion resistance and exceptional biocompatibility properties. This study aims to characterize the microstructure of a cobalt based alloy (Co-Cr-Mo-W) obtained through vacuum casting process. Optical microscopy, electronic sweeping microscopy and X-ray were employed and Vickers hardness test with loads of 100 gf, 500 gf and 1000 gf during 10 s. Microstructure casting is characterized by a Co-fcc dendritic matrix with a secondary phase, as well as M23C6 precipitate carbides in the interdendritics zones and grain boundaries. The precipitation of carbides represents the main device of strengthening in the cast state for these types of alloys and is also responsible for its lower mechanical properties. The material attained hardness between 25 and 35 HRC, meeting the ASTM F75 standards.
Discusses about Microsystems Technologies ,Micro Stereolithography.Basic concepts and terminology such as Selected traditional micromachining photolithography and mask design, wet and dry bulk etching, bonding, thin film deposition and removal, metallization, sacrificial processes, other inorganic processes, electroplating
Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Zinc Oxide Nanopowder as a Po...IJAAS Team
In this study, the application of nanotechnology was applied in the dentistry field, especially in the innovation of dental amalgam material. To date, mercury (Hg) has been used widely as dental amalgam material with consideration of the cheap price, ease of use, and good mechanical strength. However, last few years, many problems have been faced in the dentistry field due to the use of mercury. Hence, new material is needed as an innovation to eliminate the mercury from dental amalgam composition. This research was conducted to analyze the physical properties and compressive strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder as a potential dental amalgam material. The physical properties such as morphology and dimensions were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Further, the compression test was conducted by using hydraulic press machine. The results showed that the ZnO nanopowder analyzed has the particle size of 14.34 nm with the morphology classified as nanorods type. On the compression load of 500 kg, the average of ZnO green density is 3.170 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 4.763% when the load was set to 1000 kg, and 7.539% at 2000 kg. The dwelling time also took the same effect. At 30 seconds, the average of ZnO green density is 3.260 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 0.583% at 60 seconds and 3.098% at 90 seconds.
This research aims to establish relationships between microstructural properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings applied to hollow glass microspheres (HGMs). Specifically, the research seeks to develop a reliable coating technique and analyze properties such as thickness, mechanical stability, and pore structure. Samples were fabricated with thin and thick coatings and analyzed using methods like SEM, XRD, and gas adsorption. Results showed relationships between coating thickness and pore volume as well as between annealing temperature and average pore size or surface area. Fissuring was observed in thicker coatings annealed at higher temperatures.
An Image Analysis Technique to Estimate the Porosity of Rock SamplesIJSRD
This paper discusses the possibilities of determining the porosities of different types of rocks using image analysis technique. Before the use of image analysis stereological research for analysis of porosity were conducted by traditional methods which were time consuming and lacked accuracy. The method proposed in this paper determines the porosity by computing the part of the whole sample for which the pores account. The steps involved in the above method are a series of contextual, non-context and morphological operations that are commonly used in image processing and analysis. The procedure was tested on thin sections of sandstone and limestone rock samples. The results were computed in the form of total porosity which includes all types porosities observed in rocks including isolated and connected porosities. The porosity obtained can also be called as visual porosity. Values obtained show that the method proposed can lead to satisfying results. Obtained porosity values can be used further to determine determine other properties like permeability which play a vital role in the study of diffusion in porous rocks.
Structural Stability of Nano-Crystalline Aluminum-Glass CompositesIOSRJAP
Effects of particle size of the material in nanometer on solid state, structural properties AluminumGlass based samples are reported in this study. The particle size of 25µm was used for both Aluminum and Glass powders respectively. The samples were prepared in powdered form of various Al-Glass proportions. The weight of Aluminum ranges between 20 – 60 percent in the composites. Results showed from X-ray diffraction analyses that Aluminum addition and the determined particle size greatly influence the structural stability of the samples. It was revealed that samples were structurally stable in the range of Aluminum composition and the observed size of crystals, measured Width at Middle of Maximum Height and structural parameters were found in nanometers. The Al-Glass materials were noted to crystallize with FCC and BCC lattice structures.
SIMONA CAVALU_Surface Modification of Alumina/ Zirconia Ceramics Upon Differe...Simona Cavalu
The aim of this study was to prepare and to characterize the structure of Al2O3–3YSZ composites with 5% TiO2 addition
as well as the surface modification upon treatments with SnF2 and NaBF4, respectively. SEM micrographs showed the
controlled densification of the composites as an effect of 3YSZ and TiO2 addition to alumina matrix. By FTIR and XRD,
the characteristics of Al-O and Zr-O vibrations, respectively, the diffractions lines related to a-corundum and zirconia in
tetragonal phase were discussed. Qualitative and quantitative results obtained by XPS and ATR FTIR demonstrated that the
proposed materials are more sensitive to SnF2 than to NaBF4 treatment.
To ensure good adhesion between a 200 nm thick silicon dioxide layer and a 4.5 μm thick hardcoat polymeric coating, a better understanding of mechanisms of adhesion at this interface is needed. To reach this purpose, focus is placed on two axes: characterizing mechanical properties of materials composing the system and in parallel, finding an applicable and effective method to quantify adhesion. Small dimension of SiO2 thin film makes it challenging to accurately characterize it. Hence the use of both nano-indentation and AFM to attempt assessment of SiO2 thin film elastic modulus Ef; taking into account limitations and uncertainty associated with each technique. Elastic modulus of SiO2 thin film determined by nano-indentation is roughly 50 GPa on a wafer substrate and 15 GPa on a lens substrate. As for AFM, modulus measured is approximately 56 GPa on a wafer substrate and 22 GPa on a lens substrate. This highlights significant influence of substrate for both techniques. Impact on mechanical properties between SiO2 thin films under different intrinsic stresses was also investigated. Results suggest that higher density of SiO2 thin film leads to higher elastic modulus.
To quantify adhesion, micro-tensile and micro-compression tests were performed. Micro-tensile experiments give ultimate shear strengths of hardcoat-substrate interface ranging from 9 to 14 MPa. Values of energy release rates of SiO2 / Hardcoat, range from 0.1 J/m² to 0.5 J/m², depending on moduli values found on wafer or lens substrate.
The document summarizes a study that used high resolution X-ray diffraction to analyze two silicon nitride powders with different production methods. It determined their particle size distributions, average sizes, and dislocation densities. For one powder produced via vapor-phase reaction, it found a narrower size distribution and larger average size than the second powder produced via direct nitridation of silicon. Both powders had dislocation densities between 1014 and 1015 m-2. It also found good agreement between particle sizes measured by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms.
IRJET- A Review on Sputtered Zirconium based Thin FilmsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on sputtered zirconium-based thin films. It reviews 5 studies that deposited zirconium oxynitride films using various sputtering techniques like RF magnetron sputtering and analyzed the films' properties. The studies found that deposition parameters like temperature, gas flow rates, and power affected the films' crystal structure, morphology, hardness, and optical properties. Substrate materials included stainless steel, silicon, and glass. Properties analyzed included crystal structure, grain size, roughness, thickness, band gap, and corrosion resistance. Together the studies demonstrated how sputtering can be used to deposit zirconium oxynitride thin films and influence their resulting characteristics.
1. The document describes a method for preparing thin film samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and analysis. Key steps include cutting samples from silicon wafers, mounting samples on copper grids, grinding and polishing samples down to 100nm thickness, and ion milling samples to electron transparency.
2. Mounting samples on grids before grinding and polishing was found to improve the process over the original method of mounting after dimpling, as it provided more structural support and eliminated difficult later mounting steps.
3. Using this method, 5 out of 6 thin film samples were successfully prepared for TEM, including one that was electron transparent and yielded diffraction patterns and micrographs of the film's grain structure.
Annealing effect on the growth of nanostructured ti o2 thin films by pulsed l...sarmad
The document summarizes research on the effects of annealing temperature on the properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Key findings include:
- X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy showed the films have a good crystalline tetragonal mixed phase structure of anatase and rutile, and a homogeneous surface.
- Surface roughness of the thin films increased with higher annealing temperatures from 400-600°C.
- Optical transmission decreased with increasing annealing temperature, while the indirect optical bandgap ranged from 3.49 to 3.1 eV and direct bandgap decreased from 3.74 to 3.55 eV.
- Refractive index increased from 2.27 to
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Growth of Nano Scale and Optical Properties of Indium Oxide Thin FilmsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the growth and optical properties of indium oxide thin films deposited at varying substrate temperatures. Key findings include:
1) X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films transitioned from amorphous at 400°C to polycrystalline above 450°C, with the (400) orientation dominating between 450-575°C.
2) Transmission increased from 13% to 77% as temperature rose from 400-600°C due to reduced scattering. The optimal film was deposited at 575°C.
3) Photoluminescence peaked around 425nm for the 450°C film, corresponding to improved crystallinity. The 575°C film showed the
Analyzing the compressive behavior of porous ti6 al4v by x ray microtomographyIván Farías
1) Samples of porous Ti6Al4V alloy with 40% pore volume and pore sizes of 100-500 μm were produced by powder metallurgy.
2) X-ray microtomography was used to characterize the porosity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the samples before and after compression testing.
3) The elastic modulus of 8 GPa and yield strength of 80 MPa were within the range suitable for bone implants. Porosity led to greater deformation during compression testing and fractures occurred perpendicular to the applied load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optical and surface properties of al doped ga2 o3 by elemental stack methodeSAT Journals
The document summarizes research on the optical and surface properties of aluminum doped gallium oxide thin films produced by stacking aluminum and gallium oxide layers and annealing at different temperatures. Key findings include:
1) Absorbance spectra showed decreased absorbance for films annealed at higher temperatures, indicating improved transmittance from aluminum doping into the gallium oxide lattice.
2) Scanning electron microscopy images revealed surface morphological changes induced by annealing, with denser films at higher temperatures and particle sizes ranging from 100-145 nm.
3) Energy dispersive spectroscopy showed the aluminum content decreased with increasing annealing temperature, demonstrating diffusion of aluminum into the gallium oxide.
This document presents a novel method for quantifying surface modifications of glass fibre-reinforced polyester composites exposed to UV radiation. The method involves staining the composites with methylene blue dye after UV exposure. Colour analysis of digital images of the stained composites is then used to assess degradation, as degradation leads to increased dye adsorption and darker staining. The colour changes correlated well with FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy results. The method is presented as being easier, faster and cheaper than traditional analysis techniques for evaluating UV degradation of such composites.
Joam (preparation and characterization of zn o thin films deposited by sol ge...Phaccebookq Nizar
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing ZnO thin films deposited using a sol-gel spin coating method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss in the films continued until 300°C. X-ray diffraction revealed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and were preferentially oriented along the c-axis. Higher spin coating speeds resulted in smaller grain sizes and higher dislocation densities. Optical analysis found the films were highly transparent in the visible range and had direct band gaps between 3.28-3.29 eV that increased slightly with higher spin speeds.
Electrical bistabilities behaviour of all solution-processed non-volatile mem...Journal Papers
This document describes an all-solution-processed non-volatile memory device based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) embedded in graphene oxide layers. The memory device was fabricated on a flexible PET substrate using spin-coating and spray-coating deposition of the layers. Electrical characterization showed bistable switching behavior with an ON/OFF current ratio of 105. Various conduction mechanisms were proposed to describe the charge trapping and transport processes in the GQD-based memory, including Schottky emission, Poole-Frenkel emission, and trapped charge limited current conduction. The GQDs provided nanoscale charge trapping sites to enable multilevel switching and non-volatility in the graphene oxide-based resistive memory structure
Microstructural Characterization of Co-Cr-Mo-W Alloy as Casting for Odontolog...IJERA Editor
Interest in the analysis and material characterization is rising due to the necessity of the adequate material selection based on system performance in study. The analysis and knowledge of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of any material are of utmost importance since it aims primarily to estimate the performance during the material life span, minimizing the possibility of degradation and undesirable flaws during product utilization. Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys have been well accepted in odontology as prosthesis material, due to its high mechanical resistance, good corrosion resistance and exceptional biocompatibility properties. This study aims to characterize the microstructure of a cobalt based alloy (Co-Cr-Mo-W) obtained through vacuum casting process. Optical microscopy, electronic sweeping microscopy and X-ray were employed and Vickers hardness test with loads of 100 gf, 500 gf and 1000 gf during 10 s. Microstructure casting is characterized by a Co-fcc dendritic matrix with a secondary phase, as well as M23C6 precipitate carbides in the interdendritics zones and grain boundaries. The precipitation of carbides represents the main device of strengthening in the cast state for these types of alloys and is also responsible for its lower mechanical properties. The material attained hardness between 25 and 35 HRC, meeting the ASTM F75 standards.
Discusses about Microsystems Technologies ,Micro Stereolithography.Basic concepts and terminology such as Selected traditional micromachining photolithography and mask design, wet and dry bulk etching, bonding, thin film deposition and removal, metallization, sacrificial processes, other inorganic processes, electroplating
Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Zinc Oxide Nanopowder as a Po...IJAAS Team
In this study, the application of nanotechnology was applied in the dentistry field, especially in the innovation of dental amalgam material. To date, mercury (Hg) has been used widely as dental amalgam material with consideration of the cheap price, ease of use, and good mechanical strength. However, last few years, many problems have been faced in the dentistry field due to the use of mercury. Hence, new material is needed as an innovation to eliminate the mercury from dental amalgam composition. This research was conducted to analyze the physical properties and compressive strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder as a potential dental amalgam material. The physical properties such as morphology and dimensions were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Further, the compression test was conducted by using hydraulic press machine. The results showed that the ZnO nanopowder analyzed has the particle size of 14.34 nm with the morphology classified as nanorods type. On the compression load of 500 kg, the average of ZnO green density is 3.170 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 4.763% when the load was set to 1000 kg, and 7.539% at 2000 kg. The dwelling time also took the same effect. At 30 seconds, the average of ZnO green density is 3.260 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 0.583% at 60 seconds and 3.098% at 90 seconds.
This research aims to establish relationships between microstructural properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings applied to hollow glass microspheres (HGMs). Specifically, the research seeks to develop a reliable coating technique and analyze properties such as thickness, mechanical stability, and pore structure. Samples were fabricated with thin and thick coatings and analyzed using methods like SEM, XRD, and gas adsorption. Results showed relationships between coating thickness and pore volume as well as between annealing temperature and average pore size or surface area. Fissuring was observed in thicker coatings annealed at higher temperatures.
An Image Analysis Technique to Estimate the Porosity of Rock SamplesIJSRD
This paper discusses the possibilities of determining the porosities of different types of rocks using image analysis technique. Before the use of image analysis stereological research for analysis of porosity were conducted by traditional methods which were time consuming and lacked accuracy. The method proposed in this paper determines the porosity by computing the part of the whole sample for which the pores account. The steps involved in the above method are a series of contextual, non-context and morphological operations that are commonly used in image processing and analysis. The procedure was tested on thin sections of sandstone and limestone rock samples. The results were computed in the form of total porosity which includes all types porosities observed in rocks including isolated and connected porosities. The porosity obtained can also be called as visual porosity. Values obtained show that the method proposed can lead to satisfying results. Obtained porosity values can be used further to determine determine other properties like permeability which play a vital role in the study of diffusion in porous rocks.
Structural Stability of Nano-Crystalline Aluminum-Glass CompositesIOSRJAP
Effects of particle size of the material in nanometer on solid state, structural properties AluminumGlass based samples are reported in this study. The particle size of 25µm was used for both Aluminum and Glass powders respectively. The samples were prepared in powdered form of various Al-Glass proportions. The weight of Aluminum ranges between 20 – 60 percent in the composites. Results showed from X-ray diffraction analyses that Aluminum addition and the determined particle size greatly influence the structural stability of the samples. It was revealed that samples were structurally stable in the range of Aluminum composition and the observed size of crystals, measured Width at Middle of Maximum Height and structural parameters were found in nanometers. The Al-Glass materials were noted to crystallize with FCC and BCC lattice structures.
SIMONA CAVALU_Surface Modification of Alumina/ Zirconia Ceramics Upon Differe...Simona Cavalu
The aim of this study was to prepare and to characterize the structure of Al2O3–3YSZ composites with 5% TiO2 addition
as well as the surface modification upon treatments with SnF2 and NaBF4, respectively. SEM micrographs showed the
controlled densification of the composites as an effect of 3YSZ and TiO2 addition to alumina matrix. By FTIR and XRD,
the characteristics of Al-O and Zr-O vibrations, respectively, the diffractions lines related to a-corundum and zirconia in
tetragonal phase were discussed. Qualitative and quantitative results obtained by XPS and ATR FTIR demonstrated that the
proposed materials are more sensitive to SnF2 than to NaBF4 treatment.
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DetermenationThe Porosity of CdS Thin Film by SeedFilling Algorithm
1. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.3, No.3, August 2012
DOI: 10.5121/ijsc.2012.3301 1
DetermenationThe Porosity of CdS Thin Film by
SeedFilling Algorithm
Azmi Tawfik Alrawi 1
, Saad Jasim Mohammed2
1
Department of Physics , University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
Dr_azmi_alrawi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Physics , University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
Sa882003@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we have prepared CdS thin films by chemical spray method on the substrates in (200C°)
and then we annealed the samples of thin film by oven heat in the temperature (250-400C°) and we took
images of the thin film membranes before and after annealing by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in
magnification (1000X). The acquisition image converted to binary image of multithresholdand then
applied image processing where used seed filling algorithm to analysis images and study the porosity on
the surfaces of thin films and that the annealing under different temperature works to reduce the ratioand
number of pores on the surface of the thin membrane.
KEYWORDS
Porosity ; Thin Film ; Seed Filling ; Annealing ; Image processing ; CdS Material ; Threshold.
1.INTRODUCTION
Porosity is defined as the fraction of the bulk sample volume V that is not occupied by solid
matter. If the volume of solids is denoted by Vs, and the pore volume as Vp = V - Vs, we can
write the porosity as:[1]
ɸ = = (1)
The major effects of the annealing process are to promote recrystallization leading to grain
growth, grain boundarypassivation [2] .Thin films porosity is usually determined using
gravimetric or quasi-gravimetric methods [3] .The most obvious and straightforward
measurements of pore size and pores distribution are with geometric analysis of images of
individual pores. This can be done using various types of microscopy on thin sections or other flat
surfaces, or tomographs . Dimensions of pore bodies and necks can be measured manually by
computer analysis of digitized images.[1,4]
The original image composed of 256 grey levels, is binarized at a chosen threshold level T. The
pores are in black and the surface of the thin film is in white. The analysis of the binarized image
is based on the digitalization of each pore of the thin film surface followed by the measurement of
2. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.3, No.3, August 2012
2
the pore area. The pore density (number of pores per unit area) is deduced from the number of
labelized pores on a known surface.[4]
The morphological image processing technologies used in the paper involve logic operations and
binary images. Thus, gray-level SEM images are firstly transformed to binary images .There are
many segmentation methods that deal with various kinds of Images.[5]
In image processing, region filling or seed filling is used for image analysis and in computer
graphics, a specific area of image can be painted out by using thistechnique. There are two parts
for seed filling algorithm. First part of this algorithm finds starting seed and connected pixels are
second part. Seed points can be searched automatically or they can be chosen by the user. A
working memory is needed to keep the record of all seed filling algorithms.[6]
2.PREVIOUS WORKS
S. Deshpande,2004: The microstructures of thermally sprayed coatings are very complex and
incorporate process-dependent defects such as globular pores, interlamellar pores, cracks (in case
of ceramics), etc. Porosity is a prevalent feature in the microstructure and affects a wide range of
coating properties such as elastic modulus, thermal conductivity and dielectric behavior. Various
methods are employed for quantitative measurement of porosity, which forms an important and
integral part of microstructural characterization of thermal spray coatings. Studies have been
conducted here to establish image analysis (IA) as a reliable method for characterization of
porosity in thermally sprayed coatings. The versatility of IA methods for microstructural
quantification has been investigated for diverse coatings deposited with distinct spray processes
and material feedstock characteristics. The IA methods put forth have been successfully applied
to a variety of thermally sprayed coatings; materials of interest in this study being produced from
partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ, ZrO2+8% Y2O3) and alumina ceramics. The results have been
complemented with the microstructural information obtained using advanced characterization
techniques, such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and computer micro-tomography
(CMT) carried out on similar coatings. The trends shown by these different methods for variation
in porosity with respect to feedstock characteristics were in agreement. This study confirms the
applicability of image analysis as a straightforward, versatile, reliable and inexpensive method for
the characterization of porosity.[7]
Weina Sun,2007: A digital image processing program package was developed to calculate the
porosity, pore diameter distribution, pore area distribution, and pore shape distribution of
membrane surface by treating the SEM photos of membrane surface and cross-section. Different
membranes were prepared and investigated in this experiment, including polyacrylonitrile (PAN),
polyaryletherketone with cardo (PEK-C), polyarylethersulfone with cardo (PES-C), polysulfone
(PSf), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and poly(phthalazinone ether sulfoneketone) (PPESK)
membranes. Compared with the analysis results of IBAS I/II image analytical instrument (made
in Germany), the porosity analyzed by our program package was larger, and the dispersion of
distribution was wider. The porosity of membrane cross-section was also determined. The pure
water flux (J) and rejection (R) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) of membranes were measured,
and the results agree with those obtained from our program. In addition, the gelation front
movement was measured using ImageJ program and our program package, respectively, and the
results were further compared .[8]
3. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol.3, No.3, August 2012
3
Chun Liu,2011: A series of image processing technologies and geometric measurement methods
is introduced to quantifymultiple scale microporosity in images. All the operations are non-
destructive so as to ensure the accuracy of the results. With the application of these methods,
various basic geometric parameters of the pores can be computed automatically in the computer,
such as area, perimeter, direction etc. On the basis of these geometric parameters, probability
entropy, probability distribution index and fractal dimension were introduced to describe the
distribution of the three major characteristics of pore system, direction, area and form factor,
respectively. Computer software developed on the basis of these methods was used to quantify
the SEM images of clay samples during shear test. According to the quantification result, total
pore area and average pore form factor reduce during the test. The variation of pore area and form
factor is related to probability distribution index and fractal dimension, which indicates the
variation of microstructures between pores. Error analysis shows that the deviation using the
image processing is within 5%, and the deviations of statistical parameters are smaller in
comparison with those of basic geometric parameters. The statistical methods are adapted to
thequantification of 2D multiple scale objects. This paper offers a reliable basis for the
quantification and characterization of microporosity by image processing.[5]
3. EXPERIMENTAL
3.1 CdS Thin film preparation
We prepared CdS Thin film from deposition of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) concentration of (1M)
and Althaaoria(CS(NH2)2) concentration of (1 M) by chemical spray method on the substrates
of glass with dimensions of (7.5 * 2.5 cm) hotting in 200 C°.Where we prepared (CdCl2)
solution which is the source of (Cd) ions from melting (1.824 gm) of(CdCl2)material , which is
produced by (chemical Ltd Poole England) of purity of (99.5 %) in 100 ml of distilled waterand
those who also prepared (CS(NH2)2) solution which is the source of (S)ions from melting ( 0.76
gm) of (CS(NH2)2) material which is produced by (chemical Ltd Poole England) in (100 ml) of
distilled water, the weights of these materials were calculated from the following equation:[9]
Molarity(M) = (2)
Where:
= (3)
After that we prepared the solutions above take 40 ml of (CdCl2) with 40 ml of (CS(NH2)2) and
we blended by Blender magnetic, and after that we sprayed (CdS) solution on the glass substrates
( 200 C°) and after complete spraying solution and cooled glass substrates is the thin film has
been completed.After that we prepared CdS thin film in 200 C°, we annealed the thin films in
thermal oven temperature in ( 250 , 300 , 350 and 400 C°) to observe the impact of thermal
annealing on the porosity of CdS thin films.
3.2 Image Acquisition
After that we prepared CdS thin films in (200 C °) and then we had a process of
annealing to different temperatures (250,300,350 and 400 C °), we take the samples
(before and after the annealing process), and enlarge it using a scanning electron
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microscope (SEM) , Figure (1) shows theimages of CdS thin films before and after
annealing process by (SEM) in (50 Mm).
Fig. (1):SEM images of Cds thin film before and after annealing in under different
temperatures and in magnification (1000X)
3.3 Histogram of CdS thin film images
We used the program (Matlab2010) for studing the histogram images of thin films, which were
images of gray (Gray scale images), which range between two values is (0) which represents the
color black and (255), which represents white. We note from the charts that increasing the
temperature of annealing leads to a tendency the scheme peak towards the value (255), color
white, and we can deduce from this that the increase in temperature annealing reduces the number
of pores and their distribution on the surface of the Thin Film, This corresponds with the results
that we obtained from the application program on the resulting images. The histogram of image
shown in fig.(2).
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Gray level
Repetition
0 50 100 150 200 250
a. Before the annealing (200 C°)
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350 C°
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Gray level
Repetition
0 50 100 150 200 250
400 C°
Fig.(2) :The histogram of the distribution of the grey level of the Cdsthin film digital images
before and after after annealing in under different temperatures.
3.4 Binarization by Multithresholding
AfterCdS thin films Images acquisition by (SEM), conversion of the gray scale images to binary
images. There are two methods to calculate threshold (histogram and traditional method ). First,
Histogram shows the number of pixels for each gray value within the range of the image gray
scale. If the minimum value of the image is 0 and the maximum value of the image is 255, then
the histogram of the image shows the number of pixels for each gray value ranging between 0 and
255. Peaks in the histogram represent more common gray values within the image that usually
consists of nearly uniform regions. Valleys in the histogram represent less common values.
Empty regions within the histogram indicate that no pixels within the image contain gray values
belong to these empty regions .Then the conversion from gray image to binary image could be
done by using thresholdingmethod
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Threshold=50 Threshold =100 Threshold=128
Fig(3) :Binary images of CdS thin films (200,250 ,300,350 and 400 C° respectively)in
magnification (1000X)
3.5 Determination of porosity by using image processing
We applied Seed Filling Algorithm on images of (CdS ) thin films by a scanning electron
microscope (SEM) after conversion of Gray Scale Images to binary images in multithreshold to
find a rate and the numbers of the pores on the surfaces of these thin films and study the effect of
annealing under different temperature on the distribution of these thin films pores and percentage
of thetotal area of the thin films,the flow chart of the seed filling algorithm is shown in figure (3).
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Where
Fig.(3): The flow chart of seed filling algorithm
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4- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Through our use of the algorithm we were able to calculate the porosity of each sample of the
samples the membranes used and the effect of temperature annealing the ratio porosity on the
surfaces of thin films of surface area overall, and the following tables show numbers and
percentages pores on the surfaces of thin films before (200 C °) and after annealing
(250,300,350,400 C °) and for selected and different threshold.
Table (1): numbers and percentages pores on the surfaces of thin films if threshold(128)
Table (2): numbers and percentages pores on the surfaces of thin films if threshold(100)
Threshold = 128
Black
ratio(%)Total areaNumber of regionsTemp.(C°)
912408963200
922424471250
7820448488300
541426662256350
2361461916400
Threshold = 100
Black
ratio(%)Total areaNumber of regionsTemp.(C°)
8823168818200
8622592335250
64168771476300
15415083958350
127430794400
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Table (3): numbers and percentages pores on the surfaces of thin films if threshold(128)
5. CONCLUSION
From the results we have obtained in our research that conclude that the proportion of porosity on
the surface of CdS thin film less in higher annealing temperature, because the annealing works on
recrystallized grains of the thin film so the white areas are growing and which represents the
surface of thin film and the other hand, the black areas less than which represent pores ,cracks
and defects on the surface of the thin membrane.
REFERENCE
[1] Nimmo . J. R., Porosity and pore size distribution, in Hillel, D., ed. Encyclopedia of Soils in the
Environment: London, Elsevier 3, pp( 295-303), (2004).
[2] Xavier M. and Jose S. Cruz, CdS thin film post-annealing and Te–S inter diffusionin a CdTe/CdS
solar cell, Solar Energy (2011). www.elsevier.com/locate/solener
[3] Jordan Peckham and G. Todd Andrews, Simple optical method to determine the porosity of porous
silicon films, Thin Solid Films 520 , pp( 2526–2531), (2012).
[4] Isabelle Masselin and Laurence Durand-Bourlier , Membrane characterization using microscopic
image analysis , Journal of Membrane Science 186 , pp( 85–96), (2001).
[5] Chun Liu and Bin Shi , Quantification and characterization of microporosity by image processing,
geometric measurement and statistical methods :Application on SEM images of clay materials ,
Applied Clay Science 54, PP( 97–106), (2011).
[6] MALIK .S. Hayat ,'' Modified new Algorithm for seed filling'', '' Journal of Theoretical and Applied
Information 26, pp(28-32),(2011).
[7] Deshpande .S. , Application of image analysis for characterization of porosity in thermal spray
coatings and correlation with small angle neutron scattering, Surface and Coatings Technology 187 ,
pp(6– 16), (2004).
[8] Weina Sun , A study on membrane morphology by digital image processing , Journal of Membrane
Science 305, pp (93–102), (2007).
[9] Stephen.H. Stoker , " Introduction to Chemical Principle " (1983).
Threshold = 50
Black
ratio(%)Total areaNumber of regionsTemp.(C°)
68180352355200
24644652885250
13343431530300
14171378350
27461370400
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Author
1
Azmi TawfikHussain was born in Anbar – 1961. He got on B.S c of physical in
salhdee university 1983 - Iraq and M.Sc. in theoretical physics in al yarmook university
1992 – Jordan and Ph.D. in Image Processing from in al-mustinsary university – Iraq,
(2001). He interesting in the follow filed (fractal geometry, image recognition ,
theoretical physics, signal processing). He publish many paper in different conferences
and scientific and scientific journals
2
Saad Jasim Mohammed was born in Anbar – 1988. has received B.Sc iof physical in
Al-Anbar University, Iraq, (2006-2010) and M.Sc in Physics Department, Al-anbar
University, (2012). Fields of interest: theoretical physics , image processing , and
related fields.