International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper is done essentially to study results of
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) and Alumina-Zirconia
(Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) ceramic coatings by using plasma spray
process, with different coating thickness of 100μm, 150μm and
200μm are deposited on Al-7075T6 substrate. Coating
microstructure were characterized by using SEM. The coating
Micro hardness, Tribological behaviour and Surface Roughness
of the coated specimens were determined for Aluminium (Al-
7075T6) and Coated Al-7075T6. NiCrAl is used as a bond coat
for providing better coating adhesion. Dry sliding wear test were
performed for different sliding distance of 1000m, 2000m, and
3000m at a constant load of 10N by using a Pin-on-Disc. From
the above work the results were obtained it showed that,
Alumina-Zirconia (Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) coated specimens having
very good wear resistance property when compared to
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) coating materials. These results
clearly demonstrate that the significant improvement in coating
performance can be achieved by proper thermal spray conditions
and proper mixing of coating powder composition.
Modification of Recycled Al-332 Alloy Using Manganese DioxideIJERA Editor
Aluminum and its alloys are commercially available materials for both domestic (cooking utensils, beverages can) and industrial applications (automobile and aircraft structural parts). This study presented the effect of the use of manganese dioxide (MnO2), obtained from discarded dry cell batteries on the features and formation of pores in recycled pistons (Al-332 alloy). 3kg of recycled Al-332 alloy was obtained in form of ingot. 150 g of the ingot was re-melted and the molten alloy was treated with 2 to 12g of MnO2. The molten alloy was stirred gently for 1 minute, sand cast and normalized. Parts of the cast samples were used for microstructural analysis, tensile strength and hardness test following standard test procedures in accordance with ASTM E8M-91 standards (1992). The distribution of pores present in the cast alloys were studied using fractal analysis and spatial point pattern method (SPP). The hardness, tensile strength, average fractal dimensions and sphericities were related to the amount of MnO2. The micrographs revealed an absolute reduction in pores at 8gram addition of MnO2. Maximum hardness and tensile values of 50.8BHN and 65.01MN/m2 were obtained at 8 g addition of MnO2, above which there is decrease in properties of the material. The weighted average fractal dimension and sphericity for as-cast and sample treated with 8 g of MnO2 are 1.3276 and 0.3357; 1.0050 and 0.9918 respectively. Spatial point pattern revealed that the pores in the samples are randomly distributed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slagijtsrd
The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength. This property of concrete is commonly considered in structural design. Depending on the mix and time and quality of the curing, the compressive strength of concrete can be obtained up to 95 MPa or more. Commercial production of concrete with ordinarily aggregate is usually in the 20 to 80 MPa range with the most common ranges for cast in place buildings from 20 to 40 Mpa. On the other hand, precast and pre stressed applications often expect the strengths of 25 55 MPa. Although concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension, the knowledge of tensile strength is used to estimate the load under which cracking will develop. This is imputable to its influence on the formation of cracks and its propagation to the tension side of the reinforced concrete flexural member. Shear, torsion, and other actions also produce tensile stresses to the particular section of concrete members. In most cases, member behavior changes upon cracking. So the tension strength of concrete is also considered in the proportioning concrete member. This strength is of interest in designing of highway and airfield slabs as shear strength and resistance to cracking are very important to sustain such loading. The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low, about 10 to 15 of the compressive, occasionally 20 . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26694.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26694/strength-of-concrete-structure-partial-replacement-of-sand-by-copper-slag/priyatam-kumar
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
This paper is done essentially to study results of
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) and Alumina-Zirconia
(Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) ceramic coatings by using plasma spray
process, with different coating thickness of 100μm, 150μm and
200μm are deposited on Al-7075T6 substrate. Coating
microstructure were characterized by using SEM. The coating
Micro hardness, Tribological behaviour and Surface Roughness
of the coated specimens were determined for Aluminium (Al-
7075T6) and Coated Al-7075T6. NiCrAl is used as a bond coat
for providing better coating adhesion. Dry sliding wear test were
performed for different sliding distance of 1000m, 2000m, and
3000m at a constant load of 10N by using a Pin-on-Disc. From
the above work the results were obtained it showed that,
Alumina-Zirconia (Al2O3+40%ZrO2
) coated specimens having
very good wear resistance property when compared to
Alumina (Al2O3
), Zirconia (ZrO2
) coating materials. These results
clearly demonstrate that the significant improvement in coating
performance can be achieved by proper thermal spray conditions
and proper mixing of coating powder composition.
Modification of Recycled Al-332 Alloy Using Manganese DioxideIJERA Editor
Aluminum and its alloys are commercially available materials for both domestic (cooking utensils, beverages can) and industrial applications (automobile and aircraft structural parts). This study presented the effect of the use of manganese dioxide (MnO2), obtained from discarded dry cell batteries on the features and formation of pores in recycled pistons (Al-332 alloy). 3kg of recycled Al-332 alloy was obtained in form of ingot. 150 g of the ingot was re-melted and the molten alloy was treated with 2 to 12g of MnO2. The molten alloy was stirred gently for 1 minute, sand cast and normalized. Parts of the cast samples were used for microstructural analysis, tensile strength and hardness test following standard test procedures in accordance with ASTM E8M-91 standards (1992). The distribution of pores present in the cast alloys were studied using fractal analysis and spatial point pattern method (SPP). The hardness, tensile strength, average fractal dimensions and sphericities were related to the amount of MnO2. The micrographs revealed an absolute reduction in pores at 8gram addition of MnO2. Maximum hardness and tensile values of 50.8BHN and 65.01MN/m2 were obtained at 8 g addition of MnO2, above which there is decrease in properties of the material. The weighted average fractal dimension and sphericity for as-cast and sample treated with 8 g of MnO2 are 1.3276 and 0.3357; 1.0050 and 0.9918 respectively. Spatial point pattern revealed that the pores in the samples are randomly distributed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slagijtsrd
The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength. This property of concrete is commonly considered in structural design. Depending on the mix and time and quality of the curing, the compressive strength of concrete can be obtained up to 95 MPa or more. Commercial production of concrete with ordinarily aggregate is usually in the 20 to 80 MPa range with the most common ranges for cast in place buildings from 20 to 40 Mpa. On the other hand, precast and pre stressed applications often expect the strengths of 25 55 MPa. Although concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension, the knowledge of tensile strength is used to estimate the load under which cracking will develop. This is imputable to its influence on the formation of cracks and its propagation to the tension side of the reinforced concrete flexural member. Shear, torsion, and other actions also produce tensile stresses to the particular section of concrete members. In most cases, member behavior changes upon cracking. So the tension strength of concrete is also considered in the proportioning concrete member. This strength is of interest in designing of highway and airfield slabs as shear strength and resistance to cracking are very important to sustain such loading. The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low, about 10 to 15 of the compressive, occasionally 20 . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26694.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26694/strength-of-concrete-structure-partial-replacement-of-sand-by-copper-slag/priyatam-kumar
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The developing of the composite materials produce a new generations Functionally graded material (FGM) where the materials characteristics are changing linearly depending to the composition materials variations. However, this piece of research presents an attemp to design, manufacturing and multi Ti/TiO2 combined characterization into each functionally graded materials. The supposed in this design is to better the general Ti/TiO2 characteristics. These materials were designed in order to contain a compositional differences or a gradually microstructure within the body in one piece or single material.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The developing of the composite materials produce a new generations Functionally graded material (FGM) where the materials characteristics are changing linearly depending to the composition materials variations. However, this piece of research presents an attemp to design, manufacturing and multi Ti/TiO2 combined characterization into each functionally graded materials. The supposed in this design is to better the general Ti/TiO2 characteristics. These materials were designed in order to contain a compositional differences or a gradually microstructure within the body in one piece or single material.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Biting the Bullet: Changing the way we use PowerPointdocrob900
This presentation urges academics to catch up with the worlds of business and design, and ending 'death by PowerPoint' for millions of students worldwide
Modeling and finite element analysis for a casting defect in thin wall struct...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The casting of pump impeller blades is a difficult operation due to its thin wall structure. In the casting process for thin wall impeller structure, the prediction of shrinkage defect is a one of the important issue and failure of such thin wall structure is a commonly encountered problem. The non-uniform heat transfer rate is the main cause of such failure. The uniformity of heat transfer rate may enhance by placing the runner at appropriate position and riser based on the geometrical attributes. The flow of liquid metal and its solidification has time based temperature variation, shrinkages and porosity distributions in such structures. An attempt is made for the analysis of optimization in the placement of runner and riser through this experimentation. The experiment contains the analysis of finite element simulation of fluid flow and solidification of metal execution at various temperatures, prediction of shrinkages based on the geometry of the casting and flow curvature and porosity distribution. This work also focuses on the prediction of casting defects in aluminum thin wall pump impeller structure using commercially available software (ANSYS-FLUENT). The experimental validation of the simulation result is also done to confirm the same.
numerical investigation on induced residual stress of al albite metal matrix ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The aim of the work was to investigate residual stress formed during fabrication of Al/albite metal matrix composites (MMCs) using finite element analysis. Optical images of MMCs were extracted from scanning electron microscope (SEM) after fabrication by stir-casting. The collected images and properties were used to determine residuals stresses at the interface using COMSOL multi physics tool. The imported MMCs images modelled and meshed for 5458, 6318 and 7149 elements for 5%, 10% and 15% particle reinforced composites respectively. Geometrical and thermal constraints are applied at the boundaries and difference in temperature T 620 C as a thermal constraint. FE results in the COMSOL multi physics show that residual stress in composites material tested are in the range of 1.55 MPa to 2.84 MPa. Al/albite with 15% albite reinforcement possesses lowest residual stress formation in all 27 cases studied with value of 1.55 MPa
Improving Mechanical Properties of AL 7075 alloy by Equal Channel Angular Ext...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Simulation of Stir Casting Process Using Computational Fluid DynamicsIJERA Editor
Stir casting process is one of the methods to produce Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). But the Particle
Distribution of Non-Homogenous material is the greatest problem facing now days to produce MMCs. The
present simulations were conducted how the speed of the stirrer effects the Particle Distribution of Non-
Homogenous material. The Simulations were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. In this
experiment Copper is used as Semi Solid Metal (SSM) and Silicon-Carbide is used as solid metal. The
simulations were carried out by varying the stirrer speed 200 rpm and 400 rpm while keeping other parameters
constant such as Viscosity 4.4 mPa-s and Blade Angle 60 degrees. The results show that better distribution
obtained for the speed 400 rpm.
In manufacturing, many products need to undergo increasing customisation, and a shortening of the manufacturing cycle time. This makes the time needed to produce prototypes one of the most important contributors to product development cycles. Rapid Prototyping (RP) offers the user the ability to optimise part design in order to meet customer requirements with few manufacturing restrictions. One of the most common RP processes is Laser Sintering (LS). A problem with LS is that sometimes the surface of the parts produced displays a texture similar to that of the skin of an orange (the so-called orange peel texture). This problem must be addressed before the technology can gain wider acceptance. The main aim of this research is to develop a methodology of controlling the input material properties that will ensure consistent and good quality of the fabricated parts. From the experiment, it was found that PA12 powder with high melt flow rate, low melting temperature, low glass transition temperature and low degree of crystallization temperature could improve the sintering process to produce a good Laser Sintering (LS) parts with lower shrinkage rate. The powder which has higher melt viscosity and lower melting heat becomes liquid more easily and therefore flows better during the sintering process due to a shorter chain molecular structure. The results of experimental work indicate that the melt viscosity, and part surface finish are correlated.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
Diffusion Bonding of Semi-Solid (SSM 356) Cast Aluminum AlloyIJMER
A new technique to achieve the globular weld structure of SSM 356 aluminum alloy was
conducted. The effect of joining parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion
bonding butt joints of semi-solid SSM 356 aluminum alloy was investigated by conditions as follows:
compressive pressure at 0.4, 0.9, 1.8, 2.4 and 2.7 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature at
495oC under argon atmosphere at 4 liters per minute. The results showed that the compressive pressure
1.8 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature 495oC, under argon atmosphere provided the highest
joint strength to 124.48 MPa. In addition, the results of the investigation have shown that the joint
efficiency was 72 percent compared with base metal and microstructure in weld zone (WZ) after welding
becomes globular structure. This microstructure, similar to the original structure of the base material, is a
globular structure but the grain size can grow at a higher temperature
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Ks3419341939
1. M. N. Hafsa, M. Ibrahim, S. Sharif, O. M. F. Marwah And S. Sulaiman / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1934-1939
1934 | P a g e
Finite Element Analysis on Rapid Prototyping Pattern with
Different Internal Structure for Investment Casting
M.N. Hafsa1
, M. Ibrahim2
, S. Sharif3
, O.M.F. Marwah4
And S. Sulaiman5
1
(Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat,
Johor, Malaysia
2
(Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat,
Johor, Malaysia
3
(Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
4
(Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat,
Johor, Malaysia
5
(Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat,
Johor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Manufacturing a metal product with
complex geometry usually will related to
Investment Casting (IC) process as the process has
the highest capability to deliver the intended
objective. But producing the wax pattern for the
process has already consumes half of the time of
overall process. Rapid Prototyping (RP) is
considered to be a solution as it capable to reduce
the time in a large margin. Compared to wax
patterns traditionally made for IC, RP patterns
mainly built from polymer based material.
Polymer may react differently than wax when it
comes to the burnout process which is a critical
part in IC that determines the quality of the final
cast product. By considering both strength and
collapsibility, cube pattern with different internal
structure designs were developed using
SolidWorks software and analysis by ANSYS
software. All designs were tested for total
deformation and equivalent Von Misses stress
within the temperature range from room
temperature of 27ºC up to 700ºC. The result from
the simulation indicates that most of the shell
cracking takes place in the initial steps of the
burnout stage which is before the glass transition
temperature of thermosetting patterns. Shells
cracking are strongly related to the internal
structure of the Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM)
patterns. The study shows the possibility and
places of mould cracking during the burnout
process.
Keywords – Acrylate, Finite Element Analysis,
Investment Casting, Multi-Jet Modeling, Rapid
Prototyping
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the introduction of RP technology,
researches have actively been conducted. Besides
application in producing end product, RP technology
could potentially be implemented into other
manufacturing process. Nowadays, polymer pattern
manufactured using RP has been identified to be a
good candidate to replace the traditional wax pattern
in IC process. With RP capability to produce a
complex shape within short time while having good
dimensional accuracy, production lead time in IC
process could significantly be reduced [1].
IC was before a definite choice if part with
complex feature and good accuracy to be cast.
However, IC require a wax pattern to be produce
beforehand and it consume almost half of the total
process time to produce the wax pattern. Replacing
the wax pattern making process with RP is a lot of
time saving. There are two commercial RP methods,
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Fused
Deposition Modeling (FDM) which are capable to
produce wax model that can directly be used in IC
[2,3,4,5,6,7].
Though, early attempts of using RP model
as the sacrificial pattern for IC did not turn out pretty
well as the solid model, it encounter quite significant
thermal expansion during the burn out process thus
causing the ceramic shell to crack [6]. Aside from
that, there have been studies on the causes of shell
cracking during pattern burnout in IC [2,8,9,10]. It
occur on the pattern produced of non wax material
such ABS, epoxy, and acrylic [4,6,11]. From a study,
a simple hollow geometry was proven to be generally
better compared to solid pattern [1,11]. The idea was
supported with a series of conducted studies
comparing a hollow and a solid pattern within
temperature below glass transition temperature of
epoxy resin that lead to a conclusion, shell cracking
will not occur if the glass transition temperature of
the epoxy is lower than ceramic shell cracking
temperature [3,10,12].
In order for the ceramic shell to remain
intact, the pattern had to be much weaker to allow it
to disintegrate easily. Due to that reason, pattern with
quasi hollow design are hoped to be able to flows out
of the shell easily during burn out process [6].
Experimental procedure involving high temperature
and delicate specimen could be quite tedious, thus
numerical model should provide similar result with
2. M. N. Hafsa, M. Ibrahim, S. Sharif, O. M. F. Marwah And S. Sulaiman / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1934-1939
1935 | P a g e
lesser effort. A numerical model can be used to
determine by computer simulation if the ceramic
shell is likely to crack during burn out process in IC.
The models are useful in developing a computer-
aided engineering tool for the design of the internal
structures of the pattern [10]. The objective of this
study is to determine the thermally induced stresses
during the pattern burnout process using finite
element analysis and the use of this analysis for the
design of the MJM pattern’s internal structure.
II. METHODOLOGY
During the burn out process in IC, the
polymer pattern made from RP will be heated until it
melt and collapse inside the ceramic shell, before its
flows out of the ceramic shell leaving vacant space
for molten metal to be poured in. As polymer pattern
have different properties compared to traditional wax
pattern, it may react differently during the burn out
process.
Four different internal structures of cube
(30mm) were developed using SolidWorks software
as shown in Fig. 1a. Fig. 1b shows the internal
structures of cube which are consist of hollow,
square, cross, and hatch pattern. Aside from the
polymer cube design, the ceramic shell must also be
developed. The ceramic shell model is simply to
enclose the entire polymer cube with the exception of
one surface.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. (a) Cube technical drawing (b) Internal
structure pattern design inside the cube
The study will involve a numerical study and a
mechanical testing to support the result from the
numerical study. In order to perform the numerical
studies using ANSYS Software, the tensile stress and
the tensile modulus of the Visijet® SR200 acrylate
material were required beforehand for the software to
be able to perform the simulation. Dog-bone-shape
specimens for tensile test were made using MJM
technique according to ASTM D638 (refer Fig. 2).
The tensile sample was tested using a Universal
Testing Machine with a 10kN load cell. The test was
conducted with constant speed of 5 mm/min. The
nominal overall length, thickness and width of the
narrow section were 165mm, 3.2mm and 13mm,
respectively.
Fig. 2. Dog-bone-shape specimens for tensile test
For the numerical studies, Finite Element
(FE) based software was used to investigate the
relation between elastic stress concentration patterns
3. M. N. Hafsa, M. Ibrahim, S. Sharif, O. M. F. Marwah And S. Sulaiman / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1934-1939
1936 | P a g e
and buckling patterns observed in the experiments.
3D models with different internal structure in the
form of cube (30mm) geometry. A dimension of the
internal link (wall thickness 1mm, structure link
0.5mm) and thickness of ceramic shell (7mm) are the
same for all internal structure patterns, without any
change during numerical analysis.
The CAD modeling was undertaken on
SolidWorks software. From CAD, an IGES file
format has been generated for FE analysis. A cube
specimen with 7mm thickness ceramic shell was
analyzing by ANSYS finite element simulation. The
FE mesh used in this study is a manipulated between
fine, medium or course for span angle center and cell
size. It was setting to be a high definition of
smoothing. Table 1 indicates the result.
Table 1. Contact pressure, interface of acrylic pattern
and ceramic shell, results by ANSYS FEA
Model Mesh size
Number
of
elements
Max
contact
pressure
[GPa]
Ceramic + Hollow Course 3608 8.830
Medium 12083 12.091
Fine 33737 15.323
Ceramic + Cross Course 36986 8.767
Medium 49785 10.890
Fine 58761 15.229
Ceramic + Hatch Course 20652 7.518
Medium 36171 10.292
Fine 58188 13.088
Ceramic + Square Course 24625 8.790
Medium 35815 11.807
Fine 59862 15.199
The temperature uniformity in the webbed
pattern and the ceramic is assumed. Virtually it is
difficult to keep the temperature uniform during
continuous heating of the web structure. The
temperature is changed from 20ºC to 700ºC with
20ºC rise for each step and kept long enough to reach
the desired uniform temperature.
III. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ANALYSIS
Stress-strain curves in Fig. 3 were plotted
based on the the apparent stress (MPa) and strain (%)
values determined by dividing the load value by the
initial cross sectional area of each tensile test
specimen and the deformation values by the initial
specimen. The value of Young’ modulus taken at the
point 0.809mm stroke and 300.72N force. The tensile
strength and Young’s modulus of the Visijet® SR200
acrylate base material were measured to be
24.23MPa and 550.47, respectively.
Fig. 3. Stress-strain curves of Visijet® SR200
acrylate base material produced by MJM technique
From point O-A, curve is linear which material obey
Hooke’s Law. The material regains its original
dimension when applied force is removed. In this
region, the specimen behaves like an elastic body.
The value of Modulus of Elasticity taken at the slope
at the end point A-O. Stress and strain not
porportional at point A-B. The point B is known as
elastic limit. Until this point the specimen can came
back to original shape.
Point C is determined by 0.2% off-set
method. It found by drawing a parallel line to the
elastic region (Point O-A). It is a commonly used
method to determine the yield strength. In this stage,
the specimen does not regain its original dimension.
Point D is an ultimate tensile strength of the material.
Beyond this point, it is the maximum stress that the
material can withstand while being stretched before
breaking. At the point E, fracture occurs. Since the
point D-E is close, Visijet® SR200 Acrylic material
is known as brittle [13,14].
The tensile test was performed after the
specimen were fabricated using ProJet™ SD3000 3-
D Printer machine. The specimen preparation was
done similar to the master pattern. The specimen was
not made using injection moulding process since it
will not have the same material properties as the
material will be much denser. Similar to other part
produced by RP, the specimen also occur to have the
staircase effect and some voids.
IV. TOTAL DEFORMATION AND
STRESS – TEMPERATURE
ANALYSIS
Deformation of Visijet® SR200 acrylate material can be
seen from the finite element analysis result as shown in Fig.
4. M. N. Hafsa, M. Ibrahim, S. Sharif, O. M. F. Marwah And S. Sulaiman / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1934-1939
1937 | P a g e
4. The red marking resembles the area which the
deformations were maximums while the blue marking
resembles the area with the minimum deformation during
the burnout process. From the result, it could be identified
that the ceramic shell would not crack as the deformation
rate was at the minimum level. The deformation is changing
with respect of temperature.
Fig. 4. Total deformation obtained from the finite
element analysis for square and hollow internal
pattern structure
The graph in Fig. 5 shows that at the
maximum temperature of 700 ºC, the cross internal
structure has the highest total deformation of
0.20481mm followed by square internal pattern with
0.16434mm and hollow internal pattern with
0.15022mm. The hatch internal pattern was
significantly lower than the other three with
0.00035m of total deformation. For part with hatch
internal structure, the mould has the tendencies to
crack.
Fig. 5. Total deformation against temperature for
different internal structure
Plastic deformation and pore deformation
are limited when applied with high strain rate
compressive load, suggesting that the formation of
cracks which are in line with buckling bands could be
associated with elastic stress concentration patterns in
each structure [15]. Stress softening at the onset of
plastic deformation is well known phenomenon in
foam mechanics and is associated with pore
deformation and shear band formation.
From the graph of equivalent stress versus
temperature (see Fig. 6), the maximum equivalent
stress at 700ºC for hollow, cross, and square internal
pattern are closely similar with the value ranging of
15.323GPa, 15.229GPa, and 15.199GPa respectively.
Again, the value for hatch internal pattern was
significantly lower with the equivalent stress of
13.088GPa. The FEM is employed to calculate the
distribution of temperature and stress in the different
internal structure of MJM specimen. Since the
solidification part is cooled rapidly, the model tends
to be deformed and cracked due to the thermal stress.
Fig. 6. Graph of equivalent stress against temperature
for different internal structure
5. M. N. Hafsa, M. Ibrahim, S. Sharif, O. M. F. Marwah And S. Sulaiman / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1934-1939
1938 | P a g e
When an IC shell with MJM epoxy pattern
inside, is in a furnace during burnout process, it is
subjected to high temperature rise, thermal expansion
and large strain. Since the different of CTE’s of
epoxy and IC is more than one order magnitude, the
acrylic pattern can consider as a stress on the ceramic
shell [6,16]. During the pattern burnout process, the
inner acrylate pattern expands more than the outer
ceramic shell. As a result, there exists contact
pressure between the ceramic shell and epoxy
pattern. The inner acrylate pattern is subjected to a
compressive load, and the outer ceramic shell is
subjected to a tensile load.
V. CONCLUSION
The tensile test was performed to obtain the
properties of the material. The value is very
important to obtain a good simulation result. For
pattern drainage and collapsibility, properties
obtained from testing were used to perform the FEA.
The tensile strength and Modulus of Elasticity of the
Visijet® SR200 acrylic material were measured to be
24.23MPa and 550.47MPa, respectively. Visijet®
SR200 Acrylic material is known as brittle and
suitable for being as sacrificial pattern for IC. The
MJM patterns as thermally expendable patterns in
shell IC are to address the issue of pattern
collapsibility. The pattern must be able to collapse
without affecting the ceramic shell. The FEA
simulated the total deformation and thermal stress
generated during burnout process in IC with different
internal structure of MJM acrylic material. The
maximum equivalent stress at 700ºC is hollow
internal pattern structure with the value 15.323GPa.
The cross internal structure has the highest total
deformation of 0.20481mm. The total deformation
value of part with cross internal structure was the
highest since there were much more acrylate material
to react with the temperature increase. Hatch internal
structure seems to be significantly weaker compared
to the others due to the lack of vertical strength. Even
so, the hollow and square pattern seems to cope
pretty well among the other designs.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Faculty
of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering in
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and
the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for their financial
support and facilitating in this research programme.
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