The discounting, not observable in itself, can be inferred by the person’s showing any of the four passive behavior. There are many other ways of detecting discounts.
This injunction Don’t Be Close may imply a ban on physical closeness. In this form, it is often modeled by parents who seldom touch each other or the child.
Racket analysis - Transactional Analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Any time your experience a racket feeling, you are in script.
As children, we use racket feeling to get our needs met in families.
We attempt to manipulate the environment so as to gain the parental support we gained in childhood by experiencing and showing these racket feelings.
Symbiosis and script - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Thus in ideal parenting, the child’s caretaker will be employing Parent and Adult resources appropriately, while still not discounting her own Child. As the child grows, the parent will provide him with what is needed to complete each stage of development.
Achieving autonomy is the ultimate goal in transactional analysis.Being autonomous means being self governing, determining one’s own destiny, taking responsibility for one’s own actions and feelings and throwing off patterns that are irrelevant and inappropriate to living in the here and now
A boy has been given Don’t exist injunction by his mother. To his little professor, the main priority is to work out a way of staying alive. One way is to take a counter injunction and use it to cover up the Don’t exist.
Discounting (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approach to the th...Manu Melwin Joy
Each time we meet a problem, We have two options. We can use the full power of our grown up thinking, feeling and action to solve the problem or We can go to into the script. Discounting is defined as unawarely ignoring information relevant to the solution to the problem.
This injunction Don’t Be Close may imply a ban on physical closeness. In this form, it is often modeled by parents who seldom touch each other or the child.
Racket analysis - Transactional Analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Any time your experience a racket feeling, you are in script.
As children, we use racket feeling to get our needs met in families.
We attempt to manipulate the environment so as to gain the parental support we gained in childhood by experiencing and showing these racket feelings.
Symbiosis and script - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Thus in ideal parenting, the child’s caretaker will be employing Parent and Adult resources appropriately, while still not discounting her own Child. As the child grows, the parent will provide him with what is needed to complete each stage of development.
Achieving autonomy is the ultimate goal in transactional analysis.Being autonomous means being self governing, determining one’s own destiny, taking responsibility for one’s own actions and feelings and throwing off patterns that are irrelevant and inappropriate to living in the here and now
A boy has been given Don’t exist injunction by his mother. To his little professor, the main priority is to work out a way of staying alive. One way is to take a counter injunction and use it to cover up the Don’t exist.
Discounting (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approach to the th...Manu Melwin Joy
Each time we meet a problem, We have two options. We can use the full power of our grown up thinking, feeling and action to solve the problem or We can go to into the script. Discounting is defined as unawarely ignoring information relevant to the solution to the problem.
Structure and function (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approac...Manu Melwin Joy
To use the ego state model effectively, you need clear understanding of the differences between structure and function. The functional model classifies observed behavior. The structural model classifies stored memories and strategies.
Your Mother and Father both had their own parent, Adult and Child ego states. They transmitted script messages to you from all three of these ego states. You received these messages and filed them away in your own three ego states. From this realization, Claude Steiner developed what is now one of the central model of TA: the script matrix.
In their work as therapist, Bob and Mary Goulding found that twelve themes emerged again and again as the basis for people’s negative early decisions. They developed the list of these twelve injunctions.
This injunction can be conveyed to a child by parents who have a boy when they wanted a girl or vice versa. Their non verbal message is “Don’t be the sex you are”.
People carrying this message may become panicky when they are asked to take on any kind of leadership role. They may “Dry up” when called upon to speak in public.
Life scripts - Transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The theory of script was developed by Eric Berne and his Co-workers, notably Claude Steiner, in the mid 1960’s.
The concept of script has grown in importance as a part of TA theory, until now it ranks with the ego state model as a central idea of TA.
Breaking out of process script patterns - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
If you are uncomfortable with your process script, you can step out of it. Of all the personal changes TA makes feasible, this is one of the easiest to accomplish. You need to begin by establishing what your own main process patterns are. Once you have this insight, you simply take Adult control and behave in ways that break the pattern.
People moving toward autonomy expand their personal capacities for awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. As this occurs, they develop integrated adult ego states.
Filtering more and more Parent and Child material through their Adult and learning new behavior patterns are parts of the integrating process.
Some people may take one of their script messages and turn it round to its opposite. They then follow this opposite instead of the original message. Most often, this is done with counterscript. When we act in this way, we are said to be in antiscript.
The process of analyzing personality in terms of ego states is called structural analysis. Eric Berne defined an ego state as a consistent pattern of feeling and experience directly related to a corresponding consistent pattern of behaviour.
Berne suggested that the young child, early in the process of script formation already has certain convictions about himself and the people around him. These convictions are likely to stay with him the rest of his life.
When I am child contaminated, I cloud my grown up thinking with beliefs from my childhood. These are fantasies, evoked by feelings, that are taken as facts. Berne used the word delusion to describe the kind of belief that typically arise from child contamination. When the content of a child contamination comes from earlier childhood, the delusion is likely to be more bizarre.
The clear thinking of the Adult is often spoiled by contamination. Contamination can be thought of as an intrusion of the Parent ego sate and / or the Child ego state into the boundary of the Adult ego state. Contamination occurs when the Adult accepts as true some unfounded Parent beliefs or Child distortions and rationalizes and justifies these attitudes.
Fanita English has described a specially virulent kind of script message which she calls episcript. Here, a parent conveys an injunction and adds to it the non verbal message: “ I hope this happens to you, so that it wont have to happen to me.”
The “stroking profile” concept was introduced for the first time by Jim McKenna in the Transactional Analysis Journal (October 1974). It analyzes stroking patterns by use of bar charts.
According to Eric Berne, during first 5 years of life ,decisions about following crystallizes
Ourselves,
Our world and
Our relationships with others
These decisions are based on the pattern of strokes we receive from our parents and others which may be
Encouraging or
Disparaging
Based on these decisions, we assume one of four basic psychological life positions. (Discussed later)
Life positions determines our pattern of
Thinking,
Feeling, and
Behaving.
Our early existential decisions are reinforced by messages (both verbal and nonverbal) that we continue to receive during our lifetime.
It is also reinforced by the results of our games and interpretations of events.
Berne states that dysfunctional behaviour is the result of self-limiting decisions (made in childhood in the interest of survival) which culminate in an unhealthy life script.
Cognitive distortions are
Negative or irrational patterns of thinking.
Simply ways that Impostor Syndrome convinces us to believe things that aren’t really true.
Inaccurate thought patterns that
Reinforce our negative self perception and
Keep us feeling bad about ourselves
These negative thought patterns can play a role in
Diminishing our motivation,
Lowering our self-esteem
Contributing to problems like
Anxiety,
Depression, and
Substance use.
Structure and function (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approac...Manu Melwin Joy
To use the ego state model effectively, you need clear understanding of the differences between structure and function. The functional model classifies observed behavior. The structural model classifies stored memories and strategies.
Your Mother and Father both had their own parent, Adult and Child ego states. They transmitted script messages to you from all three of these ego states. You received these messages and filed them away in your own three ego states. From this realization, Claude Steiner developed what is now one of the central model of TA: the script matrix.
In their work as therapist, Bob and Mary Goulding found that twelve themes emerged again and again as the basis for people’s negative early decisions. They developed the list of these twelve injunctions.
This injunction can be conveyed to a child by parents who have a boy when they wanted a girl or vice versa. Their non verbal message is “Don’t be the sex you are”.
People carrying this message may become panicky when they are asked to take on any kind of leadership role. They may “Dry up” when called upon to speak in public.
Life scripts - Transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The theory of script was developed by Eric Berne and his Co-workers, notably Claude Steiner, in the mid 1960’s.
The concept of script has grown in importance as a part of TA theory, until now it ranks with the ego state model as a central idea of TA.
Breaking out of process script patterns - Transactional AnalysisManu Melwin Joy
If you are uncomfortable with your process script, you can step out of it. Of all the personal changes TA makes feasible, this is one of the easiest to accomplish. You need to begin by establishing what your own main process patterns are. Once you have this insight, you simply take Adult control and behave in ways that break the pattern.
People moving toward autonomy expand their personal capacities for awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. As this occurs, they develop integrated adult ego states.
Filtering more and more Parent and Child material through their Adult and learning new behavior patterns are parts of the integrating process.
Some people may take one of their script messages and turn it round to its opposite. They then follow this opposite instead of the original message. Most often, this is done with counterscript. When we act in this way, we are said to be in antiscript.
The process of analyzing personality in terms of ego states is called structural analysis. Eric Berne defined an ego state as a consistent pattern of feeling and experience directly related to a corresponding consistent pattern of behaviour.
Berne suggested that the young child, early in the process of script formation already has certain convictions about himself and the people around him. These convictions are likely to stay with him the rest of his life.
When I am child contaminated, I cloud my grown up thinking with beliefs from my childhood. These are fantasies, evoked by feelings, that are taken as facts. Berne used the word delusion to describe the kind of belief that typically arise from child contamination. When the content of a child contamination comes from earlier childhood, the delusion is likely to be more bizarre.
The clear thinking of the Adult is often spoiled by contamination. Contamination can be thought of as an intrusion of the Parent ego sate and / or the Child ego state into the boundary of the Adult ego state. Contamination occurs when the Adult accepts as true some unfounded Parent beliefs or Child distortions and rationalizes and justifies these attitudes.
Fanita English has described a specially virulent kind of script message which she calls episcript. Here, a parent conveys an injunction and adds to it the non verbal message: “ I hope this happens to you, so that it wont have to happen to me.”
The “stroking profile” concept was introduced for the first time by Jim McKenna in the Transactional Analysis Journal (October 1974). It analyzes stroking patterns by use of bar charts.
According to Eric Berne, during first 5 years of life ,decisions about following crystallizes
Ourselves,
Our world and
Our relationships with others
These decisions are based on the pattern of strokes we receive from our parents and others which may be
Encouraging or
Disparaging
Based on these decisions, we assume one of four basic psychological life positions. (Discussed later)
Life positions determines our pattern of
Thinking,
Feeling, and
Behaving.
Our early existential decisions are reinforced by messages (both verbal and nonverbal) that we continue to receive during our lifetime.
It is also reinforced by the results of our games and interpretations of events.
Berne states that dysfunctional behaviour is the result of self-limiting decisions (made in childhood in the interest of survival) which culminate in an unhealthy life script.
Cognitive distortions are
Negative or irrational patterns of thinking.
Simply ways that Impostor Syndrome convinces us to believe things that aren’t really true.
Inaccurate thought patterns that
Reinforce our negative self perception and
Keep us feeling bad about ourselves
These negative thought patterns can play a role in
Diminishing our motivation,
Lowering our self-esteem
Contributing to problems like
Anxiety,
Depression, and
Substance use.
Using discounting matrix (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative appro...Manu Melwin Joy
Whenever a problem is not being solved, some information relevant to the solution of that problem is being ignored. The discount matrix gives us a systematic way to pinpointing what information is being missed. This in turn provides guidance to the specific actions we need to take to solve the problem.
141. Assertive Tech and Practice explained by S. Lakshmanan, PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Many of us don’t handle interpersonal relationships well, particularly at work. Instead of feeling good about ourselves, our reactions and responses to others often make us feel tongue-tied and inadequate, on the one hand, and angry and critical on the other. Here are some of the ways to deal with everyday situations and come out feeling good.
Please, subscribe, share in the following youtube channel:
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Agile Coaching - Giving And Receiving Feedback Jul14ajaysolucky
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Discount matrix (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approach to th...Manu Melwin Joy
Discounting results in unresolved problems. Thus, if we can devise a systematic way of identifying the nature and intensity of discounting, we will have a powerful tool for problem solving. Such a tool is called discount matrix.
Contracts for change - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Berne defined a contract as an explicit bilateral commitment to a well defined course of action.
James and Jongeward defined contract as an adult commitment to one’s self and/or someone else to make a change.
Healthy symbiosis - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
For example, I have just come out from under anesthetic after an operation. Nurse is holding my hands and telling : “ You will be alright. Just hang one to my hand”. At that point, my Adult and Parent are out of commission.
Frame of reference and redefining - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The frame of reference is defined by the Schiffs as the structure of associated responses which integrates the various ego states in response to specific stimuli.
Role of parent in frame of reference - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin...Manu Melwin Joy
The parent ego state plays a particularly important part in the formulation of the frame of reference. This is because our frame of reference consists of definitions of the world, self and others.
Frame of reference and ego states - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
As an further aid to understanding the frame of reference, the Schiffs suggest that it can be thought of as a “skin that surrounds the ego states binding them together.
Frame of reference - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
The frame of reference is defined by the Schiffs as the structure of associated responses which integrates the various ego states in response to specific stimuli.
Your miniscript patterns - transactional analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Think of some recent situations in which you responded to stress by feeling bad. In your imagination, re-play each situation up to the point where you just began experiencing the bad feeling.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Prepared By
Manu Melwin Joy
Research Scholar
School of Management Studies
CUSAT, Kerala, India.
Phone – 9744551114
Mail – manu_melwinjoy@yahoo.com
Kindly restrict the use of slides for personal purpose.
Please seek permission to reproduce the same in public
forms and presentations.
3. Detecting discounts
• The discounting, not
observable in itself, can be
inferred by the person’s
showing any of the four
passive behavior.
• There are many other ways
of detecting discounts.
4. Detecting discounts
• Driver behavior always
indicates a discount.
• Remember that when I show a
driver, I am internally replaying
the script belief : “ I am only OK
if I try hard / please others etc.
• The reality is that I am OK
whether or not I follow these
driver messages.
5. Detecting discounts
• Schiff specify certain thinking
disorders as clues to
discounting.
• One of these is over detailing.
• Asked a simple question , the
person showing this disorder
will reply with a long tirade of
minute details.
6. Detecting discounts
• Over generalization is the opposite of
over detailing in which the person
expresses ideas only in
sweeping, global terms.
• Ex : “Well, my problem is something
huge. People are after me. Things are
getting me down”.
7. Verbal Clues
• One of the skills of TA is to
identify discounting by
listening to the words people
use.
• The difficulty in practice is
that everyday speech is full of
discounts, so much so that we
become desensitized to them.
• We need to re learn the skill
of listening to what is really
being said and testing each
statement against reality.
8. Verbal Clues
• When someone says “ I
can’t..”, he will most often be
discounting.
• “I will try to…” is usually a
discount, since what it implies
is usually “ I will try to, but I
won’t do it”.
• The same is true will all driver
wordings. Be strong discounts
are particularly common. Ex:
“What you say is boring to
me.”
9. Verbal Clues
• Sometimes, a discount is
signaled by leaving out a part
of the sentence.
• For instance, a member of the
TA group may ask “I want a
hug”.
• She doesn’t say from whom
she wants hug from.
• She is omitting information
relevant to the solution of the
problem.
10. Non verbal Clues
• Equally important is the skill
of identifying discounts
from non verbal clues.
• Here, the discount is
signaled by a mismatch
between the words being
said and the non verbal
signals that go with them.
• This mismatching is called
incongruity.
11. Non verbal Clues
• For example, teacher asks his
pupil : “Do you understand the
assignment I have set you?”.
• The pupil replies : “Sure”.
• But at the same time, he
puckers his brow and scratches
his head.
• If teacher is aware about the
thinking martian, he will ask
more questions to check
whether his pupil is
discounting.
12. Gallows
• One frequent indication of a
discount is gallows laughing.
• Here, the person laughs when
making a statement about
something unpleasant.
• Ex: “That was silly of me, ha
ha”.
• In gallows, there is incongruity
between the laugh and the
painful content.
13. Gallows
• When someone gives a gallows
laugh, he is making a non
verbal invitation to the listener
to reinforce once of his script
belief.
• The straight response to
gallows is to refuse to join in
the laughing.
• You may also say : “That is not
funny”, if you are in a situation
where it is socially appropriate
to do so.
14. Stroke Filter / Discount
• When someone gets a stroke that
doesn’t fit in with her preferred
stroke quotient, she is likely to
ignore it or belittle it.
• Discounts are an internal
mechanism by which people
minimize or maximize
(grandiosity) an aspect of
reality, themselves or others.
• In other words they are not
accounting for the reality of
themselves or others or the
situation.
15. Activity
• Think about the strokes you gave and received.
• Was it counterfeit, marshmallows, straight?
• Who received it openly, who discounted it?
• Which strokes you received and which one you discounted?
16. Strokes Vs Discounts
• A discount always entails some distortion of reality unlike a straight negative
stroke.
• NCS – You spelled the word wrong.
• Discount – I see you can’t spell
• NUCS – I hate you.
• Discount – You are hateful.
• Unlike a straight negative stroke, a discount gives me no signal on which I
can base constructive action.