Talk encompasses various approaches to meet energy demands of a smart city while allowing sustainability as the founding principle.

1. Faculty Development Program (FDP)
N M I T , Bengaluru
On:
Smart Cities- Concept, Strategies, Opportunity and Challenges
Green Approach to meet energy
demands of Smart Cities
7th Jan, 2021
Dr. Ajit Sabnis
ASP-SDI
ajit.aspsdi@gmail.com

2. 2
 Sustainability: The state in
which components of
ecosystem and their functions
are maintained for the present
and future generations
- NBC 2016; PART 11
 Sustainable Development is that which meets the needs
of current generations without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs
- World Commission
Sustainability
Reuse

3. Sustainable Cities are Socially / Politically / Culturally inclusive;
Economically Productive and Environmentally Sustainable.
SOCIO-CULTURAL
ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENTAL
What makes cities sustainable?
Inclusive SustainableProductive

4. INDIA TOO IS NOT GOING TO BE LEFT BEHIND. IT SHALL
CONTINUE TO FOLLOW THE SAME PATTERN.

5. POPULATION IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

6. 6
Make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable.

7. • Cities are engines of growth for the
economy .
• Nearly 35% of India’s current
population lives in urban areas and
contributes 70% of India’s GDP.
• With increasing urbanization, urban
areas are expected to house 70% of
India’s population and contribute
75% of India’s GDP by 2050.
• This requires comprehensive
development of physical,
institutional, social and
economic infrastructure.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE Goal 11

8. Unprecedented Events of Our Times :
 The rapidity with which GHG emission is increasing
 The rapidity with which ocean acidification is happening (This
never happened in the last 300 million years)
 Warming of ocean waters at 700 meters depth
 Rapidly changing rainfall patterns / Accumulating Waste
 Urbanisation / Rural Migration
 Melting of Glaciers / Floods / Other anthropogenic Calamities
 Polar amplification / Permafrost etc. 8
 The warming of Earth
and consequent
climate change
 Increased CO2
Concentration in the
atmosphere

9. 9
Eutrophication
Habitat
Fragmentation
Soil Erosion
Forest Fires & Deforestation
Water Depletion
Effect of Global Warming

10. From energy-generation perspective, there are two main lines
attracting the most attention. First, Renewable-energy sources
entailing a mid- to long-term investment for energy self-sufficiency
without compromising future generations and secondly, Fossil
fuel source. Eventually, it is important to note that the smart city
should gradually migrate to a full renewable-energy scheme.
In the present context of
climate change and its
impact, it is not enough to
satisfy the energy equation:
Demand = Generation
In addition to meeting the
demand, 1.50 and 20
scenario also to be
considered from
sustainability view point.

11. 11
Classification of Materials Based on Energy Intensity
Very high energy > 50 Aluminium, stainless, steel,
plastic, copper, zinc, Brass
High energy 5 – 50
Medium energy 1-5 Lime, gypsum plaster board, burnt clay
brick, aerated block, concrete blocks,
timber, wood products, particle board,
medium density fiber board, cellulose
insulation, in-situ concrete
Cement, steel, glass, bitumen,
solvents, cardboard, paper and lead
Sand, aggregate, fly ash and fly ash
based products, cement stabilized soil
block, straw bale, bamboo, stone etc.
Low energy < 1

12. The Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI is an index that measures key
dimensions of human development in three
critical areas.
 Long and Healthy Life
 Access to Education
 Decent Standard of Living

13. HAPPINESS INDEX
Happiness Index
originates from the
Bhutanese Gross
National Happiness
Index. In 1972,
Bhutan started
prioritizing happiness
over other factors
such as wealth,
comfort and economic
growth. They created
an indexation for
happiness based on
multiple measurable
factors.
Cantril Ladder Scale: A ladder, with rungs numbered
from 0 to 10 at the top. Rung 10 represents the best
possible life and the bottom of the ladder represents the
worst possible life. On which rung of the ladder you
stand at this time?

15. PROBLEMS OF A CITY(1)
SCARCITY OF RESOURCES- Limited resources like
energy, healthcare, housing, and water. Freshwater
consumption is expected to rise 25% by 2030 due
largely to the increase in population.
INADEQUATE AND DETERIORATING
INFRASTRUCTURE- Most of the key infrastructure
components, like bridges, drinking water, energy,
roads, schools, transportation, and water, not
adequate to provide services to rapidly growing
populations. (NO STRINGENT BYELAWS)
ENERGY SHORTAGES AND PRICE INSTABILITY-
Large urban populations are a major driver of
this trend, and cities often struggle to adequately
meet demand due to a lack of supply as well as
inefficient transmission and distribution systems
to the end customer.

16. PROBLEMS OF A CITY (2)
ENVIRONMENT: The rise in global temperature leads to
heat- spells and droughts, cold spells & violent storms,
intense flooding & forest fires, Species & Habitat loss …...
HEALTH CONCERNS :
Human health impacts are
linked to environmental
impacts. Air pollution from
burning fossil fuels leads to
poor Air Quality & Smog &
Respiratory disorders viz.
damage to lung tissues,
asthma and other chronic
lung diseases.
DELHI NOW!!!!!

17. Urban Heat Island Effect
Affecting micro climate

18. Life Cycle Energy
Consumption
Energy Consumption (75 to 80%) is fairly uniform
during the O&M phase ; Annual Energy Consumption
is 20 to 50 times less as compared to CP
Building’s Lifecycle
Neglected
Phase
Life Cycle Energy Consumption

19. 19
Smart and Sustainable Design (SSD)
 SSD calls for significant level of knowledge and
experience while selecting an approach that maximize
the potential for :
Passive Heating
Passive Lighting
Passive Cooling
Ventilation
Energy Trade-Offs
Building Orientation
Sun-Path
Wind Direction

20. CORE ELEMENTS OF A SMART CITY
 Adequate water supply,
 Assured electricity supply,
 Sanitation, and Solid waste management,
 Efficient urban mobility and public transport,
 Affordable housing for the poor,
 Robust IT connectivity and Digitalization,
 Good governance, especially e-governance
and citizen participation,
 Sustainable environment,
 Safety and security of citizens, particularly
women, children and the elderly,
 Health and education.

21. SMART CITIES
Part of cities made
smart with retrofits
and upgrades
Brown Field
Development
Green Field
Development
New parts are designed infusing
principles if sustainability and
smart management techniques to
deliver efficient citizen benefit
services.

22. These are cities established with Specific purposes
example, Industrial cities, Science towns, Educational etc.
OR In some cases, cities acquire these qualities.
PURPOSE-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT

23. Cities occupy just 3 percent of the Earth’s
land but account for 60 to 80 percent of
energy consumption and at least 70 percent
of carbon emissions.
In 1990, there were 10 cities with 10 million
people or more; by 2014, the number of
mega-cities rose to 28, to 33 by 2018 and to
reach 43 by 2030. There are now 48 cities
with population between 5-10 million.
In the coming decades, 90 percent of urban
expansion will be in the developing world.
Sustainable cities and communities

24. Understand and reduce disaster risk.
Preparedness and Budget for disaster risk reduction
Critical infrastructure to cope with climate change.
Analyze data on hazards and vulnerabilities, Prepare risk assessments,
for urban development plans.
Apply and enforce building regulations and land use planning principles.
Protect ecosystems and natural buffers
Install early warning systems and hold regular public preparedness drills.
The 7 essentials for Urban Resilience

25. Energy Classification Based on Source
Non
Renewable
Energy
Renewable
Energy
Sources include
coal, natural gas,
oil (Petroleum), and
nuclear energy.
Combustible:
The combustible renewables
consist of biomass (fuel wood,
vegetal waste, ethanol), animal
products, municipal waste and
industrial waste.
Non-combustible
Non-combustible renewables include geothermal, solar, wind, hydro,
tide and wave energy.

26. The carbon intensity of
electricity varies greatly
depending on fuel
source. As a rough
guide coal has a CO2
intensity of about
1,000g CO2 / kWh, Oil
is 800g CO2 / kWh,
Natural gas is around
500g CO2 / kWh, while
Nuclear, Hydro, Wind
and Solar are all less
than 50 g CO2 / kWh.
Energy Mix in India’s Installed Capacity

27. Sub-Systems
MJ /
Sqm
Concrete Works 2724.74
Steel works 1120.33
Block masonry 181.09
Plastering 148.95
Doors 36.31
UPVC
Windowds/Doors 179.29
Flooring 157.40
Painting 39.24
Formwork
Conventional 595.40
Water Proofing 2.98
5185.73
Embodied Energy Distribution
What Does It Mean?
Total EE component = 25076 m2 x 5186 MJ / Sqm = 13 Cr. MJ ( R/O)
@ 1MJ = 0.28 kWh ; = 3.64 Cr. Units & @ Rs. 8 / unit = 29.12 cr.
This Building has EE component worth 29.12 cr.
Benchmark value : 3522.62 MJ/sqm. Approximate saving 9 cr.

28. KgCO2 /
m2
Concrete Works 284.99
Steel works 93.44
Block masonry 19.34
Plastering 10.76
Doors 3.04
UPVC Windows 9.75
Flooring 10.65
Painting 3.59
Formwork 47.92
Water Proofing 0.27
483.75
Concrete Works
59%
Steel works
19%
Block masonry
4%
Plastering
2%
Doors
1%
UPVC Joinery
2% Flooring
2%
Painting
1%
Formwork
10% Water Proofing
0%
EC Distribution
What Does It Mean?
Embodied Carbon Distribution
Total EC component = 25076 m2 x 483.75 KgCO2 / Sqm = 12212012 kgCO2e
@ 1 kgCO2e = 0.94 kWh ; = 11479291.28 kWh & @ Rs. 8/ unit rate = 9.20 cr.
This Building has EC component worth 9.20 cr.
Benchmark value : 316 KgCO2 /sqm. Approximate saving 3.5 cr.

29. Embodied Water of M200 Concrete / m3
Embodied Energy of M200 Concrete per m3 = 2493.70 MJ
Embodied Water of M200 Concrete per m3 = 10.13 kL
@ 14 MJ / kL, equivalent Energy consumed = 141.82 MJ
Hence, Total EE of M200 Concrete per m3 = 2493.7+141.82 = 2635.52 MJ
@ 98 kg CO2 per GJ, Embodied carbon of water = 0.142 x 98 = 14 kgco2 / m3
When the electricity produced is based purely on:
Hydro power then 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.
Thermal (Indian coal based), then 1 kWh = 14 MJ
Combination of thermal and hydro = 1 kWh = 11.4 MJ
Credit: Dr. Varsha
1 kL of Potable water, Indian Conditions require 14 MJ
Embodied water in RCC Frame construction = 50 - 55 kL / m2
Note: While doing WBA, we can compute total EE -EC components per sqm
and then add the EW component separately per sqm.
Example :

30. SMART CITY COMPARISON
COPENHEGANBANGALORE
CRITERIA
 Population in million
 Area in Sq. Km
 Power Consumption /
day in Million Units
 Per capita income /
Month in USD
 GHG / Capita / Yr – tCO2e
 Use of Renewable Energy in %
 Global City Index
 Human Dev. Index
 Happiness Index (country)
12.3 0.83
800 290
42 170
440 3500
2.42 4.38
15 76
95 / 140 2 / 140
0.682 0.962
140 / 156 2 / 156

31. EMBEDDED ENERGIES
SDI
EMBODIED WATER
EE, EC COEFFICIENTS
TRANSPORT ENERGY
DESIGN PERIOD
OPERATIONAL ENERGY
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
COST STIMULATORS
CITY SPECIFIC SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT INDEX (SDI)
Cradle to Cradle
Embedded Energies:
EE ; EC; Feedstock

32. DECARBONISATION - THE WAY FORWARD
MitigationStrategies
 ADOPT MEASURES TO REDUCE FOSSIL FUEL BURNING
 INCREASE CARBON SINKS AND REDUCE DEFORESTATION
 CONTROL POPULATION AND URBAN MIGRATION
 IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
 ADOPT CLEAN ENERGY and SMART CONSTRUCTION
 SHIFT FROM FOSSIL FUEL TO RENEWABLE ENRGY
 RE-ENGINEER HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS TO LOW CARBON
ECONOMY
 INTRODUCE SMART GRIDS AND IMPROVE POWER
TRANSMISSION
 INCREASE RECYCLABILITY
 MANAGE WASTE SMARTLY
DECARBONISATION
Energy
Efficiency
Low
Carbon
Power
Fuel
Switching

33. Non
Sustainable
Highly
Sustainable
Moderately
Sustainable
Least
Sustainable
SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT & CLASSIFICATION

34. ENERGY SOURCES
Cities' energy requirements
are complex and abundant.
Modern cities should
improve present systems
and implement new
solutions in a coordinated
way and through an optimal
approach, by profiting from
the synergies among all
these energy solutions.
 In order to achieve optimal energy management in a very
complex system like a smart city, not only do most of its
energy elements need to be identified and studied, but the
implicit relations among them also have to be considered.

35. Grid Infrastructure
Smart Energy Management approach
In terms of Smart Energy
Management approach, five
main energy-related areas,
called intervention areas are
considered:-
 Power Generation
 Storage
 Grid infrastructure
 Facilities
 Transport (mobility)

36. Solar + Wind : Hybrid System
SOLAR ENERGY
Hydroponics
VerticalGardening

37. An experimental tower over 100
meters (328 feet) high in northern
China — dubbed the WORLD'S
BIGGEST AIR PURIFIER by its
operators – has brought a noticeable
improvement in air quality, according
to the scientist leading the project,
as authorities seek ways to tackle
the nation's chronic smog problem
AIR POLLUTION

38. SPEED BUMPS
Speed bumps @ 1 group of bumps /
800 meters in an urban scenario
cause more fuel to be burned.
Quality of Road surface is also critical
to achieve fuel efficiency.

39. It’s time to reconsider all our assumptions about urban
planning. It’s my belief that the urban planning process needs a
new, overarching direction if it’s going to solve the problems we
face now and those we’ll face in the future. Challenges such as
climate change, resource depletion and our rapidly expanding
population can’t be met through existing planning approaches.
The approach should be S M A R T
CONCLUSION

41. Adaptation
Decarbonize
Assess
Next 40 – 50 years are
‘locked in’ as a result
of past GHG emissions.
Design life of 40–100
years. This makes
climate change a
current a current issue
than a future issue.
It is Critical for the
Infrastructure to
Cope With
Climate Change.
Mitigation Strategy
Need of the Hour
Energy
Efficiency
Low
Carbon
Clean
Energy

42. Risk Assessment and Disaster Management
Critical infrastructure to cope with climate change.
Avoid actions creating more difficulty in coping with
climate change in future.
Enforce Building Regulations and Sustainable
Construction Practices.
Protect ecosystems and natural buffers.
Install early warning systems and hold regular
public preparedness drills.
Work in partnership with communities
Review your adaptation strategy regularly.
MITIGATION STRATEGY - ADAPTATION
42
Adapt
MITIGATION
STRATEGY

43. MITIGATION STRATEGIES - DECARBONISATION
Adopt measures to reduce fossil fuel burning
Increase carbon sinks and reduce deforestation
Control population and urban migration
Improve energy efficiency / Use Clean energy
Shift from fossil fuel to renewable energy
DECARBONISATION
Energy
Efficiency
Low Carbon
Clean
Energy
43
Mitigation
Strategy
Decarbonize
Re-engineer high energy materials to
low carbon economy
Introduce smart grids and improve
power transmission
Increase recyclability / Reuse
Manage waste smartly

44. COMPENDIUM OF SUSTAINABLE
INDICATOR INITIATIVE TALKS ABOUT 500 +
INDICATORS
LIVING PLANET INDEX (LPI) : Global Biodiversity Indicator
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT INDEX (EFI) : Measures Land and Water
requirement to sustain life on earth.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) : Deals with Social Dimension, Literacy,
Life expectancy etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX (ESI) : Quantifies whether a country is
capable of preserving its Natural Resources
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI) : Deals with stresses in human
beings due to environmental deterioration.

45. SMOG FREE TOWERS These are the towers
conceptualized and built by Dutch
artist Daan Roosegaarde and team.
It is not a Sci-fi. It is real and
working! They suck the smog, turn
it into clean air, and filters out the
smog particles so they can be
turned into diamonds. The towers
they built are used in Rotterdam,
Beijing, Tianjin and Dalian, sucking
up 30,000 cubic meters of polluted
air per hour, cleans it at the Nano
level and then releases the clean
air back into the city.