This talk covers computation methodologies for evaluating Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon of stand alone materials and sub-systems in a building using three perspectives including geo-specific sustainability Development Index- with Example. Also covers Embodied Water.

1. ACCEI Institute &
ACCE (I) Bangalore Center
Sustainable Engineering Series (SES)
Embedded Energies, SDIs
and Sustainability Quantification
Talk 3

2. 2
This presentation contains general and
academic data compiled from several
sources including internet media, scholarly
articles from research field and reference
books from reputed authors. Presenter
profoundly acknowledges their contribution
and assures that this presentation is meant
only for knowledge distribution and not for
any commercial gain.
Acknowledgement

3. 3
EE and EC Tables - ICE
Embodied Water
EE and EC Tables - EDGE
EE and EC Calculation
Formwork- Analysis
EE-EC-SDI Perspective
Figure of Merit for
Material Suitability
Sustainability
Development Index- SDI

4. Inventory of
Carbon and
Energy (ICE)

6. India construction Materials Database of Embedded Energies
The study funded by European Union under ECO-Cities program is the
first of its kind to develop a comprehensive database for embedded
energies (EE+EC) of construction materials in India. These values will be
incorporated in the EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies)
software. More than 100 materials – India specific are included in the
database with 100 years of design life.

7. Embodied Energy of M200 Concrete / m3
Example 1
 Cement @ 400 Kg x 4.5 MJ / Kg = 1800.00 MJ
 C.A @ 1850 Kg x 0.9 x 0.10 MJ / Kg = 166.50 MJ
 F.A @ 1850 Kg x 0.7 x 0.10 MJ / Kg = 129.50 MJ
 Transport of Cement @ 150 Km and 0.00285 MJ / Kg / Km
0.00285 x 150 x 400 = 171.00 MJ
--------------------
= 2267.00 MJ
Add 10% for Misc. activities = 226.70 MJ
---------------------
Total MJ / 1.0 Cum = 2493.70 MJ
Hence, EE of M200 Concrete per Kg = 2493.70 / 2400
EE of M200 Concrete = 1.06 MJ / Kg
( 1.1 as per inventory)

8. Embodied Water of M200 Concrete / m3
Embodied Energy of M200 Concrete per m3 = 2493.70 MJ
Embodied Water of M200 Concrete per m3 = 10.13 kL
@ 14 MJ / kL, equivalent Energy consumed = 141.82 MJ
Hence, Total EE of M200 Concrete per m3 = 2493.7+141.82 = 2635.52 MJ
@ 98 kg CO2 per GJ, Embodied carbon of water = 0.142 x 98 = 14 kgco2 / m3
When the electricity produced is based purely on:
Hydro power then 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.
Thermal (Indian coal based), then 1 kWh = 14 MJ
Combination of thermal and hydro = 1 kWh = 11.4 MJ
Credit: Dr. Varsha
1 kL of Potable water, Indian Conditions require 14 MJ
Embodied water in RCC Frame construction = 50 - 55 kL / m2
Note: While doing WBA, we can compute total EE -EC components per sqm
and then add the EW component separately per sqm.
Example 2

9. Embodied Carbon of M200 Concrete / m3
Example 3
 Cement @ 400 Kg x 0.83 KgCO2 / Kg = 332.00 KgCO2
 C.A @ 1850 Kg x 0.9 x 0.005 KgCO2 / Kg = 8.33 KgCO2
 F.A @ 1850 Kg x 0.7 x 0.005 KgCO2 / Kg = 6.50 KgCO2
 Transport of Cement = 14.70 KgCO2
--------------------
= 361.53 KgCO2
Add 10% for Misc. activities = 36.15 KgCO2
---------------------
Total KgCO2 / 1.0 Cum = 397.68 KgCO2
Hence, EC of M200 Concrete per Kg = 397.68 / 2400
EC of M200 Concrete = 0.166 KgCO2 / Kg
( 0.159 as per inventory)

10. A A A A B
A A A A B
A A A A B
A A A A B
A A A A B
A A A A B
A A A A B
C C C C D
300 mm x 450 mm peripheral beams
Calculation of EE, EC :
Formwork System
Floor plate Sizes:
A= 900 mm x 600 mm
B= 800 mm x 600 mm
C= 900 mm x 200 mm
D= 800 mm x 200 mm
Consider Shuttering Plan 5 m X 5 m
Formwork System with MS Floor plates
Formwork system with 19mm thick Resin Coated Plywood
Formwork with Aluminium Formwork
Example 4
Formwork Systems

11. 11
Formwork Weight per Sqm = 4840.12 / 25 = 193.60 Kg
EE per sqm =80334.95 / 25= 3213.4 MJ. And,
EC per sqm = 6276.78 / 25 = 250.8 Kg CO2e
EE, EC CALCULATIONS :CONVENTIONAL FORMWORK
Sl
no
Items Unit Qty
Unit
Wt Kgs
Total
Wt in
Kgs
EE
MJ/Kg
TOTAL
EE MJ
EC
Kg/CO2e
TOTAL
EC
Kg/CO2e
REMARKS
1
MS Floor plates
size 600 x 900
No 36.00 16.00 576.00 27.10 15609.60 2.03 1169.28
Includes Adjustment
sheets. 15 repetitions
assumed.
2 M S Spans No 9.00 42.00 378.00 27.10 10243.80 2.03 767.34
For Each line 1 no
Span Considerd. 100
rept assumed.
3 Jacks/ Props No 45.00 17.50 787.50 27.10 21341.25 2.03 1598.63
Each line 5 nos
Considerd. 100 rept
assumed.
4
Silver Oak Runners
- Supporting Timber
Cmt 1.64 1766.00 2899.77 10.40 30157.63 0.87 2522.80
Beam bottom and
Sides. 8 rept
5
Ply wood Boards
for Beams
Smt 18.48 10.76 198.84 15.00 2982.67 1.10 218.73
Only for Beam sides
and Bottom. 5 rept
assumed.
TOTAL 4840.12 80334.95 6276.78

12. EE, EC CALCULATIONS : PLYWOOD FORMWORK
SL
NO
ITEMS UNIT QTY
UNIT WT
Kg
TOTAL
Wt Kgs
EE
MJ/Kg
TOTAL EE
MJ
EC
Kg/CO2e
TOTAL EC
Kg/CO2e
REMARKS
1
19mm Plywood in
place of MS Floor
Plates
Smt 20.00 10.76 215.20 27.10 5831.92 2.03 436.86
Includes Adjustment
sheets. 5 repetitions
assumed.
2 M S Spans No 9.00 42.00 378.00 27.10 10243.80 2.03 767.34
For Each line 1 no
Span Considerd. 100
rept assumed.
3 Jacks/ Props No 45.00 17.50 787.50 27.10 21341.25 2.03 1598.63
Each line 5 nos
Considerd. 100 rept
assumed.
4
Silver Oak Runners
- Supporting Timber
Cmt 1.64 1766.00 2899.77 10.40 30157.63 0.87 2522.80
Beam bottom and
Sides. 8 rept
assumed.
5
Ply wood Boards
for Beams
Smt 18.48 10.76 198.84 15.00 2982.67 1.10 218.73
Only for Beam sides
and Bottom. 5 rept
assumed.
TOTAL 4479.32 70557.27 5544.35
Formwork Weight per Sqm = 4479.32 / 25 = 179.20 Kg
EE per sqm = 70557.27 / 25 = 2822.30 MJ. And,
EC per sqm = 5544.35 / 25 = 221.77 Kg CO2e

13. Sl
no
Items UNIT QTY
UNIT Wt
Kgs
TOTAL
Wt Kgs
EE
MJ/Kg
TOTAL EE
MJ
EC
Kg/CO2e
TOTAL EC
Kg/CO2e
Remarks
1
Auminium panels
4mm thick with
supports.
Predominantly
recycled.
Sqm 20.00 16.20 324.00 17.90 5799.60 9.16 2967.84
150 repetitions
assumed.
2 M S Spans No 9.00 42.00 378.00 27.10 10243.80 2.03 767.34
For Each line 1 no
Span Considerd.
100 rept assumed.
3 Jacks/ Props No 45.00 17.50 787.50 27.10 21341.25 2.03 1598.63
Each line 5 nos
Considerd. 100 rept
assumed.
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
5
Alunimium Panels for
Beams 4mm thick
with supports
Sqm 18.48 16.20 299.38 17.90 5358.83 9.16 2742.28
150 repetitions
assumed.
TOTAL 1788.88 42743.48 8076.09
All supports are included in the panel item. Total weight is taken
as 1.5 times the total weight considering supports. Hence this line
considered as nil.
EE, EC CALCULATIONS : ALUMINIUM FORMWORK
Formwork Weight per Sqm = 1788.88 / 25 = 71.55 Kgs
EE per sqm = 42743.48 / 25 = 1709.73 MJ. And,
EC per sqm = 8076.09 / 25 = 323.04 Kg CO2e
Aluminium
Formwork
Considered with
85% recyclability

14. MATERIAL MJ KgCO2e
CONVENTIONAL 3213.40 250.80
PLYWOOD 4479.32 221.77
ALUMINIUM 1709.73 323.04
Comparison of Formwork
systems using EE & EC
perspective.
3213.40
2822.3
1709.73
250.80 221.77 323.04
CONVENTIONAL PLYWOOD ALUMINIUM
EE MJ / Sqm
EC Kg CO2e / Sqm
Recyclability of
steel and
Aluminium are
considered at 50%
and 85%
respectively.

15. It takes more energy to
make 1 kg of paper than it
takes to make 1 kg of steel
It takes almost 500,000
liters of water to extract just
1 kg of gold
1 kwh of electricity drawn
from a plug socket takes
almost 3 kwh of energy to
produce
There is up to 30 times
more gold in a tonne of old
mobile phones than in a
tonne of gold ore
Around 16,000 liters of
water is consumed to make
just 1 kg of beef
It takes around 2,700 liters
of water to make a single
cotton t - shirt
New Logo for
Circular Ecology

16. Scientists in Italy are investigating
the mysterious appearance of pink
glacial ice in the Alps, caused by
algae that accelerate the effects of
climate change. The plant is
present in Greenland's "Dark
Zone", where the ice is also
melting. However when algae
appears, it darkens the ice. This
results in it absorbing the heat and
melting quicker.
Under normal circumstance, ice
reflects over 80% of the sun's
radiation, back into the
atmosphere.
Algae turn Italian Alps
pink, prompting concerns
over melting
Source: The Guardian, International Edition

17.  In engineering designs FoM is applied to find out material suitability,
Compare utility, applicability and design options.
 In commercial domain- FoM helps end users to decide upon the
dependability of a particular brand.
 In risk assessment- FoM helps in decision making in respect of a
type of risk mitigation measure to be adopted.
In the present context, FoM is a
non-dimensional number derived using
two critical engineering characteristics-
modulus of elasticity and density and two
cost stimulants namely, construction cost
per unit area and unit cost of materials.

18. FoM values are graphically
represented to determine the
sustainability quadrant and
sustainability ranges within
which materials fall by plotting
FoM against other critical
material parameters.
Modulus of
Elasticity
Material
Density
Cost of
Construction
Cost of
Material
Figure of
Merit
(FoM)
Figure of Merit (FoM)
ZC = E / ρ x Cm x 1 / Ca
Finding Material Suitability using Figure of Merit (FoM)
Where:
E = Modulus of Elasticity in GPa
ρ = Density of material in Kg / m3
Cm = Cost of material per m3
Ca = Cost of construction per m2

19. 19
MATERIAL MEAN ZC
Low High Mean
Low Carbon steel 16.00 43.00 29.5
Structural Steel 24.00 64.50 44.25
Aluminium 28.56 86.10 57.33
Brass 77.00 210.00 143.50
Stainless 85.05 236.25 160.65
Zc FoM
Substituting appropriate
range values in the FoM
equation, we arrive at
Mean FoM value. For
example, for metals from
Material Chart, FoM
values are as shown.
ZC = E / ρ x Cm x 1 / Ca
LOW RANGE
MID RANGE
HIGH RANGE
Material Suitability using
Figure of Merit (FoM)
FoM Range Values for Metals

20. Quadrant Baseline Values
 Suitability Classification
- Most Suited [Q1]
- Not Suited [Q4]
- FoM Preferred [Q2]
- EE Preferred [Q3]

21. EMBEDDED ENERGIES
SDI
EMBODIED WATER
EE, EC COEFFICIENTS
TRANSPORT ENERGY
DESIGN PERIOD
OPERATIONAL ENERGY
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
COST STIMULATORS
SUSTAINABILITY
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX (SDI)
Cradle to Cradle
Embedded Energies:
EE ; EC; Feedstock

22. Sustainability Interaction Model
EE
GHGs
Material
SDI
I1= √ (ZC x EEC x TEC)
I2= √ (ZC x ECC x TEC x µ)
I3= √ (ZC x EEC x ECC x TEC)
SDI = I = I1 + I2 + I3
I1= Interaction between EE - Materials
I2= Interaction between Materials-GHG
I3= Interaction between GHG - EE
Interaction Equations
I3
I2
I1
I

23. MATERIAL MJ KgCO2e
CONVENTIONAL 3213.40 250.80
PLYWOOD 4479.32 221.77
ALUMINIUM 1709.73 323.04
Comparison of Formwork
systems using EE & EC
perspective.
3213.40
2822.3
1709.73
250.80 221.77 323.04
CONVENTIONAL PLYWOOD ALUMINIUM
EE MJ / Sqm
EC Kg CO2e / Sqm
Recyclability of
steel and
Aluminium are
considered at 50%
and 85%
respectively.

24. Sl no
Items L H L H L H L H
1
MS Centringsheets
ofsize 600 x900
5779.60 727147.20 17749.3 62030.16 473897.05 1656174.68 497425.93 2445352.04
2 M S Spans 568.93 71578.55 171.99 601.07 4592.03 16048.24 5332.95 88227.86
3 Jacks/ Props 1185.27 149121.98 746.48 2608.80 19930.71 69653.80 21862.46 221384.59
4
Silver Oak Runners -
SupportingTimber
635.29 90954.13 8814.16 35053.22 210729.37 838054.11 220178.82 964061.46
5
Plywood Boards for
Beams
87.08 19201.80 146.93 899.93 4007.08 24543.44 4241.08 44645.17
Total(25 m
2
) 749041.25 3763671.12
Totalper m2 29961.65 150546.84
INTERACTION I1 INTERACTION I2 INTERACTION I3 I1+I2+I3
Conventional Formwork Analysis
SDI Method
Mean Interaction Value of Conventional Formwork using
SDI method per sqm : 90254.25

25. 25
Sl no
ITEMS L H L H L H L H
1
Plywood for
sheathing
61.41 13541.05 10.76 65.92 764.78 4684.29 836.95 18291.26
2 M S Spans 568.93 71578.55 171.99 601.07 4592.03 16048.24 5332.95 88227.86
3 Jacks/ Props 1185.27 149121.98 746.48 2608.80 19930.71 69653.80 21862.46 221384.59
4
Silver Oak
Runners -
Supporting
Timber
635.29 90954.13 8814.16 35053.22 210729.37 838054.11 220178.82 964061.46
5
Ply wood Boards
for Beams
87.08 19201.80 146.93 899.93 4007.08 24543.44 4241.08 44645.17
Total (25 m2
) 252452.27 1336610.34
Total per m2
10098.09 53464.41
INTERACTION I1 INTERACTION I2 INTERACTION I3 I1+I2+I3
Plywood Formwork Analysis
SDI Method
Mean Interaction Value of Plywood Formwork using
SDI method per sqm : 31781.25

26. Sl no
ITEMS L H L H L H L H
1
Aluminium
Sheathing
5.64 1244.55 30.06 184.09 117.47 719.48 153.17 2148.12
2 M S Spans 568.93 71578.55 171.99 601.07 4592.03 16048.24 5332.95 88227.86
3 Jacks/ Props 1185.27 149121.98 746.48 2608.80 19930.71 69653.80 21862.46 221384.59
4
Silver Oak Runners
- Supporting Timber
635.29 90954.13 8814.16 35053.22 210729.37 838054.11 220178.82 964061.46
5
4mm th Aluminium
panels for Beams
3.46 763.81 11.32 69.34 44.24 270.99 59.03 1104.14
Total (25 m2
) 247586.43 1276926.17
Total per m2
9903.46 51077.05
INTERACTION I1 INTERACTION I2 INTERACTION I3 I1+I2+I3
Aluminium Formwork Analysis
SDI Method
Mean Interaction Value of Aluminium Formwork using
SDI method per sqm : 30490.26

27. Formwork system comparison per
sqm of shuttering area