The document discusses architectural documentation. It covers views, which divide an architecture into manageable representations. Relevant views depend on usage and include module, component-and-connector, and allocation views. Each view has a template for documentation, including a primary presentation, element catalog, context diagram, variability guide, and rationale. Cross-view documentation explains the organization, what the architecture contains through a system overview and element list, and the rationale for design decisions. Architectural documentation aims to educate users, enable communication, and provide a basis for construction and analysis.
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Software engineering 18 user interface designVaibhav Khanna
System users often judge a system by its
interface rather than its functionality
λ A poorly designed interface can cause a user to
make catastrophic errors
λ Poor user interface design is the reason why so
many software systems are never used
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-
purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field
of software engineering, that is intended to provide a
standard way to visualize the design of a system.
Attribute Driven Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown (SassConf 2015 Di...Jonathan Cutrell
Attributes provide us with a high amount of flexibility that we have largely ignored. In this discussion, we'll explore how attributes may help create a more flexible, maintainable, and intentional way of building stylesheets.
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Software engineering 18 user interface designVaibhav Khanna
System users often judge a system by its
interface rather than its functionality
λ A poorly designed interface can cause a user to
make catastrophic errors
λ Poor user interface design is the reason why so
many software systems are never used
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-
purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field
of software engineering, that is intended to provide a
standard way to visualize the design of a system.
Attribute Driven Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown (SassConf 2015 Di...Jonathan Cutrell
Attributes provide us with a high amount of flexibility that we have largely ignored. In this discussion, we'll explore how attributes may help create a more flexible, maintainable, and intentional way of building stylesheets.
Model-Driven Architecture for Cloud Applications Development, A surveyEditor IJCATR
Model Driven Architecture and Cloud computing are among the most important paradigms in software service engineering
now a days. As cloud computing continues to gain more activities, more issues and challenges for many systems with its dynamic usage
are introduced. Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach for development and maintenance becomes an evident choice for ensuring
software solutions that are robust, flexible and agile for developing applications.
This paper aims to survey and analyze the research issues and challenges that have been emerging in cloud computing applications with
a focus on using Model Driven architecture (MDA) development. We discuss the open research issues and highlight future research
problems.
Model-Driven Architecture for Cloud Applications Development, A survey Editor IJCATR
Model Driven Architecture and Cloud computing are among the most important paradigms in software service engineering now a days. As cloud computing continues to gain more activities, more issues and challenges for many systems with its dynamic usage are introduced. Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach for development and maintenance becomes an evident choice for ensuring software solutions that are robust, flexible and agile for developing applications.
This paper aims to survey and analyze the research issues and challenges that have been emerging in cloud computing applications with a focus on using Model Driven architecture (MDA) development. We discuss the open research issues and highlight future research problems.
Developers are faced with a smorgasbord of architecture activities but few models telling them which activities to use. Alternatives include the documentation package model, which advocates a complete architectural description from many perspectives, and the evolutionary design model, which advocates no up-front architectural work.
This talk explains the risk-centric model, inspired by Attribute Driven Design (ADD), Global Analysis, and the Spiral model. In the risk-centric model, risks are central, so developers: (1) prioritize the risks they face, (2) choose appropriate architecture techniques to mitigate those risks, and (3) re-evaluate remaining risks. It encourages “just enough” architecture by guiding developers to a prioritized subset of architecture activities. It makes explicit the mappings between risks and corresponding architecture techniques.
Like ADD and Global Analysis, and unlike the Spiral model, the risk-centric model is not a full software development process and can instead be used inside a process such as XP or RUP.
Our presentation at the HR Tech Europe, 26 March, London event on how eMee's big data and social gamification platform can make all the difference in employee engagement!
Refactoring for Software Architecture Smells - International Workshop on Refa...Ganesh Samarthyam
Code smells and refactoring have received considerable interest from the academia as well as from the industry in the past two decades. The interest has given birth to various tools, processes, techniques, and practices to identify smells and refactor them. Despite the high interest, architecture smells and corresponding refactorings haven't received as much focus and adoption from the software engineering community. In this presentation, we motivate the need of architecture refactoring, discuss the current related research, and present a few potential research directions for architecture refactoring.
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
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Software Design
Design principles
Problem partitioning
Abstraction
Top down and bottom up-design
Structured approach
Functional versus object oriented approach
Design specifications and verification
Monitoring and control
Cohesiveness
Coupling
Fourth generation techniques
Functional independence
Software Architecture
Transaction and Transform Mapping
INTRODUCTION : Server Centric IT Architecture and its Limitations; Storage – Centric IT Architecture and its advantages; Case study: Replacing a server with Storage Networks; The Data Storage and Data Access problem; The Battle for size and access.
INTELLIGENT DISK SUBSYSTEMS – 1
Architecture of Intelligent Disk Subsystems; Hard disks and Internal I/O Channels, JBOD, Storage virtualization using RAID and different RAID levels;
SAN ARCHITECTURE AND HARDWARE DEVICES : Overview, creating a Network for storage; SAN Hardware devices, The fibre channel switch, Host Bus adaptors; Putting the storage in SAN; Fabric operation from a Hardware perspective
FILE SYSTEM AND NAS: Local File Systems; Network file Systems and file servers; Shared Disk file systems; Comparison of fiber Channel and NAS.
STORAGE VIRTUALIZATION: Definition of Storage virtualization; Implementation Considerations; Storage virtualization on Block or file level; Storage virtualization on various levels of the storage Network; Symmetric and Asymmetric storage virtualization in the Network
INTELLIGENT DISK SUBSYSTEMS – 2, I/O TECHNIQUES – 1
Caching: Acceleration of Hard Disk Access; Intelligent disk subsystems; Availability of disk subsystems. The Physical I/O path from the CPU to the Storage System; SCSI.
I/O TECHNIQUES – 2, NETWORK ATTACHED STORAGE
Fibre Channel Protocol Stack; Fibre Channel SAN; IP Storage. The NAS Architecture, The NAS hardware Architecture, The NAS Software Architecture, Network connectivity, NAS as a storage system.
Web applications and web servers, HTML form Development, GET and POST, ASP.NET application, ASP.NET namespaces, creating sample C# web Applications, architecture, Debugging and Tracing of ASP.NET, Introduction to web Form controls. Building Web Services- web service namespaces, building simple web
Advantages of .NET over the other languages, overview of .NET binaries, Intermediate Language, metadata, .NET Namespaces, Common Language runtime, common type system, common Language Specification.
C# fundamentals – C# class, object, string formatting, Types, scope, constants, C# iteration, control flow, operators, array, string, Enumerations, structures, custom Namespaces
Architectural Styles and Case Studies, Software architecture ,unit–2Sudarshan Dhondaley
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
Designing and documenting software architecture unit 5
1. UNIT V (Designing and Documenting Software Architecture )
Covers:
Architecture in the life cycle; Designing the architecture; forming the team structure; creating a
skeletal system. Uses of architectural documentation; Views; choosing the relevant views;
documenting a view; Documentation across views.
Architecture in the Life Cycle
The evolutionary delivery life cycle
Get customer feedback
Iterate through several releases, each with new or modified functionality
Deliver limited versions if necessary
When does one begin designing?
Some idea of system requirements is needed – the shaping requirements are called
architectural drivers
Identify the highest priority business goals and turn them into quality scenarios or
use cases
The ones that have the most impact on the architecture are the architectural
drivers (there should be fewer than 10)
Once the architectural drivers are known, the architectural design can begin
The requirements analysis process will then be influenced by questions generated
during the architectural design,
Evolutionary Delivery Life Cycle
2. Designing the Architecture
• A method called Attribute Driven Design (ADD) can be used to design an architecture to
satisfy both quality and functional requirements.
• ADD can be viewed as an extension to other developments methods, such as the Rational
Unified Process (RUP).
Attribute-Driven Design
• ADD bases the decomposition process on the quality attributes the software has to fulfill.
• It is a recursive decomposition process, where, at each stage, tactics and architectural
patterns are chosen to satisfy a set of quality scenarios and then functionality is allocated to
instantiate the module types provided by the pattern.
• The system is described as a set of containers for functionality and the interactions among
them.
• This is a coarse grained framework for achieving the functionality.
Example Application of ADD
• Sample problem: A garage door opener within a home information system.
The system is responsible for raising and lowering the door via a switch, remote control, or the
home information system. It is also possible to diagnose problems with the opener from within
the home information system.
Input to ADD
• A set of requirements (typically expressed as use cases) and constraints
• A set of quality requirements expressed as system-specific quality scenarios including, in this
case:
– The device and controls for opening and closing the door are different for the various
products in the product line. They may include controls from within a home information
system
– The processor used in different products will differ.
– If an obstacle (person or object) is detected by the garage door during descent, it must halt
(alternately re-open) within 0.1 second.
The garage door opener should be accessible for diagnosis and administration from within the home
information system using a product-specific diagnosis protocol. (Continued .. lol Skipped)
ADD Steps:
1. Choose the module to decompose – the module to start with is usually the whole system.
2. Refine the module according to the following steps:
a. Choose the architectural drivers from the set of concrete quality scenarios and
functional requirements.
b. Choose an architectural pattern that satisfies the architectural drivers based on the
tactics that can be used to achieve the drivers.
c. Instantiate modules and allocate functionality from the use cases and represent using
multiple views.
d. Define interfaces of the child modules. The decomposition provides modules and
constraints on the types of module interactions. Document this information in the
interface document for each module.
e. Verify and refine use cases and quality scenarios and make them constraints for child
modules.
3. Repeat the steps above for every module that needs further decomposition.
3. Forming the Team Structure
• Once the first few levels of the architecture’s module decomposition structure are fairly
stable, those modules can be allocated to development teams.
• Within teams there needs to be high-bandwidth communications.
Between teams, low-bandwidth communications are sufficient (and in fact crucial).
• If interactions between the teams is complex, either:
– The interactions among the elements they are creating are needlessly complex
– Or, the requirements for those elements were not sufficiently “hardened” before
development commenced
• Like software systems, teams should strive for high cohesion(forming a united whole) and
low coupling (the pairing of two items).
• Each module of the system constitutes its own small domain (area of specialized knowledge
or expertise).
• This makes for a natural fit between teams and modules of the decomposition structure.
• The effective use of staff, therefore, is to assign members to a team based on their
expertise.
• The organizational structure also affects the architecture.
• Organizational entities formed for one project are motivated to preserve their existence and
will want to maximize their importance in new projects.
Creating a Skeletal System
• Once an architecture is sufficiently designed and teams are in place to build it, a skeletal
system can be constructed.
• The architecture provides a guide as to the order in which portions of the system should be
implemented.
– First implement the software that deals with the execution and interaction of
architectural components.
– Add some simple functions.
• The result is a running system onto which useful functionality can be added
• To lower risk the most problematic functions should be added first.
• Then the functionality needed to support those problematic functions is added.
• This process is continued, growing larger and larger increments of the system until it is
complete.
4. Architecture Documentation
• Even the best architecture will be useless if the people who need it
– do not know what it is;
– cannot understand it well enough to use, build, or modify it;
– misunderstand it and apply it incorrectly.
• All of the effort, analysis, hard work, and insightful design on the part of the architecture
team will have been wasted.
Uses of architectural documentation
• Architecture documentation must
– be sufficiently transparent and accessible to be quickly understood by new
employees
– be sufficiently concrete to serve as a blueprint for construction
– have enough information to serve as a basis for analysis.
• Architecture documentation is both prescriptive and descriptive.
– For some audiences, it prescribes what should be true, placing constraints on
decisions yet to be made.
– For other audiences, it describes what is true, recounting decisions already made
about a system’s design.
• Understanding stakeholder uses of architecture documentation is essential
• Those uses determine the information to capture.
Three Uses for Architecture Documentation
1. Education
• Introducing people to the system
– New members of the team
– External analysts or evaluators
– New architect
2. Primary vehicle for communication among stakeholders
• Especially architect to developers
• Especially architect to future architect!
3. Basis for system analysis and construction
• Architecture tells implementers what to implement.
• Each module has interfaces that must be provided and uses interfaces from other modules.
• Documentation can serve as a receptacle for registering and communicating unresolved
issues.
Architecture documentation serves as the basis for architecture evaluation.
5. Views
• Views let us divide a software architecture into a number of (we hope) interesting and
manageable representations of the system.
• Principle of architecture documentation:
– Documenting an architecture is a matter of documenting the relevant views and then
adding documentation that applies to more than one view.
Which Views? The Ones You Need!
• Different views support different goals and uses.
• We do not advocate a particular view or collection of views.
• The views you should document depend on the uses you expect to make of the
documentation.
Each view has a cost and a benefit; you should ensure that the benefits of maintaining a view
outweigh its costs.
Choosing the relevant Views
You can determine which views are required, when to create them, and how much detail to
include if you know the following:
– What people, and with what skills, are available
– Which standards you have to comply with
– What budget is on hand
– What the schedule is
– What the information needs of the important stakeholders are
– What the driving quality attribute requirements are
– What the approximate size of the system is
At a minimum, expect to have at least one module view, at least one C&C view, and for larger
systems, at least one allocation view in your architecture document
Documenting a View
• Section 1: The Primary Presentation.
– The primary presentation shows the elements and relations of the view.
– The primary presentation should contain the information you wish to convey about
the system—in the vocabulary of that view.
– The primary presentation is most often graphical.
• It might be a diagram you’ve drawn in an informal notation using a simple
drawing tool, or it might be a diagram in a semiformal or formal notation
imported from a design or modeling tool that you’re using.
• If your primary presentation is graphical, make sure to include a key that
explains the notation.
• Lack of a key is the most common mistake that we see in documentation in
practice.
– Occasionally the primary presentation will be textual, such as a table or a list.
• If that text is presented according to certain stylistic rules, these rules should
be stated or incorporated by reference, as the analog to the graphical
notation key.
• Section 2: The Element Catalog.
– The element catalog details at least those elements depicted in the primary
presentation.
• For instance, if a diagram shows elements A, B, and C, then the element
catalog needs to explain what A, B, and C are.
6. • If elements or relations relevant to this view were omitted from the primary
presentation, they should be introduced and explained in the catalog.
– Parts of the catalog:
• Elements and their properties. This section names each element in the view
and lists the properties of that element. Each view introduced in Chapter 1
listed a set of suggested properties associated with that view.
• Relations and their properties. Each view has specific relation types that it
depicts among the elements in that view.
• Element interfaces. This section documents element interfaces.
Element behavior. This section documents element behavior that is not obvious from the primary
presentation
• Section 3: Context Diagram.
– A context diagram shows how the system or portion of the system depicted in this
view relates to its environment.
– The purpose of a context diagram is to depict the scope of a view.
– Entities in the environment may be humans, other computer systems, or physical
objects, such as sensors or controlled devices.
• Section 4: Variability Guide.
– A variability guide shows how to exercise any variation points that are a part of the
architecture shown in this view.
• Section 5: Rationale.
– Rationale explains why the design reflected in the view came to be.
– The goal of this section is to explain why the design is as it is and to provide a
convincing argument that it is sound.
– The choice of a pattern in this view should be justified here by describing the
architectural problem that the chosen pattern solves and the rationale for choosing
it over another.
View Template
7. Documentation Across Views
Cross-view documentation consists of just three major aspects, which we can summarize as how-
what-why
Summary of cross-view documentation
How the documentation is organized to a stakeholder:
Every suite of architectural documentation needs an introductory piece to explain its organization to
a novice stakeholder and to help that stakeholder access the information he or she is most
interested in. There are two kinds of "how" information:
View Catalog
A view catalog is the reader's introduction to the views that the architect has chosen to include
in the suite of documentation. There is one entry in the view catalog for each view given in the
documentation suite. Each entry should give the following:
– The name of the view and what style it instantiates
– A description of the view's element types, relation types, and properties
– A description of what the view is for
– Management information about the view document, such as the latest version, the
location of the view document, and the owner of the view document
View Template
A view template is the standard organization for a view. It helps a reader navigate quickly to a
section of interest, and it helps a writer organize the information and establish criteria for
knowing how much work is left to do.
What the architecture is:
This section provides information about the system whose architecture is being documented, the
relation of the views to each other, and an index of architectural elements.
System Overview
This is a short prose description of what the system's function is, who its users are, and any
important background or constraints. The intent is to provide readers with a consistent mental
model of the system and its purpose. Sometimes the project at large will have a system
overview, in which case this section of the architectural documentation simply points to that.
Mapping between Views
Since all of the views of an architecture describe the same system, it stands to reason that any
two views will have much in common. Helping a reader of the documentation understand the
relationships among views will give him a powerful insight into how the architecture works as a
8. unified conceptual whole. Being clear about the relationship by providing mappings between
views is the key to increased understanding and decreased confusion.
Element List
The element list is simply an index of all of the elements that appear in any of the views,
along with a pointer to where each one is defined. This will help stakeholders look up items
of interest quickly.
Project Glossary
The glossary lists and defines terms unique to the system that have special meaning. A list of
acronyms, and the meaning of each, will also be appreciated by stakeholders. If an appropriate
glossary already exists, a pointer to it will suffice here.
Why the architecture is the way it is: Rationale
Cross-view rationale explains how the overall architecture is in fact a solution to its requirements.
One might use the rationale to explain:
– The implications of system-wide design choices on meeting the requirements or satisfying
constraints.
– The effect on the architecture when adding a foreseen new requirement or changing an
existing one.
– The constraints on the developer in implementing a solution.
– Decision alternatives that were rejected.
In general, the rationale explains why a decision was made and what the implications are in changing
it.