This document describes a study that designed a remote-controlled system for bi-directional rotation and speed control of an AC fan. An Arduino microcontroller was used to control relays and tuned capacitors to achieve speed control and change the direction of the fan's rotation. The system was tested and shown to reliably control the fan remotely with different speeds and rotation directions. This design improves on previous work by allowing fully remote control of both fan speed and direction of rotation.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Here is a circuit through which the
speed of a fan can be linearly controlled
automatically, depending
on the room temperature. The circuit is
highly efficient as it uses thyristors for
power control. Alternatively, the same
circuit can be used for automatic temperature
controlled AC power control.
In this circuit, the temperature sensor
used is an NTC thermistor, i.e. one having
a negative temperature coefficient. The
value of thermistor resistance at 25°C is
about 1 kilo-ohm.
Op-amp A1 essentially works as
I to V (current-to-voltage) converter
and converts temperature variations
into voltage variations. To amplify
the change in voltage due to change in
temperature, instrumentation amplifier
formed by op-amps A2, A3 and A4
is used. Resistor R2 and zener diode
D1 combination is used for generating
reference voltage as we want to amplify
only change in voltage due to the
change in temperature.
Op-amp μA741 (IC2) works as a
comparator. One input to the comparator
is the output from the instrumentation
amplifier while the other input
is the stepped down, rectified and
suitably attenuated sample of AC voltage.
This is a negative going pulsating
DC voltage. It will be observed that
with increase in temperature, pin 2 of
IC2 goes more and more negative and
hence the width of the positive going
output pulses (at pin 6) increases linearly
with the temperature. Thus IC2
functions as a pulse width modulator
in this circuit. The output from the
comparator is coupled to an optocoupler,
which in turn controls the AC
power delivered to fan (load).
The circuit has a high sensitivity and
the output RMS voltage (across load) can
be varied from 120V to 230V (for a temp.
range of 22°C to 36°C), and hence wide
variations in speed are available. Also
note that speed varies linearly and not
in steps. Besides, since an optocoupler is
used, the control circuit is fully isolated
from power circuit, thus providing added
safety. Note that for any given temperature
the speed of fan (i.e. voltage across
load) can be adjusted to a desired value
by adjusting potmeters VR1 and VR2
appropriately.
Potmeter VR1 should he initially kept
in its mid position to realise a gain of approximately
40 from the instrumentation
amplifier. It may be subsequently trimmed
slightly to obtain linear variation of the
fan speed.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Here is a circuit through which the
speed of a fan can be linearly controlled
automatically, depending
on the room temperature. The circuit is
highly efficient as it uses thyristors for
power control. Alternatively, the same
circuit can be used for automatic temperature
controlled AC power control.
In this circuit, the temperature sensor
used is an NTC thermistor, i.e. one having
a negative temperature coefficient. The
value of thermistor resistance at 25°C is
about 1 kilo-ohm.
Op-amp A1 essentially works as
I to V (current-to-voltage) converter
and converts temperature variations
into voltage variations. To amplify
the change in voltage due to change in
temperature, instrumentation amplifier
formed by op-amps A2, A3 and A4
is used. Resistor R2 and zener diode
D1 combination is used for generating
reference voltage as we want to amplify
only change in voltage due to the
change in temperature.
Op-amp μA741 (IC2) works as a
comparator. One input to the comparator
is the output from the instrumentation
amplifier while the other input
is the stepped down, rectified and
suitably attenuated sample of AC voltage.
This is a negative going pulsating
DC voltage. It will be observed that
with increase in temperature, pin 2 of
IC2 goes more and more negative and
hence the width of the positive going
output pulses (at pin 6) increases linearly
with the temperature. Thus IC2
functions as a pulse width modulator
in this circuit. The output from the
comparator is coupled to an optocoupler,
which in turn controls the AC
power delivered to fan (load).
The circuit has a high sensitivity and
the output RMS voltage (across load) can
be varied from 120V to 230V (for a temp.
range of 22°C to 36°C), and hence wide
variations in speed are available. Also
note that speed varies linearly and not
in steps. Besides, since an optocoupler is
used, the control circuit is fully isolated
from power circuit, thus providing added
safety. Note that for any given temperature
the speed of fan (i.e. voltage across
load) can be adjusted to a desired value
by adjusting potmeters VR1 and VR2
appropriately.
Potmeter VR1 should he initially kept
in its mid position to realise a gain of approximately
40 from the instrumentation
amplifier. It may be subsequently trimmed
slightly to obtain linear variation of the
fan speed.
Managementof Loads Using Maximum Demand Meter For Commercial Sector At Peak D...IJERA Editor
Industrial revolution in India since last 25 years has resulted in paradigm shift of residential population from
rural to urban. Thus urbanization and industrialization have resulted in unprecedented increase in electricity
demand. A direct consequence of this increased demand is the immense pressure that is build up on national
electricity grid due to excessive load. This effect is more pronounced especially during peak demand periods. It
becomes mandatory to reduce this pressure on grid in order to have reliable and continuous supply. One
solution to this problem would be the construction of additional power generating facilities, but this solution is
not economic as the installation is very costly as well as more power generating facilities will be threat to the
environment. This solution thus has to be eliminated. A more feasible solution to this problem would be an
instrument like maximum demand controller which can monitor the heavy load demand during peak hours. This
paper proposes a controller which is easy in construction and various tests carried out on it resulted in many
advantages like reduced electricity bill on recurring basis, improved load factor, and economy to the industrial
user. The users of M.D controller can recover its cost through resulted savings in recurring electricity bill.
BTech Electronics & Communication Engineering Project for Embedded Systems on Temperature Controlled Fan using ATMega8 Controller and LM35 Temperature Sensor.
Automatic fan speed controller withour Microcontroller OR An intelligent Spee...Shahid Shihabudeen
an intelligent speed governor for fan. This works without an microcontroller and not on the basis of temperature instead of that it works with the time. Which means by changing the time the speed of the fan also change
This paper presents an innovative prototype design of electric fan with smart characteristics. This electric fan uses a microcontroller to produce an automation function. It also has a unique double feature designs, such as using 2 fans, 2 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and 2 sensors. This is to ensure the cooling process operates more efficiently and effectively, especially for a large space application and in hot weather due to global warming. By applying the circuit, it offers a better life for human. It is really practical for senior citizens to make their life simpler. The circuit is also suitable for disabled people who have difficulty to switch on the fan manually. Lastly, the circuit can be manipulated by diversifying its function as a detector, where it can produce an alarm signal when emergency case occurs such as the house or premise is on fire.
This paper aims to design the pitch angle control based on proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller combined with fuzzy logic for small-scale wind turbine systems. In this control system, the pitch angle is controlled by the PID controller with their parameter is tuned by the fuzzy logic controller. This control system can compensate for the nonlinear characteristic of the pitch angle and wind speed. A comparison between the fuzzy-PID-controller with the conventional PID controller is carried out. The effectiveness of the method is determined by the simulation results of a small wind turbine using a permanent magnet generator (PMSG).
A review on power electronics application on wind turbineseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems. Various wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described, and different technical features are compared. The electrical topologies of wind farms with different wind turbines are summarized and the possible uses of power electronic converters with wind farms are shown. Finally, the possible methods of using the power electronic technology for improving wind turbine performance in power systems to meet the main grid connection requirements are discussed. Keywords—Fault ride-through, grid connection, power electronics converters, reactive power compensation, wind energy conversion, wind farms, wind turbine control.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Managementof Loads Using Maximum Demand Meter For Commercial Sector At Peak D...IJERA Editor
Industrial revolution in India since last 25 years has resulted in paradigm shift of residential population from
rural to urban. Thus urbanization and industrialization have resulted in unprecedented increase in electricity
demand. A direct consequence of this increased demand is the immense pressure that is build up on national
electricity grid due to excessive load. This effect is more pronounced especially during peak demand periods. It
becomes mandatory to reduce this pressure on grid in order to have reliable and continuous supply. One
solution to this problem would be the construction of additional power generating facilities, but this solution is
not economic as the installation is very costly as well as more power generating facilities will be threat to the
environment. This solution thus has to be eliminated. A more feasible solution to this problem would be an
instrument like maximum demand controller which can monitor the heavy load demand during peak hours. This
paper proposes a controller which is easy in construction and various tests carried out on it resulted in many
advantages like reduced electricity bill on recurring basis, improved load factor, and economy to the industrial
user. The users of M.D controller can recover its cost through resulted savings in recurring electricity bill.
BTech Electronics & Communication Engineering Project for Embedded Systems on Temperature Controlled Fan using ATMega8 Controller and LM35 Temperature Sensor.
Automatic fan speed controller withour Microcontroller OR An intelligent Spee...Shahid Shihabudeen
an intelligent speed governor for fan. This works without an microcontroller and not on the basis of temperature instead of that it works with the time. Which means by changing the time the speed of the fan also change
This paper presents an innovative prototype design of electric fan with smart characteristics. This electric fan uses a microcontroller to produce an automation function. It also has a unique double feature designs, such as using 2 fans, 2 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and 2 sensors. This is to ensure the cooling process operates more efficiently and effectively, especially for a large space application and in hot weather due to global warming. By applying the circuit, it offers a better life for human. It is really practical for senior citizens to make their life simpler. The circuit is also suitable for disabled people who have difficulty to switch on the fan manually. Lastly, the circuit can be manipulated by diversifying its function as a detector, where it can produce an alarm signal when emergency case occurs such as the house or premise is on fire.
This paper aims to design the pitch angle control based on proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller combined with fuzzy logic for small-scale wind turbine systems. In this control system, the pitch angle is controlled by the PID controller with their parameter is tuned by the fuzzy logic controller. This control system can compensate for the nonlinear characteristic of the pitch angle and wind speed. A comparison between the fuzzy-PID-controller with the conventional PID controller is carried out. The effectiveness of the method is determined by the simulation results of a small wind turbine using a permanent magnet generator (PMSG).
A review on power electronics application on wind turbineseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems. Various wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described, and different technical features are compared. The electrical topologies of wind farms with different wind turbines are summarized and the possible uses of power electronic converters with wind farms are shown. Finally, the possible methods of using the power electronic technology for improving wind turbine performance in power systems to meet the main grid connection requirements are discussed. Keywords—Fault ride-through, grid connection, power electronics converters, reactive power compensation, wind energy conversion, wind farms, wind turbine control.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and control technique for single phase bipolar H-bridge inverter conne...IJECEIAES
The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. This paper proposes a design and control technique for a photovoltaic inverter connected to the grid based on the digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronise a sinusoidal output current with a grid voltage and control a power factor. The current injected must be sinusoidal with reduced harmonic distortion. The connected PV system is based on H-Bridge inverter controlled by bipolar PWM Switching. The current control technique and functional structure of this system are presented and simulated. Detailed analysis, Simulations results of output voltage and current waveform demonstrate the contribution of this approach to determinate the suitable control of the system. A digital design of a generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on a Xilinx FPGA and it has been validated with experimental results. As a result, the proposed inverter implementation is simple, and it becomes an attractive solution for low power grid connected applications.
Optimized servo-speed control of wind turbine coupled to doubly fed inductio...IJECEIAES
Optimal control of any variable speed wind turbine needs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) coupled to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for better power generation. This paper offers a novel direct power servo-speed control of wind turbine. This latter is based on DFIG optimal hysteresis MPPT inverter current control combined with space voltage modulation (SVM) inverter voltage technique, thus providing a stable and continuous energy flow to power grid. In this design, the asynchronous machine stator is directly connected to the grid. Bidirectional power converter, acting as frequency converter, is rotor circuit located. Rectifier supplies rotor windings with voltages and reference frequency resulting from control procedure of the power exchange between the stator and grid. Inverter is directly controlled by means of SVM technique to maintain direct current (DC) bus voltage constant. Simulation results show that the proposed configuration improves power converters efficiency due that rotor circuit needs less power than stator circuit which is injected into the grid.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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In the work of [16], a fan speed regulator which uses microcontroller to control a dc fan was
presented. One drawback of the design was that the speed of the fan cannot be decided unless by the use of
thermistor judgment in the power supply circuit powering the microcontroller. Also, with the modification of
the circuit to power an AC fan, it was not possible to change the direction of rotation of the fan. In another
study conducted by [17], a microcontroller was used to regulate the speed of an AC fan using input from two
push buttons. One of the push buttons was used for increasing the speed of the fan, while the other one was
used for reducing the speed of the fan.
The pitfall of this work was that the user has to walk all the way to where the push button controls
are before he can operate the fan. This makes it difficult if not impossible for disabled people to use.
Abel [18], in his work used PIC microcontroller to control the Speed of an AC fan by changing the firing
angle of a triac as the room surrounding temperature changed. The temperature change in the surrounding
was observed by a temperature sensor and interpreted by the microcontroller. The microcontroller made
logical decisions about how fast the fan would rotate based on the temperature of the surrounding at
a particular moment. In this work, a standing fan which cannot achieve change in direction of rotation unless
its motor winding assembly is reoriented was used, hence only speed control was achieved. In system
automation, speed control can be classified into four groups: inductive regulator, resistive regulator, phase
angle-controlled regulator and capacitive regulator.
- Inductive regulator
Inductive voltage regulator is a type of electrical device in which the output voltage may vary from
zero to a certain maximum value depending upon the ratio of the turns in the primary and secondary winding.
The primary winding is connected to the circuit which is to be regulated and secondary is connected in series
with the fan. This type of fan regulator has a tapping on the winding of a transformer and the inductive
reactance is varied to achieve variation in speed. From the work of [19], the effective inductive reactance is
the combination of the transformer and the fan inductances which gives a voltage drop across the fan and
therefore, the speed is altered. At the highest speed, the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply
and at the lowest speed, there is a high value inductor in series with the load. This method used here has
an advantage of low heat power dissipation but has its disadvantages in giving low power factor, high cost of
implementing and bulkiness due to its excessive components like the transformer. This work also lacks
the function of being bi-directional in the rotation of the fan blades.
- Resistive regulator
Resistive regulator also known as conventional fan regulator consists of a wire wound resistor with
different taps which is connected in series with the motor of the fan. The resistance depends upon
the material of the conductor. The principle of operation is that of a rheostat or a resistance potential divider
arrangement. As the steps (of the knob on the regulator box) decreases, the resistance of the circuit increases
and lower power is applied to the fan [20, 21]. Obviously, the power consumption by the fan will be less at
lower speeds by this arrangement, but this is not an energy saving method. The voltage drop across
the resistance is converted into heat losses (I2R), so the energy is dissipated in the form of heat. This wastage
of energy which is a disadvantage of its usage is more at high resistance and lower speed condition.
- Phase angle-controlled (TRIAC and DIAC) regulator
Due to the advancement in power electronic technology, the alternative design of fan regulator
can be easily implemented to reduce the energy losses that are caused by conventional voltage regulators.
In the work of [22], Phase angle-controlled regulators were used and it employed active devices such as
DIAC (Diode Alternating Current) and TRIAC (Triode Alternating Current). The basic principle is to change
the firing angle of the TRIAC in order to change the voltage across the fan. This type of regulator provides
the step less control of the fan speed by deriving the required amount of power from the main supply at
a given instant. Hence, the power is conserved rather than wasted unnecessarily.
The importance of the TRIAC and DIAC is its continuous and step less control of the fan speed,
power saving is achieved at all the speeds by minimizing the energy losses. It consists of simple circuit which
requires a smaller number of components and it is efficient as compared with resistive type due to lower
power consumption. Its disadvantages are that its speed control is not linear and it is expensive. It produces
humming sound that is disturbing and has higher failure rate as active devices are susceptible to power
supply. Also, it has transients and interference which causes EMI/RFI (electromagnetic/radio frequency
interferences) creating disturbances in television and radio sets.
- The capacitor regulators
From the three-different method of control reviewed, we could overcome their deficiencies by using
the capacitor regulators [23]. This type of regulator helps to save power at all speeds of the fan. The idea
behind a capacitor regulator is to adjust the voltage across the motor of the fan. In the capacitor regulator,
the voltage where Q is the charge across the capacitor and C is the capacitance inversely
proportional to the voltage. Thus, as the capacitance decreases the voltage and the speed of the fan increases.
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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Capacitor regulators present many obvious benefits: They produce no power loss in the circuit, no heat
generation, and consequently no extra expense, and it is not bulky. In addition, the capacitor provides linear
control of speed [24]. Since they are energy efficient, their power consumption is low and it has no
distracting humming sound when the circuit is in operation.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was broken into
functional block diagram as shown in Figure 1, where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function [25].
Figure 1. Block diagram of the bi-direction and speed control of the A.C fan
2.1. Remote control transmitting section
The remote-control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal, which is received by the
infra-red sensor. Its implementation process is described as follows.
2.1.1. Programming the microcontroller for the remote control
The AVR (Advanced Virtual RISC) microcontroller was chosen because of its easy usage and
the ability to accept programs written in “C++” language. AVR is a family of microcontrollers. FThese
are modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontrollers. The programing is divided into
two steps. In the first step, a program was written to enable the microcontroller decode the remote hex file.
Each remote has a unique hex file. In this project, we made use of a DVD remote control. The decoded hex
file is returned to the main program which is the second step of the programing.
2.1.2. Decoding the remote
The next step in achieving the remote signal transmission was determined by the transmitter hex
file & for this, we conducted an experiment which involved the use of an Arduino Uno software, Arduino
hardware, TFM5560 receiver, a DVD remote and a computer system. The hardware diagram that gave
the hex file of the remote is shown in Figure 2. Next, we ran a program. One problem encountered was that
our Arduino software had no IRremote.h. This library was downloaded unzipped and installed in the Arduino
library. As this was done, we then clicked on the remote button, collected the hex file and then wrote them
down. This was used in writing the main program for this study.
Figure 2. Circuit connection for determining the hex file of the remote
1.
2.
3.
Dc power section
Microcontroller
Relay section and capacitor
control Ceiling fan
IR
Transmitter
A.C. power
source
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2.1.3. Inputting the hex file into the main program
The main program was written in “C++” language and the hex file was used as the key element that
drives the action in the code. The algorithm of the code is shown in Figure 3, while the main code is
contained in appendix B. The algorithm of Figure 3 shows how the program code functions. The IR
transmitter sends hex files which is received by the IR receiver. This information selects which relay to click.
The relay and the capacitor circuits were connected as the right relay was clicked.
Figure 3. The program algorithm for the hex file
2.2. The control section
This section is the control of the fan by the remote through the capacitor function. The remote was
decoded and set, a signal was sent from it to the receiver, after which the capacitor and relay circuits received
and understood the information and functioned accordingly in speed or direction.
- Operation of the relay and capacitor control circuit
The circuit diagram for the capacitor and relay control is given in Figure 4. Figure 4 design operates
on the fact that when a motor capacitor is connected in series with an A.C. source, the voltage across
the capacitor decreases, this increases the motor voltage and hence the speed. In other words, increasing
the capacitance of the capacitor decreases the voltage across it and hence the speed. The capacitors shown in
Figure 4 have different capacitance value. The speed level to be achieved is a function of the capacitance
value. The connection and disconnection of the capacitors are achieved by the switching of the relays. Relay
RL5 as depicted in Figure 4 is used to change the fan direction of rotation. When the capacitor is connected
in series with coil 2 by the NC terminal of the relay, the fan rotated anti-clockwise. In this case, coil 2 is
the starting coil while coil 1 is the running coil. When the common is moved to NO, the operation was
reversed and the fan rotated clockwise.
Figure 4. The relay connection and capacitor speed control circuits
RL1
9V
RL2
9V
RL3
9V
RL4
9V
RL5
9V
C2
100n
C3
100n
C4
100n
C5
100n
L1
120nH
L2
120nH
C1
100n
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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2.3. Simulation of the circuit using proteus isis software
The circuit diagram for the control of the relay is shown in Figure 5. The program code in appendix
B was used to control the relays. The circuit also shows the proper connections made from the Arduino UNO
to the relays.
Figure 5. The circuit diagram for relay control
3. WORK IMPLEMENTATION
The work was implemented on a printed circuit board and packaged using plastic locally available
materials as shown in Figures 6 and 7. From Figure 6, the relay section is seen in blue while the capacitor
with different tapings is shown at the left hand-side. The right-hand side is the microcontroller
atmega328P-pu it is packaged in Arduino Uno board. The capacitor with different tapping in Figure 7 has
4 tapping points which is responsible for different speed levels.
Figure 6. Control circuit implementation diagram Figure 7. Implemented circuit diagram showing
capacitor control with different tapings
- Testing
The infrared remote-control signal has a carrier signal range of 36KHZ or 38KHZ. A transmission
typically starts with a burst (“on” state) that is used for the automatic gain control (AGC) circulatory in
the receiver followed by the “off” state and the actual data transmission. Therefore, the signal can only be
“on” or “off” at a time. In the overall circuit shown in Figure 8, the three major components to be connected
together are: the fan, the control circuit and the power supply unit. The fan has three terminals namely- first
connection from the capacitor C1, second connection from the capacitor C2 and the third connection from
the live wire L1. The control circuit has 5 terminals namely: regulator R1 which is the first terminal of
the capacitor regulator, regulator R2 which is the second terminal of the capacitor regulator, the common „C‟
DIGITAL (~PWM)
ANALOG IN
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
~
~
~
~
~
~
microcontrolandos.blogspot.com
TX
RXPD0/RXD
0
PD1/TXD
1
PD2/INT0
2
PD3/INT1
3
PD4/T0/XCK
4
PD5/T1
5
PD6/AIN0
6
PD7/AIN1
7
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
8
PB1/OC1A
9
PB2/SS/OC1B
10
PB3/MOSI/OC2A
11
PB4/MISO
12
PB5/SCK
13
AREF
PC5/ADC5/SCL
A5
PC4/ADC4/SDA
A4
PC3/ADC3
A3
PC2/ADC2
A2
PC1/ADC1
A1
PC0/ADC0
A0
RESET
DUINO1
ARDUINO UNO R3
1B
1
1C
16
2B
2
2C
15
3B
3
3C
14
4B
4
4C
13
5B
5
5C
12
6B
6
6C
11
7B
7
7C
10
COM
9
U1
ULN2003A
RL1
5V
RL2
5V
RL3
5V
RL4
5V
RL5
5V
RL6
5V
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of the relay which is the neutral input to the fan, the normally open of the relay „NO‟ which is an extension
for reverse direction and „NC‟ the normally closed terminal of the relay. The A.C source has two terminals,
L live wire and N neutal wire which supplies power to the system.
4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION
The study was focused on the development and implementation of a microcontroller based remote
control ac fan using infrared frequency. The remote control was able to regulate the speed and bi-directional
rotation of the fan. A transmitter was used to send signal at frequency of 36Khz via an ardiuno
microcontroller to the receive circuit that activates the remote operation. The microcontroller was able to
understand the command sent by the user through the transmitter. With the knowledge of
the new state-of-the art technique in Engineering, the variable speed control and the bi-directional rotation of
the fan were achieved at low cost making it possible for people to afford and keep their lives more
comfortable. The system was tested and found to meet expected result. From the completed work shown in
Figure 9, it can be concluded that speed control of fan using capacitors is very efficient and reliable. The use
of capacitors present many obvious benefits as they produce no power loss, no electromagnetic and radio
frequency interference, it is cost effective, and not bulky, devoid of humming due to heat dissipation.
The system presents better efficiency when compared with other works designed with TRIAC and resistor
control methods.
Figure 8. Test connection diagram of the work Figure 9. Image of the completed work
REFERENCES
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Boniface O. Anyaka is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. He had his M.Eng in Electric
Power System/Applied Automatics from the University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland in 1988
and his Ph.D. from the Department of Electrical Engineering. University of Nigeria, Nsukka in
2011. He has held a number of positions in the university system. He was the director, student‟s
industrial work experience scheme (SIWES), University of Nigeria Nsukka and Enugu campuses
(2006 – 2008). He was the acting Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka (2011-2013) and the immediate past Associate Dean, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (2016-2018) Engr. Dr. Anyaka is a registered member of
the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), corporate member, Nigeria
Society of Engineers (NSE), member, Solar Energy Society of Nigeria (SESN), and Member
Nigeria Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (NIEEE). His major field of research
interest is in the areas of power system modelling and renewable energy (Photovoltaic). He has to
his credit, over 50 publications in both local and international journals.
Ene Princewill Chigozie is a researcher under the Instrumentation and Robotic Control group at
the Exxon Mobile Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, ESUT. He obtained a B.Sc. Degree in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering and M.Eng. Degree in Instrumentation and Control
Engineering from EEE Dept. ESUT in 2006 and 2012 respectively. He is a member of Nigerian
Society of Engineers (NSE), Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN),
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). His scientific interests include Artificial
Intelligence in Robotic Control, Mechatronics, signal Processing, Computer Vision, and Power
System Security. He has collaborated actively with researchers in other disciplines of engineering.
8. ISSN: 2088-8708
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Fortune C. Amanze is a graduate researcher at the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria. His research interest is in the field of Power
Systems, Control Engineering and Renewable Energy Systems.
Engr. Luke Uwakwe Omeje, B.Eng. 2014, M.Eng. 2019. He is a Staff in Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka His research interest is Power System
Modelling. He is also a Registered Member of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in
Nigeria.
Kenneth C. Chike holds a bachelor degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria. He is currently a masters Engineering student in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His Research area interest is
in Power Systems Engineering and Renewable Energy.