This document describes an automated system for controlling maximum load using an 8051 microcontroller. The system monitors energy consumption using an energy meter and calculates the instantaneous load. It compares the load to the permitted maximum and triggers load shedding by tripping circuits if exceeded. This allows controlling maximum demand without human intervention. Exceeding limits increases utility bills significantly due to penalties, so this system helps consumers reduce costs by preventing excess load. The system is programmed in embedded C and provides an economical, accurate way to control maximum demand for various applications like industries and buildings.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
The pulse generator which has been implemented in the pulse electric field (PEF) treatment system for food processing is worth to be highlighted and improved. It is parallel with the advancement in semiconductor technology, which offers robust and accurate devices. This research is an effort to produce a low cost, compact and reliable pulse generator as well as equipped with a pulse width modulation (PWM) method for wide selection of frequency and duty cycle. The result shows that the simulation process has proven the theoretical concept to be right and yields the desired outcome based on the designed values. Then, the actual printed circuit board (PCB) has been fabricated to obtain practical results which intended to be compared with the simulation outcomes. Concerning the frequency and its duty cycle, both parameters can be altered without affecting each other. It means by changing the frequency, duty cycle remains the same and vice versa. Thus, this proposed pulse generator achieves its objective and fits to be implemented in PEF treatment technology. It also can replace the conventional pulse forming network (PFN) which is bulky and costly.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
The pulse generator which has been implemented in the pulse electric field (PEF) treatment system for food processing is worth to be highlighted and improved. It is parallel with the advancement in semiconductor technology, which offers robust and accurate devices. This research is an effort to produce a low cost, compact and reliable pulse generator as well as equipped with a pulse width modulation (PWM) method for wide selection of frequency and duty cycle. The result shows that the simulation process has proven the theoretical concept to be right and yields the desired outcome based on the designed values. Then, the actual printed circuit board (PCB) has been fabricated to obtain practical results which intended to be compared with the simulation outcomes. Concerning the frequency and its duty cycle, both parameters can be altered without affecting each other. It means by changing the frequency, duty cycle remains the same and vice versa. Thus, this proposed pulse generator achieves its objective and fits to be implemented in PEF treatment technology. It also can replace the conventional pulse forming network (PFN) which is bulky and costly.
A review on power electronics application on wind turbineseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems. Various wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described, and different technical features are compared. The electrical topologies of wind farms with different wind turbines are summarized and the possible uses of power electronic converters with wind farms are shown. Finally, the possible methods of using the power electronic technology for improving wind turbine performance in power systems to meet the main grid connection requirements are discussed. Keywords—Fault ride-through, grid connection, power electronics converters, reactive power compensation, wind energy conversion, wind farms, wind turbine control.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
Analysis and control of four quadrant operation of three phase brushless dc (...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
GSM Based Wireless Load-Shedding Management System for Non Emergency ConditionEditor IJMTER
In that papers, most of us current a new cost-effective wireless allocated fill shedding
technique for non-emergency scenarios. Throughout electric power transformer destinations
wherever SCADA technique can't be utilized, your suggested remedy offers a realistic choice that
will includes the usage of microcontrollers as well as recent GSM commercial infrastructure in order
to deliver first alert SMS communications in order to customers counseling them to proactively
lessen their particular electric power usage prior to technique capacity can be attained as well as stepby-step electric power shutdown takes place. Some sort of story verbal exchanges process as well as
message arranged are invented to deal with your messaging between the transformer web sites, the
spot that the microcontrollers are situated as well as the spot that the sizes occur, as well as the key
control web page the spot that the repository server can be organized. Furthermore, the machine
posts alert communications towards the end-users mobile products which have been utilized since
verbal exchanges terminals. The system has become put in place as well as tried by using distinct
experimental effects.
FOUR QUADRANT SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLERJournal For Research
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Igbt based on vector control of induction motor driveeSAT Journals
Abstract
Generally, induction motor is fed by Current supply Inverter (CSI). During this project, hybrid model during which CSI area unit
accustomed feed the induction motor, are introduced. CSI employed in this work is SCR primarily based device. the standard gate
turn-off thyristor (GTO) primarily based CSI-fed induction motor drives suffer from draw- backs like low-frequency torsion pulsation,
harmonic heating and unstable operation at low-speed ranges. so as to beat these drawbacks, STATCOM is an efficient answer for
facing such power quality issues. This report deals with one in all the potential applications of Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM) to industrial systems for mitigation of voltage dip drawback. The dip in voltage is mostly encountered throughout the
beginning of Associate in nursing induction motor. The model of STATCOM connected in shunt configuration to a 3 part supply
feeding dynamic motor masses is developed exploitation Simulink of MATLAB software package. Simulated results demonstrate that
STATCOM may be thought-about as a viable answer for finding such voltage dip issues. This thesis work aims at developing a
STATCOM for induction machines with reduced voltage dip.
Keywords: STATCOM, CSI,
Compensation of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Voltage Sag and Swell Using Dyna...IJAPEJOURNAL
DVR is a equipment which was connected in series and adjusting the loading voltage by feeding the voltage in system. The first installation was in 1996. usually DVR installed between sensitive loads feeder and source in distribution system .The main duty, fast support load voltage (by fast detection algorithm) during disturbance to avoid any disconnection. in this paper approaches to compensate for voltage sag and swell as a common disturbance in voltage transmission and distribution networks is presented. A dynamic voltage restorer based on the dq0 algorithm for three-phase and dynamic voltage restorer based on the average detection method for single-phase are discussed, also in this paper we compare the two methods used to compensate the single-phase and three-phase process. result of three-phase and single-phase voltage sag and swell simulation has been presented by MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
A review on power electronics application on wind turbineseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems. Various wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described, and different technical features are compared. The electrical topologies of wind farms with different wind turbines are summarized and the possible uses of power electronic converters with wind farms are shown. Finally, the possible methods of using the power electronic technology for improving wind turbine performance in power systems to meet the main grid connection requirements are discussed. Keywords—Fault ride-through, grid connection, power electronics converters, reactive power compensation, wind energy conversion, wind farms, wind turbine control.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
Analysis and control of four quadrant operation of three phase brushless dc (...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
GSM Based Wireless Load-Shedding Management System for Non Emergency ConditionEditor IJMTER
In that papers, most of us current a new cost-effective wireless allocated fill shedding
technique for non-emergency scenarios. Throughout electric power transformer destinations
wherever SCADA technique can't be utilized, your suggested remedy offers a realistic choice that
will includes the usage of microcontrollers as well as recent GSM commercial infrastructure in order
to deliver first alert SMS communications in order to customers counseling them to proactively
lessen their particular electric power usage prior to technique capacity can be attained as well as stepby-step electric power shutdown takes place. Some sort of story verbal exchanges process as well as
message arranged are invented to deal with your messaging between the transformer web sites, the
spot that the microcontrollers are situated as well as the spot that the sizes occur, as well as the key
control web page the spot that the repository server can be organized. Furthermore, the machine
posts alert communications towards the end-users mobile products which have been utilized since
verbal exchanges terminals. The system has become put in place as well as tried by using distinct
experimental effects.
FOUR QUADRANT SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLERJournal For Research
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Igbt based on vector control of induction motor driveeSAT Journals
Abstract
Generally, induction motor is fed by Current supply Inverter (CSI). During this project, hybrid model during which CSI area unit
accustomed feed the induction motor, are introduced. CSI employed in this work is SCR primarily based device. the standard gate
turn-off thyristor (GTO) primarily based CSI-fed induction motor drives suffer from draw- backs like low-frequency torsion pulsation,
harmonic heating and unstable operation at low-speed ranges. so as to beat these drawbacks, STATCOM is an efficient answer for
facing such power quality issues. This report deals with one in all the potential applications of Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM) to industrial systems for mitigation of voltage dip drawback. The dip in voltage is mostly encountered throughout the
beginning of Associate in nursing induction motor. The model of STATCOM connected in shunt configuration to a 3 part supply
feeding dynamic motor masses is developed exploitation Simulink of MATLAB software package. Simulated results demonstrate that
STATCOM may be thought-about as a viable answer for finding such voltage dip issues. This thesis work aims at developing a
STATCOM for induction machines with reduced voltage dip.
Keywords: STATCOM, CSI,
Compensation of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Voltage Sag and Swell Using Dyna...IJAPEJOURNAL
DVR is a equipment which was connected in series and adjusting the loading voltage by feeding the voltage in system. The first installation was in 1996. usually DVR installed between sensitive loads feeder and source in distribution system .The main duty, fast support load voltage (by fast detection algorithm) during disturbance to avoid any disconnection. in this paper approaches to compensate for voltage sag and swell as a common disturbance in voltage transmission and distribution networks is presented. A dynamic voltage restorer based on the dq0 algorithm for three-phase and dynamic voltage restorer based on the average detection method for single-phase are discussed, also in this paper we compare the two methods used to compensate the single-phase and three-phase process. result of three-phase and single-phase voltage sag and swell simulation has been presented by MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
Improving Stability of Utility-Tied Wind Generators using Dynamic Voltage Res...IJMTST Journal
The generation of electricity using wind power is significantly increasing and has received considerable attention in recent years. One important problem with the induction generator based wind farms is that they are vulnerable to voltage disturbances and short circuit faults. Any such disturbance may cause wind farm outages. Since wind power contribution is in considerable percentage, such outages may lead to power system stability issues and also violate the grid code requirements. Thus, improving the reliability of wind farms is essential to maintain the stability of the system. The proposed strategy is to use Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is one of the promising devices to compensate the voltage disturbance and to improve the stability of the system. It provides the wind generator with the fault ride through capability and improves the reliability of the system. Fuzzy Logic controller is used as a controller in order to control the dc link voltages and to reduce the harmonics. Simulation results for a 2 MW wind turbine are presented, especially for asymmetrical grid faults. They show the effectiveness of the DVR in comparison to the low voltage ride-through of the DFIG using a crowbar that does not allow continuous reactive power production. Extensive simulation results are included to illustrate the operation of DVR and fault compensation.
Development of Power Signal Distributor for Electronic Power MetersIJAEMSJORNAL
The Power Signal Distribution Device is a device that distributes the watt pulse (WP) and the End of the interval (EOI) in real time by receiving the power signal from the electronic power meter installed in a building or factory. It is possible to prevent electrical damage of the electronic power meter due to the abnormally applied back electromotive force. And it is possible to construct a redundant system of demand controller and power surveillance system by calculating and analyzing power consumption through power signal provided by the electronic power meter. It is also applicable to demand response monitoring device.
Every electrical system needs power as the supply. Power is rated at each and amount of energy is used to accomplish the work. Electrical power is measured in kwhr which is determine by V*I. In the industries high power consumption than the contracted one can lead to severe penalties. Often there are power peak produce by the load co incidence that normally do not work in simultaneously. In order to avoid penalties one solution would be increase in the contracted power according to the maximum resister peak but on contract this will force to pay higher power than it is really needed. Another solution will be avoiding the consumption peaks through a vigilance element that a device of the risk situation or it can disconnect certain noncritical load such as air conditioning compressors lighting and fans. Maximum demand refers to the maximum amount of electrical energy that is being consumed at a given time. The general purpose of maximum demand meter is to monitor and control the maximum power demand in order also can reduced the monthly electricity bill. By using the meter, the user do not have to worry that their electricity bill will increase thus have to pay lot of money on bills. Maximum power demand meter can benefit every user specially factories. The information and also knowledge that been used to produce the meter can benefit the society. Assembly language will be used to design a program for specific purpose which is to monitor and controlling power demand.
The aim of this paper is to control the speed of DC motor. The main advantage in using a DC
motor is that the Speed-Torque relationship can be varied to almost any useful form. To achieve the
speed control an electronic technique called Pulse Width Modulation is used which generates High and
Low pulses. These pulses vary the speed in the motor. For the generation of these pulses a
microcontroller (AT89c51) is used. As a microcontroller is used to set the speed ranges which is done by
changing the duty cycles time period in the program. This is practical and highly feasible in economic
point of view, and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. This paper gives a reliable,
durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor.
Modeling & analysis of standalone photovoltaic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents the three phase Photovoltaic system connected with variable load in a standalone mode’s mathematical modeling using MATLAB/ Simulink environment. The system consist of a PV Array, Boost converter, three phase inverter and its control to maintain load in standalone mode. The 40 kW systems at the college site is under the study with a variable inductive load of 30kW which has to be fed by PV system in continuous mode .This paper gives analysis of each components of system while maintaining the load. The constant and boosted DC voltage is obtained with the help of boost converter from PV Array. The three phase IGBT inverter PWM control scheme is proposed here to normalize the voltage imbalance during variable load. Keywords: Photovoltaic System, Boost Converter, IGBT Inverter, and PI Controller etc…
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
AI for Every Business: Unlocking Your Product's Universal Potential by VP of ...
A04420107
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 04, Issue 04 (April. 2014), ||V2|| PP 01-07
International organization of Scientific Research 1 | P a g e
Automation of Maximum Load Control using 8051-
Microcontroller
Mr. B. T. Ramakrishna Rao, Anand Daga, K.V.V.Srinivasa Rao,
M.NaveenKumar, B.Ajay Kumar.
* Associate Professor, EEE- Dept., Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vizianagaram, Andhra
Pradesh
** UG Students, EEE Dept., Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract : - It is from past few decades that the maximum demand for different types of consumers are being
controlled manually in different forms, but in this project we would like to propose the control of maximum
demand without involvement of human activity i.e., by using a controller. The controller used in this case can be
of different types and can belong to any type of family. In this paper, we employ 8051 controller. The load
demand at every instant is calculated and is compared with the permissible maximum load demand value, and
when the instantaneous maximum demand value is inferior than the permissible limit then the operation is
considered to be in equilibrium state, but when the value of instantaneous maximum demand crosses the limits
of permissible maximum load demand then the controller comes into picture and controls(trips) the load by the
phenomena of load shedding based on the priority set by the user.
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Maximum Demand: It is the greatest demand of the load on the Power station during a given period.
The load on the power station varies from time to time. The maximum of all the demands that have occurred
during a given period is the maximum demand.
Fig 1.1: Maximum Demand Graph
1.2. Effects of uncontrolled Maximum demand: 1.Unscheduled increase of demand on power system which
effects the whole power system. 2. Heavy fine being imposed on the consumer when the maximum load demand
value crosses the specified limit. 3. Possibility of unwanted power transmission and unwanted utilization.
1.3. How can we control Maximum demand: The purpose of controlling the demand is, not to exceed the
contracted maximum demand limit. One way to do this is to shed non-critical loads...
Possible loads to be disconnected: Lights, Compressors, Air conditioners, Pumps, Fans and extractors,
Packaging machinery, Shredders, Others... Generally, all those machine which do not affect the main production
process or which are not essential.
II. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
1.1 Types of Demand:
2.1.1. Maximum Demand: It is the greatest demand of the load on the Power station during a given period. The
load on the power station varies from time to time. The maximum of all the demands that have occurred during
a given period is the maximum demand.
2.1.2. Peak Load: It is the summit value of the power consumed in a specified time period.
2. Automation of Maximum Load Control using 8051-Microcontroller
International organization of Scientific Research 2 | P a g e
2.1.3. Average Load: The average of loads occurring on power station in a given period is known as average
load or average demand.
2.1.4. Connected Load: It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipments connected to supply system.
The sum of connected loads of all the consumers is the connected load to the power station.
2.1.5. Demand Factor: It is the ratio of Maximum demand on the power station to its connected load.
2.1.6. Load Factor: The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is known as load
factor
2.1.7. Diversity Factor: The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on
power station is known as diversity factor.
2.1.8. Plant Capacity Factor: It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that
could have been produced during a given period.
III. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
3.1. Energy Meter: An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical
energy consumed by a residence, business or an electrically powered device.
Fig 3.1: Energy Meter
3.2. Bridge Rectifier: A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge
circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
Fig 3.2: Bridge Rectifier
3.3. 7805-Voltage regulator: 7805 Voltage Regulator is a electronic circuit used for regulating voltage upto 5v
DC
Fig 3.3: 7805-Voltage Regulator
3. Automation of Maximum Load Control using 8051-Microcontroller
International organization of Scientific Research 3 | P a g e
3.4. Blinking Reader (Light Dependent Resistor): A photoresistor LDR or photocell is a light-controlled
variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other
words, it exhibits photoconductivity.
Fig 3.4: Light Dependent Resistor
3.5. Buffer: A buffer is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to another.
Fig 3.5: 555- Buffer
3.6. Micro Controller: Microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on
single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
It also includes RAM chip in it. It can be used for controlling the process being carried out.
3.6.1 Oscillator: A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This
frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock
signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers.
Fig 3.6: AT89S52-MicroController Fig 3.6.1: Crystal Oscillator
3.7. Alarm Circuit/Buzzer: An alarm circuit gives an audible or other form of alarm signal about a problem or
condition. Alarm circuit is outfitted with a siren.
Fig 3.7: Alarm Circuit/Buzzer
3.8. Current driving circuit: It is a current amplifying circuit which is used to strengthen the value of current
to drive relays.
4. Automation of Maximum Load Control using 8051-Microcontroller
International organization of Scientific Research 4 | P a g e
Fig 3.8: Current driving circuit
3.9. 16*2 LCD Display Segment: It has 16 pins. Out of which 8 pins are used to dump data in ASCII
equivalent Binary form and for this the data is feed from a port of Microcontroller.
Fig 3.9: 16*2 LCD Display Segment
3.10. Relay-Circuit Breaker Circuits: It is a combination of a relay and a circuit breaker
Fig 3.10: Relay-Circuit Breaker
IV. DESIGN, CALCULATION AND OPERATION OF CIRCUIT
1.2 Design of circuit:
4.1.1. Power Supply Circuit: The input to the whole circuit is given from a 1-Phase 230V source which is
stepped down to 5V DC using a circuit which is termed as POWER CIRCUIT. This circuit comprises of
different elements like Transformer, Bridge rectifier, Capacitors, Voltage regulator, LED.
Here the transformer used is to step-down the voltage from 230 volts to 9volts.
Bridge rectifier is used for rectifying action, i.e. AC voltage is converted to DC Voltage.
Capacitor is used for maintaining healthy output without ripples.
Voltage regulator is used for to automatically maintain a constant voltage level of 5V DC.
LED it is used to indicate the activation of the power circuit.
The power circuit described above is as shown in Figure 4.1.1:-
Fig 4.1.1: Power Supply Circuit
4.1.2. Controller Circuit: This circuit is mainly meant to mentor the whole process i.e. it controls the whole
process depending upon the requirement and the program written. The major components used in this circuit are
Buffer Circuit (555 Circuit), 8051MC, Reset switch, Crystal Oscillator, 16*2 LCD Display, Current driving
circuit, buzzer, Relay based circuit breaker. In this circuit, 8051 controller is considered as heart of the control
circuit.16*2 LCD Display is used to display the data. While relays are driven using the current from current
driving circuit.
5. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 04, Issue 04 (April. 2014), ||V2|| PP 01-07
International organization of Scientific Research 5 | P a g e
Fig 4.1.2: Controller Circuit
4.2 Operation of Circuit: The operation of the circuit is simple and easy. Firstly the input is tapped from a
230V AC Source and it is stepped down to 9V AC and then is converted to DC 5V by using a cascaded
connection of a Bridge rectifier and a 7805-Voltage regulator. This 5V supply is used for 555, 8051MC, 16*2
LCD Display Segment. The data is completely controlled by using the instructions given in the controller.
According to the instructions in controller, when the maximum demand crosses its specified value/range, the
buzzer is activated(as an alarm/indication) and the amount of power being consumed is displayed on LCD
Segment , and if the load is not set back within specified limits in the given time, one of the port of 8051MC(the
port-as specified in the program) gets activated(active high state), then the signal from this port is driven and
amplified by current driving circuit and is given to relay based circuit breaker and the load is tripped off.
Fig 4.2.1: Basic block diagram (Sketch) Fig 4.2.2: Implemented practical Main Circuit
4.3 Calculations:
In energy meter, the amount of energy being consumed is indicated by the blinking of a LED. Now by
using this blinking phenomenon, the energy being consumed at each and every instant is analyzed (calculated)
and is compared with the allowable/permissible maximum demand value.
i.e., with increase in load the number of pulses generated also increases with inturn reduces the time between
two pulses, and it is given as:
Where Pulse distance is the measure of pulse width in time.
For example,
Consider a meter with energy-meter constant of 3200 blinks/kWh,
We know that,
6. Automation of Maximum Load Control using 8051-Microcontroller
International organization of Scientific Research 6 | P a g e
Where, Pulse Distance1: Is the time period of the blink pulse under rating as specified for energy meter (for a
3200 blink meter its value is 3600/3200= 1.125sec/blink for 1kWh).
Energy consumed1: Energy consumption at the instant of pulse 1(basically its value is 1kWh)
And,
Where, Pulse Distance2: Is the time period of the blink pulse under loaded condition (its value is calculated by
using a timer in controller).
Energy consumed2: It is energy being consumed at the loaded condition. Its value is calculated using
the above formula.
For example:
Energy consumed1: 1kWh, Pulse Distance1: 1.125sec Pulse Distance2: 1.5sec (say) then
Thus calculated Energy consumed2 is compared with permissible limit/ pre-set limit value of maximum demand
at every instant using controller.
V. PROGRAMMING DESCRIPTION
5.1. Introduction to programming:
A program is nothing but a set of instructions. And these instructions are given in form of programming.
There are mainly two platforms for programming, they are:
1. Assembly Level Language,
2. Embedded-C.
The basic platform used for programming in this paper is Embedded-C.
5.2. Embedded C: Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the C
Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded
systems.
5.3. Programming for Controlling Maximum Load Demand: Programming for controlling maximum
demand is also done using Embedded-C.
6 6.1. Output:
How does this effect your bill?
This example shows how excess power consumption effects the consumer:
Permissible maximum demand/ Contracted power: 70 kVA (say)
Now, consider a case of 30days, in which the maximum load is considered within the permissible limit i.e.
70KVA
Let, the no. of units consumed (in 30 Days): 11764 kVAH
Tariff under normal condition:
Where ‘b’- charge per kVA of maximum demand,
‘c’- charge per kVAH of energy consumed.
And ,
Therefore, the value of tariff under normal working condition ( ): Rs 73967.2.
Now, consider a case with maximum demand crossing its limits beyond the permissible maximum demand
value,
Maximum demand recorded (in kVA) (or) kVA-Demand meter reading: 125.43 kVA (>70 kVA),
Excess power consumed: 125.43kVA-70kVA=55.43 kVA ,
kVA penalty *( ) : 55.43kVA.
Now under this condition the tariff rates are altered since the value of ‘b’ i.e. charge per kVA of maximum
demand is doubled and the modified tariff is as follows:
Tariff, when the consumer crosses the maximum demand limit:
Where ‘b’- charge per kVA of maximum demand,
7. Automation of Maximum Load Control using 8051-Microcontroller
International organization of Scientific Research 7 | P a g e
‘c’- charge per kVAh of energy consumed,
‘ ’- kVA penalty (it is the excess power value that is consumed beyond permissible value).
and , ,&
Therefore, the value of tariff when the consumer crosses the maximum demand limit ( ): Rs 1,01,682.2
The difference in the tariff = -
= 1,01,682.2 – 73,967.2
= 27,715 Rs
Therefore, the change in tariff is: 27,715 Rs
Percentage increase in tariff: 37.47%
This unwanted increase in tariff can be minimized by a reasonable extent.
6.2. Advantages:
This system of maximum demand control with 8051-controller is simple, sensible, reliable, fast, accurate.
It consumes very less power and is very compact.
It is very feasible, economical and has good efficiency.
6.3. Applications:
It can be installed in almost all kind of applications irrespective of the type of consumer.
It can be used directly for controlling the maximum demand by simply specifying the value in program.
It can also be used in different type of organizations like workplaces, colleges, apartments(main D.B., near
Transformer ),in all scales of industries(including large, medium &small scale)
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has represented a novel strategy of controlling the value of maximum demand over a time
period using a controller. The control is made with ease by using a controller with Embedded-C platform. The
effects of uncontrolled maximum demands are illustrated above in this paper and based on those points it is
strongly recommended for control of maximum demand in automated form (i.e. with least human effort) for all
types of consumers.
REFERENCES
[1] ‘THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER’, Kenneth AYALA, Cengage Learning
[2] ‘MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS’, N.Senthil Kumar, M. Saravanam,
S.Jevanatham, OXFORD University Press
[3] ’The 8051 Micro Controller and Embedded Systems’, 3rd
-edition Muhammad Ali Mazdi, Janice Gillispie
Mazdi, Rolin D. McKinlay, Pearson Publications
[4] ‘A Course in POWER SYSTEMS’, J.B. Gupta, S.K.Kataria &Sons Publications.
[5] ‘Modern Power System Analysis’, D.P. Kothari, I J Nagarath, Tata McGraw-Hill Publications
[6] ‘Power System Analysis’ John J Grainger, William D Stevenson, Jr, Tata McGraw-Hill Publications
[7] ‘Electrical Power Systems’ C L Wadhwa, New Age International Publications
[8] ‘Principles of POWER SYSTEMS’, V.K.Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.CHAND Publications.