Abstract This paper may be helpful in making the living of handicapped people easy which will be helpful for the handicapped people to drive their wheelchair through figure operation. It is an opportunity to be a handicapped as independent. System comprises of integration of finger operation using digital image processing and embedded technology.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between the 7 and 10% of the population worldwide suffer from some physical disability. In Latin-America the physically disabled are estimated in 55 million people, which represent the 9% of its total population. This census indicates that the most common disability is motor, followed by blindness, deafness, intellectual and language. All alone, the motor-disabled achieve 20 million in Latin-America and there is an anticipated continued growth due to increasing aging, longevity and accident related injuries. Wheelchairs make up a significant portion of the mobility assistive devices in use for those. Since the 1930s, the design concept of a wheelchair has been the same: a main frame, two large rear wheels and two small front wheels called casters. This basic design has been used to develop many of today’ wheelchairs by applying slight design modifications to produce lighter, more durable and more comfortable wheelchairs for people who use them on a daily basis. Finally it means that is affordable and beneficial by the people. Keywords: Digital Image Processing, Embedded Technology, Finger operated Wheelchair
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and Development of Secure Navigation System for Visually Impaired Peopleijcsit
The proposed work presents a navigation system, which detects the obstacles and also guide to visually impaired people about appropriate path. The system we propose detects the obstacle via an infrared based detecting system and sends back vibro-tactile or sound (buzzer) feedback to inform the user about its position. The most common method of obstacle detection, used by blind people is the walking stick. The limitation of walking stick is that, it does not provide protection near to head area. A sensor module is fixed on a light weight cap allowing the user to obtain the information about obstacles (near to head area) and also about correct path on which the user should move. When the user uses this system with cane, he is fully protected about obstacles and can navigate freely into the environment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Intelligent Human Computer Communication with Real Time Hand Gesture for M...IJERA Editor
This paper may be helpful in making the living of handicapped people easy which will be helpful for the handicapped people to drive their wheelchair through finger operation. It is an opportunity to be a handicapped as independent. System comprises of integration of finger operation using digital image processing and embedded technology .According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between the 7 and 10% of the population worldwide suffer from some physical disability. In Latin-America the physically disabled are estimated in 55 million people, which represent the 9% of its total population. This census indicates that the most common disability is motor, followed by blindness, deafness, intellectual and language. All alone, the motor-disabled achieve 20 million in Latin-America and there is an anticipated continued growth due to increasing aging, longevity and accident related injuries. Wheelchairs make up a significant portion of the mobility assistive devices in use for those. Since the 1930s, the design concept of a wheelchair has been the same: a main frame, two large rear wheels and two small front wheels called casters. This basic design has been used to develop many of today’ wheelchairs by applying slight design modifications to produce lighter, more durable and more comfortable wheelchairs for people who use them on a daily basis. Finally it means that is affordable and beneficial by the people.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and Development of Secure Navigation System for Visually Impaired Peopleijcsit
The proposed work presents a navigation system, which detects the obstacles and also guide to visually impaired people about appropriate path. The system we propose detects the obstacle via an infrared based detecting system and sends back vibro-tactile or sound (buzzer) feedback to inform the user about its position. The most common method of obstacle detection, used by blind people is the walking stick. The limitation of walking stick is that, it does not provide protection near to head area. A sensor module is fixed on a light weight cap allowing the user to obtain the information about obstacles (near to head area) and also about correct path on which the user should move. When the user uses this system with cane, he is fully protected about obstacles and can navigate freely into the environment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Intelligent Human Computer Communication with Real Time Hand Gesture for M...IJERA Editor
This paper may be helpful in making the living of handicapped people easy which will be helpful for the handicapped people to drive their wheelchair through finger operation. It is an opportunity to be a handicapped as independent. System comprises of integration of finger operation using digital image processing and embedded technology .According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between the 7 and 10% of the population worldwide suffer from some physical disability. In Latin-America the physically disabled are estimated in 55 million people, which represent the 9% of its total population. This census indicates that the most common disability is motor, followed by blindness, deafness, intellectual and language. All alone, the motor-disabled achieve 20 million in Latin-America and there is an anticipated continued growth due to increasing aging, longevity and accident related injuries. Wheelchairs make up a significant portion of the mobility assistive devices in use for those. Since the 1930s, the design concept of a wheelchair has been the same: a main frame, two large rear wheels and two small front wheels called casters. This basic design has been used to develop many of today’ wheelchairs by applying slight design modifications to produce lighter, more durable and more comfortable wheelchairs for people who use them on a daily basis. Finally it means that is affordable and beneficial by the people.
Hand gesture based wheel chair with obstacle detection,wireless & gps tec...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is to develop a wheelchair control which is useful to the physically disabled person with his hand movement or his hand gesture recognition using Acceleration technology. Various Projects have been undertaken previously to develop automatic wheelchair using various technology like button control, Retina controlled. But none have such combined features like Navigation, Dark Room Sensor, Automatic messaging, Obstacle detector. This project will make the user life more comfortable and more independent and is also cost effective and requires low maintenance. Tremendous leaps have been made in the field of wheelchair technology. However, even these significant advances haven’t been able to help quadriplegics navigate wheelchair unassisted. It is wheelchair which can be controlled by simple hand gestures. It employs a sensor which controls the wheelchair hand gestures made by the user and interprets the motion intended by user and moves accordingly. Microcontroller controls the wheelchair directions like LEFT, RIGHT, FRONT, and BACK. The aim of this paper is to implement wheelchair direction control with hand gesture reorganization. The features included in this project are, We are using touch plate sensors to control wheelchair movement, Obstacle detection with the message on mobile via Bluetooth and deviation from the obstacle, Panic Switch with the alert message to the near ones, Illumination of the LEDs in the dark places, Navigation through Google maps. Keywords: IR led, Obstacle sensor, Diode etc..
Arduino Based Smart Light Management System for Smart Citiesijtsrd
Automatic gismo system mistreatment Arduino and PIR Passive Infrared device will be wont to activate and OFF the lighting system of home mechanically by detective work the presence of human. this technique will be employed in garages, classrooms, staircases, bathrooms, etc. wherever theres no would like of continuous lightweight however only if theres somebodys. Also, theres no got to worry concerning electricity bills because the lights get OFF once theres no human and thus one got to pay the bills as per use. This paper projected as concerning automatic gismo system that mechanically management the area lights mistreatment Arduino and PIR device. the most elements employed in this technique square measure Arduino Uno, PIR device and Relay Module. Out of those elements, the operation of system chiefly depends on PIR device that helps in detective work human presence. Experimental results show that a minimum of five hundredth of power will be saved by mistreatment the projected system. Gopinath. V | Arunkumar .V | Bhavan. S | Aswin. M. D | Kishorekumar. A "Arduino Based Smart Light Management System for Smart Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31350.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31350/arduino-based-smart-light-management-system-for-smart-cities/gopinath-v
The designing of a
blind stick consists of stick with many advance features like automatic obstacle presence
detection with audio alarm, water body detection in front of the blind person with alarm. If
the stick is lost there is small remote through which the person can track the blind stick.
The smart blind cane is successfully designed consistent with all the objectives achieved.
human activity recognization using machine learning with data analysisVenkat Projects
Human activity recognition, or HAR for short, is a broad field of study concerned with identifying the specific movement or action of a person based on sensor data.
The sensor data may be remotely recorded, such as video, radar, or other wireless methods. It contains data generated from accelerometer, gyroscope and other sensors of Smart phone to train supervised predictive models using machine learning techniques like SVM , Random forest and decision tree to generate a model. Which can be used to predict the kind of movement being carried out by the person, which is divided into six categories walking, walking upstairs, walking down-stairs, sitting, standing and laying?
MLM and SVM achieved accuracy of more than 99.2% in the original data set and 98.1% using new feature selection method. Results show that the proposed feature selection approach is a promising alternative to activity recognition on smart phones.
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
Development of wearable object detection system & blind stick for visuall...Arkadev Kundu
It is a wearable device. It has a camera, and it detects all living and non living object. This module detects moving object also. It is made with raspberry pi 3, and a camera. One headphone connect with raspberry pi. When this module detects items, it gave a sound output through headphone. Hence the blind man know that item, which is in-front of him or her. We made it in very low budget, and it is very helpful for visually challenged people. And the Blind stick help him to detect obstacles.
Password Based Hand Gesture Controlled Robot IJERA Editor
Gesture is a most natural way of communication between human and computer in real system. Hand gesture is
one of the important methods of non-verbal communications for humans. A simulation tool, MATLAB based
colour image processing is used to recognize hand gesture. With the help of wireless communication, it is easier
to interact with the robot. The objective of this project is to build a password protected wireless gesture control
robot using Arduino, RF transmitter and receiver module. The continuous images are processed and the
command signal is sent to the Arduino Uno microcontroller and according to the number of fingers, it sends the
commands to the RF transmitter which is received by the transmitter and is processed at the receiver end which
drives the motor to a particular direction. The robot moves forward, backward, right and left when we show one,
two, three, four fingers (fingers with some red color band or tape) respectively. As soon as the hand is moved
off from the frame immediately it will stop. This can be used for physically disabled people who can’t use their
hands to move the wheel chair. And it can also be used in various military applications where radioactive
substances which can’t be touched by the human hand
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hand gesture based wheel chair with obstacle detection,wireless & gps tec...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is to develop a wheelchair control which is useful to the physically disabled person with his hand movement or his hand gesture recognition using Acceleration technology. Various Projects have been undertaken previously to develop automatic wheelchair using various technology like button control, Retina controlled. But none have such combined features like Navigation, Dark Room Sensor, Automatic messaging, Obstacle detector. This project will make the user life more comfortable and more independent and is also cost effective and requires low maintenance. Tremendous leaps have been made in the field of wheelchair technology. However, even these significant advances haven’t been able to help quadriplegics navigate wheelchair unassisted. It is wheelchair which can be controlled by simple hand gestures. It employs a sensor which controls the wheelchair hand gestures made by the user and interprets the motion intended by user and moves accordingly. Microcontroller controls the wheelchair directions like LEFT, RIGHT, FRONT, and BACK. The aim of this paper is to implement wheelchair direction control with hand gesture reorganization. The features included in this project are, We are using touch plate sensors to control wheelchair movement, Obstacle detection with the message on mobile via Bluetooth and deviation from the obstacle, Panic Switch with the alert message to the near ones, Illumination of the LEDs in the dark places, Navigation through Google maps. Keywords: IR led, Obstacle sensor, Diode etc..
Arduino Based Smart Light Management System for Smart Citiesijtsrd
Automatic gismo system mistreatment Arduino and PIR Passive Infrared device will be wont to activate and OFF the lighting system of home mechanically by detective work the presence of human. this technique will be employed in garages, classrooms, staircases, bathrooms, etc. wherever theres no would like of continuous lightweight however only if theres somebodys. Also, theres no got to worry concerning electricity bills because the lights get OFF once theres no human and thus one got to pay the bills as per use. This paper projected as concerning automatic gismo system that mechanically management the area lights mistreatment Arduino and PIR device. the most elements employed in this technique square measure Arduino Uno, PIR device and Relay Module. Out of those elements, the operation of system chiefly depends on PIR device that helps in detective work human presence. Experimental results show that a minimum of five hundredth of power will be saved by mistreatment the projected system. Gopinath. V | Arunkumar .V | Bhavan. S | Aswin. M. D | Kishorekumar. A "Arduino Based Smart Light Management System for Smart Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31350.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31350/arduino-based-smart-light-management-system-for-smart-cities/gopinath-v
The designing of a
blind stick consists of stick with many advance features like automatic obstacle presence
detection with audio alarm, water body detection in front of the blind person with alarm. If
the stick is lost there is small remote through which the person can track the blind stick.
The smart blind cane is successfully designed consistent with all the objectives achieved.
human activity recognization using machine learning with data analysisVenkat Projects
Human activity recognition, or HAR for short, is a broad field of study concerned with identifying the specific movement or action of a person based on sensor data.
The sensor data may be remotely recorded, such as video, radar, or other wireless methods. It contains data generated from accelerometer, gyroscope and other sensors of Smart phone to train supervised predictive models using machine learning techniques like SVM , Random forest and decision tree to generate a model. Which can be used to predict the kind of movement being carried out by the person, which is divided into six categories walking, walking upstairs, walking down-stairs, sitting, standing and laying?
MLM and SVM achieved accuracy of more than 99.2% in the original data set and 98.1% using new feature selection method. Results show that the proposed feature selection approach is a promising alternative to activity recognition on smart phones.
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
Development of wearable object detection system & blind stick for visuall...Arkadev Kundu
It is a wearable device. It has a camera, and it detects all living and non living object. This module detects moving object also. It is made with raspberry pi 3, and a camera. One headphone connect with raspberry pi. When this module detects items, it gave a sound output through headphone. Hence the blind man know that item, which is in-front of him or her. We made it in very low budget, and it is very helpful for visually challenged people. And the Blind stick help him to detect obstacles.
Password Based Hand Gesture Controlled Robot IJERA Editor
Gesture is a most natural way of communication between human and computer in real system. Hand gesture is
one of the important methods of non-verbal communications for humans. A simulation tool, MATLAB based
colour image processing is used to recognize hand gesture. With the help of wireless communication, it is easier
to interact with the robot. The objective of this project is to build a password protected wireless gesture control
robot using Arduino, RF transmitter and receiver module. The continuous images are processed and the
command signal is sent to the Arduino Uno microcontroller and according to the number of fingers, it sends the
commands to the RF transmitter which is received by the transmitter and is processed at the receiver end which
drives the motor to a particular direction. The robot moves forward, backward, right and left when we show one,
two, three, four fingers (fingers with some red color band or tape) respectively. As soon as the hand is moved
off from the frame immediately it will stop. This can be used for physically disabled people who can’t use their
hands to move the wheel chair. And it can also be used in various military applications where radioactive
substances which can’t be touched by the human hand
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and implementation of an sms based robotic system for hole- detection ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the design and implementation of SMS-based robotic system for hole-detection in surface pipes using GPS/GPRS/GSM technology. In industries today, surface pipelines are used to transport fluids; some of these pipelines have joints which are welded together. In a situation whereby the welding is not perfectly done, leakage of fluids may occur, leading to product loss and downtime. Therefore to checkmate this issue of pipeline leakage, an SMS-based robotic system is designed to inspect the pipelines for holes and if light is sensed in the pipelines through the sensing devices on the robot, a Short Message Service (SMS) indicating the location where the light was sensed is sent to the operator’s phone with help of the SIM 900 GPS/GPRS/GSM MODEM installed on the robot hardware system. The robot system is designed with an Arduino Uno Micro-Controller and some sensing devices installed on it. The system is programmed using embedded C language. After the implementation, the robot system was tested which could detect holes in surface pipelines and sent short message to the personnel’s mobile phone. Keywords: Arduino Uno Board, GPS/GPRS/GSM technology, Robotics, SIM900 Modem, Sensors
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Voice enabled speed control of ac motoreSAT Journals
Abstract Communication plays a major role in day today’s life and can be used as a better tool in control systems. It deals with wire communication and is used to control the motor speed. Out of all mechanisms, microcontroller hardware description language proves to be efficient than al other mechanisms. Digital means of controlling gives accurate results compared to the approximation of analog systems. Embedded technology is a key role in integrating the different functions connected with it. This proposal generally reduces the manpower, operates efficiently and saves time without human involvement. With the advancements in technology, the existing systems are developed to have in built intelligence. Due to the technological development whether it is DC or AC machines the speed of the machine can be controlled by various methods. By means of the voice process the machine can be controlled depending upon the application wired or in order to transmit the signal the wireless communication can be used. By this way electrical technology is combined with communication technology and computer science. Now a day it is very important thing to reduce the manual error and manual operation. Index Terms—voice recognition, PWM, shaded pole induction motor
Blind Stick Using Ultrasonic Sensor with Voice announcement and GPS trackingvivatechijri
for blind individuals. Basically, the ultrasonic detector is enforced within the walking stick for detection the obstacles ahead of the blind/impaired persons. If there are any obstacles, it'll alert the blind man to avoid that obstacles and therefore the alert in Our project proposes a low-priced walking stick supported latest technology and a brand-new implementation are created for economical interface the shape of voice announcement and buzzer to form a lot of helpful the stick is additionally mounted with the water detector that detects and alerts the blind if any wetness content is present to avoid slippery methods. Daily in several aspects so as to produce versatile and safe movement for the individuals. During this technology driven world, wherever individuals try to measure severally, this project propose a low-priced stick for blind individuals to achieve personal independence, in order that they will move from one place to a different simply and safely. A conveyable stick is style and developed that detects the obstacles within the path of the blind using sensors. The buzzer and vibration motor are activated once any obstacle is detected. Additionally, the stick is provided with GPS and SMS message system. GPS system give the knowledge relating to the situation of the blind man using the stick with his relations. SMS system is employed by the blind to send SMS message to the saved numbers within the microcontroller just in case of emergency.
Animal accidents in rail road have become one of the causes that may lead to their extinction. Therefore we implement our project by monitoring the presence of animals (more commonly elephants) in rail track with hanging robot in forest areas where unexpectable wildlife mortality in rail road occurs. The hanging robot in motion records the situation and displays it to the engine driver. An alarm is present to alert engine driver if any large animals are present. Image processing is done to identify the type of animal. The detailed design is modeled and fabrication is performed and a central box containing the required mechanisms to perform the locomotion. Finally the robot is cost effective compared to many other developed robots.
The interconnecting mechanism for monitoring regular domestic conditioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Design of wheelchair using finger operation with image processing algorithms
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 232
DESIGN OF WHEELCHAIR USING FINGER OPERATION WITH IMAGE
PROCESSING ALGORITHMS
Chhaya.G.Patil1
, Sayali.K.Gharge2
, Sonal.V.Modhave3
, Y.S.Angal4
1, 2, 3
Student, 4
HOD Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, JSPM’s BSIOTR(W), Pune, 412207,
Maharashtra, India.
Abstract
This paper may be helpful in making the living of handicapped people easy which will be helpful for the handicapped people to drive
their wheelchair through figure operation. It is an opportunity to be a handicapped as independent. System comprises of integration of
finger operation using digital image processing and embedded technology.According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
between the 7 and 10% of the population worldwide suffer from some physical disability. In Latin-America the physically disabled are
estimated in 55 million people, which represent the 9% of its total population. This census indicates that the most common disability is
motor, followed by blindness, deafness, intellectual and language. All alone, the motor-disabled achieve 20 million in Latin-America
and there is an anticipated continued growth due to increasing aging, longevity and accident related injuries. Wheelchairs make up a
significant portion of the mobility assistive devices in use for those. Since the 1930s, the design concept of a wheelchair has been the
same: a main frame, two large rear wheels and two small front wheels called casters. This basic design has been used to develop
many of today’ wheelchairs by applying slight design modifications to produce lighter, more durable and more comfortable
wheelchairs for people who use them on a daily basis. Finally it means that is affordable and beneficial by the people.
Keywords: Digital Image Processing, Embedded Technology, Finger operated Wheelchair
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Wheelchair has always helped the disabled in moving from
one place to another, but some find it uncomfortable for
controlling it. Initially wheelchairs make up a significant
portion of the mobility assistive devices in use with the design
concept of a wheelchair has been the same: a main frame, two
large rear wheels and two small front wheels called casters.
[4]This basic design has been used to develop many of today’s
wheelchairs by applying slight design modifications to
produce lighter, more durable and more comfortable
wheelchairs for people who use them on a daily basis. The
current wheelchairs are mostly button driven, and cannot fully
meet the need of the disabled and elder people. Whose
autonomies are seriously affected by decline in their motor
function and cognitive performance this is the survey done by
WHO in 2002. This census indicates that the most common
disability is motor, followed by blindness, deafness,
intellectual and language. [1]Still various hands-free human
machine interface have been developed for the disabled with
the operations of head and tongue motion, speech, push-
button, eye tracking but the proposed paper represent the
image algorithm based finger operated wheelchair which is
controlled by finger operations.[6]Use of this proposed
technology is very much user friendly and requires very less
muscle movement form the user.[9]An IR obstacle detection
unit can be used which is fixed to the wheelchair to avoid
possible collision. In such a way proposed technology shows
embedded system and Digital image Processing together work
for movement of wheelchair.
1.1 Problem Statement
In this era of the technology and healthcare are fast growing,
there are still considerable amounts of physically challenged
and elderly who find it difficult to move around in their house.
But often quadriplegics and tetraplegia people will find it
uncomfortable or somewhat difficult to control the wheelchair
manually and will go in search of an external aid. Thus there is
a need for an improved method of Navigation. [2][8]One such
method proposed here is the gesture based navigation in which
simple hand gestures forms the input to the system which is
processed, recognized and used for navigating the wheelchair.
By this method, the user with disability will find it
comfortable for indoor navigation and does not need an
external aid.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 233
2. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
2.1 Block Diagram
Fig1: Block Diagram of Finger Operated Wheelchair
2.2 Description
2.2.1 Camera
Camera is used for image link and its permit computer for
video conference station .Mostly webcam used for World
Wide Web .We can use webcam for capturing image input
from finger of user. For this we decide certain circumference
of the camera. Webcam consist lens, image sensor, support
electronics. The camera is connected to frame of the
Wheelchair. The camera has to provide the User monitoring
drive of the wheelchair Capabilities According to the JTAG
Standard
2.2.2 PC
The image of the patient is received by the camera connected
to the PC. In PC image is processed and the signal is given to
the microcontroller (AVR) and the motor is drive accordingly
2.2.3 AVR: Advance Virtual Risc
The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single
chip microcontroller. The AVR was one of the first
microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for
program storage, as opposed to onetime programmable ROM,
EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the
time.
Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions – Most
Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
32Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash
program memory
1024Bytes EEPROM
2Kbytes Internal SRAM
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
Programming Lock for Software Security
JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan
2.2.4 MAX 232
It is used to communicate with AVR and PC via serial
communication. The µc uses TTL CMOS technology
2.2.5 Motors
For Real time wheelchair stepper motors with appropriate
gears is used. For small model motors of 12 V DC motor are
used.
Table1: Operation of Motor
OPERATION A B
STOP LOW LOW
CLOCKWISE LOW HIGH
ANTICLOCKWISE HIGH LOW
STOP HIGH LOW
2.2.6 L293D
The behavior of motor for various inputs:
600MA Output Current Capability per Channel
1.2A Peak Output Current (Non repetitive) Per
Channel
Enable Facility
Over temperature Protection
Logical "0" Input Voltage up to 1.5 v (High Noise
Immunity)
2.2.7 IR SENSOR
The main Features of Infrared Sensor:
Infrared Sensor Output: 4 to 20 mA
Accuracy: ±1% of reading or ±1°C whichever is
greater
Repeatability: ±0.5% of reading or ±0.5°C whichever
is greater
Emissivity: 0.2 to 1.0 via 4 to 20 mA input
Response Time t90: 240 ms (90% response)
Spectral Range: 8 to 14 µm
Supply Voltage: 24 V dc (28 V dc max)
Min Sensor Voltage: 6 V dc
Max Loop impedance900 Ω (4 to 20 mA output)
Input Impedance: 50 Ω Mechanical
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 234
Construction: Stainless Steel
Ambient Temperature Range: 0 to 70°C (32 to
158°F)
Relative Humidity: 95% max non-condensing
2.2.8 Algorithm for Movement of Wheelchair:-
1. Start
2. Grab an image
1. Blurring the image
2. Convert RGB to HSV
3. Take HSV Thresholding
4. Finger detection
5. Gesture recognition
6. END
2.2.9 Flow Chart:
Fig2: Flowchart for Finger Operated Wheelchair
2.3 Flow Chart Description:
2.3.1 Image Grab:
Select an image for input. An image is capture by camera
which is fixed on the frame of Wheelchair. An image is an
array, or a matrix, of square pixels arranged in columns and
rows. Image can decide by user.
Fig3. An image capture for Forward Operation
2.3.2 Blurring:
[7]Blurring means that each pixel in the source image gets
spread over and mixed into surrounding pixels. Another way
to look at this is that each pixel in the destination image is
made up out of a mixture of surrounding pixels from the
source image.
Benefits of Blurred Image:
Blurring an image reduces the sharpening effect, this
makes the detection more accurate.
It minimizes the Salt & Pepper noise.
Algorithm for blurring:
Traverse through entire input image array.
Read individual pixel colour value (24-bit).
Split the colour value into individual R, G and B 8-bit
values.
Calculate the RGB average of surrounding pixels and
assign this average value to it.
Repeat the above step for each pixel.
Store the new value at same location in output image.
Fig4. Blurred image of Forward Operation
2.3.3 RGB to HSV:
There are two main colour spaces are RGB and CMYK. The
RGB colour model relates very closely to the way we perceive
colour with the r, g and b receptors in our retinas. RGB uses
additive colour mixing and is the basic colour model used in
television or any other medium that projects colour with light.
It is the basic colour model used in computers and for web
graphics, but it cannot be used for print production. The
secondary colours of RGB – cyan, magenta, and yellow – are
formed by mixing two of the primary colours (red, green or
blue) and excluding the third colour. Red and green combine
to make yellow, green and blue to make cyan, and blue and
red form magenta. The combination of red, green, and blue in
full intensity makes white. It is basically used for separation of
colour from an image .To recognize exact input even it is in
colour.
IMAGE GRAB
BLURRING
RGB TO HSV CONVERSION
GESTURE RECOGNITION
HSV THRESHOLDING
FINGER DETECTION
OUTPUT
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 235
HSV model give information about:
H- Hue (Dominant colour)
Specify the position of pure colour
S-saturation (Presence of white colour)
Describe the how white the colour is. E.g. pure red is fully
saturated; tints of red have saturations less than 1
V-value (Brightness)
Describe intensity of colour can be described as brightness in
the colour.
Advantages of HSV Over RGB:-
Strong model than RGB because it offers a more
intuitive representation of the relationship between
colors. .
HSV select more specific color.
Algorithm for RGB to HSV:-
Load image.
Read each pixel from image
Separate RGB color for each pixel
Assign max to value.
If value equal to zero thenassign hue=saturation =0.
Set pixel in image again.
If value(Lum)=0 then output color is black.
Find saturation= 255 * (Max-Min)/value.
If saturation is zero then assign hue is zero.set pix
If max equal to R then hue = 0 + 43*(G-B)/(max-
min).
If max is equal to G then hue = 85 + 43*(B-R)/(max-
min).
If max is equal to B then hue = 171 + 43*(B-
R)/(max-min).
If hue<0 then hue=hue+255.
Set each pixel again on image.
HSV Thresholding in done after the conversion.
Fig5. HSV images of Forward Operation
2.3.4 HSV Thresholding:
Thresholding is the simplest method of image segmentation.
From a grayscale image, thresholding can be used to create
binary images. During the thresholding process, individual
pixels in an image are marked as "object" pixels if their value
is greater than some threshold value. This convention is
known as threshold above. Variants include threshold below,
which is opposite of threshold above.
Fig6. Forward Operation image with Thresholding
2.3.5 Fingure Detection and Recognition:
After the process of blurring, RGB to HSV conversion
followed by thresholding the main and important part of
proposed paper is that the finger recognition. The various
methods available for this task But we are using computer
graphics in which a trigonometric circle is used to recognize
the movement of finger.
Algorithm
Find width of input
Recognition of finger
Find the number of finger which cuts the
circumference of circle
Find out the angle between finger and vertical line
If Midangle > 135 & midangle < 225 then move
Forward
Midangle > 90 & midangle < 135 then move left
Midangle > 225 & midangle < 270 then move right
Else stop
Finger count = =2 then move reverse.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 236
3. RESULTS
Table 2: Result of wheelchair movement
4. CONCLUSIONS
The main objective of wheelchair to make easy life for
handicapped people. It has been observe that the wheelchair
essential tool for handicapped people. The wheelchair can be
developed according to specific diseases. The AVR
microcontroller is used for interfacing to wheelchair. The
current driver and motor driver is necessary to set up proper
current requirement and driving the motor. Here we take color
image of finger recognition input, we can take for gray scale
input which gives less accuracy in capturing image.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful to principal of Jspm’s (Bhivarabai Sawant
Institute of Technology & Research (W)) Dr.D.M.YADAV
for helping us for Image Processing part .We want to extend
many thanks to PROF. PRAJAKTA PATIL and workshop
session of Bhivarabai Sawant Institute of Technology &
Research.
REFERENCES
[1]. J.S. Han, Z. Zenn Bien, D.J. Kim, H.E. Lee, and J.S. Kim.
Human- machine interface for wheelchair control with EMG
and its evaluation. In Proc. of the 25th Annual Int. Conf. of the
IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society, volume 2,
pages 1602–1605. IEEE, 2003.
[2]. P. Jia, H.H. Hu, T. Lu, and K. Yuan. Head gesture
recognition for hands-free control of an intelligent wheelchair.
Industrial Robot: An International Journal, 34(1):60–68,2007
[3]. I.Moon, M. Lee, J. Chu, and M. Mun. Wearable EMG-
based HCI for electric-powered wheelchair users with motor
disabilities. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International
Conference on Robotics and Automation, pages 2649–2654.
IEEE, 2005.
[4]. R. Cooper, “Wheelchair Selection and Configuration”,
Demos Medical Publishing, Inc., New York, 1998.
[5]World Health Organization, “The World Health Report
2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life”, Geneva,
Switzerland, 2002.
[6]. T. Gomi and A. Griffith, “Developing intelligent
wheelchairs for the handicapped wheelchair,” in Assistive
Technology and Artificial Intel- ligence, V. Mittal, H. Yanco,
J. Aronis, and R. Simpson, Eds. New York: Springer, 1998,
pp. 151–178.
[7]. Gonzalez, Rafael C. & Woods, Richard E. 2002. Digital
Image Processing, second edition Prentice-Hall Pearson
[8]. R. C. Simpson, “Smart wheelchairs: A literature review,”
J. of Re- habilitation Research & Development, Vol.42, No.4,
pp. 423-436, 2005.
[9]. “An assistive navigation system for wheelchairs based
upon mobile robot obstacle avoidance,” in Proc. IEEE Int.
Conf. Robot. Automation, New York: IEEE Press, 1994, pp.
2018–2022.
Sir
no
Finger
Movement
Image Motor
Movement
Motor
Movement
% Accuracy
Motor A Motor B 100
1 Forward Forward Forward 100
2 Reverse Reverse Reverse 100
3 Left Forward Reverse 100
4 Right Reverse Forward 100
5 Stop No
Operation
No
Operation
100
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 237
BIOGRAPHIES
Chhaya Gopal Patil, Department of Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering, JSPM’S
BSIOTR (W), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Email id-chhayagpatil@gmail.com
Sayali Kamalakar Gharge, Department of
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,
JSPM’S BSIOTR(W),Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Emailid-gharge.sayali12@gmail.com
Sonal Vilas Modhave, Department of Electronics
& Telecommunication Engineering, JSPM’S
BSIOTR(W), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Emailid-Smodhave15@gmail.com
Yogesh S. Angal received the
B.E. (Instrumentation) and M.E. (Instrumentation)
degrees in 1996 and 2002 respectively from Shri
Guru. Gobind Singhji (S.G.G.S) Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Vishnupuri,
Nanded, Maharashtra State. He has done his research in
Speech Signal Processing area. His areas of interest include
Digital Signal Processing , Speech Processing, Mechatronics
and Control Systems. He is presently Working as HOD of
ENTC Department in JSPM’S BSIOTR (W), Pune, India.
Emailid-yogeshangal@yahoo.co.in