Design of transformer
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Shivam Kumar submitted a report to Mr. Akshay Agnihotri comparing shell type and core type transformers. Shell type transformers can reduce leakage reactance by easily subdividing windings using a sandwich coil approach. The report also included assumptions and formulas for calculating the winding leakage reactance of a 3-phase core type transformer, as well as discussing factors considered in selecting winding types for transformer design such as electrical characteristics, mechanical strength, and construction simplicity.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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Design of transformer
- 1. Submitted By:- Name:- Shivam Kumar Class:- B.Tech-EEE Roll No:- 1704357 Semester:- 6th Submitted To:- Mr. Akshay Agnihotri HOD, EE/EEE Department
- 2. Leakage reactance Winding design Some important formulas for numerical
- 3. In core type transformer large space required between the high and low voltage winding, it is not possible to subdivided the winding, while, in shell type transformer the windings can be easily subdivided by using sandwich coil. So it is possible to reduce the leakage reactance of shell type transformers. Winding leakage reactance of 3-Ø core type transformer clearly stating the assumptions used Assumptions High voltage and low voltage winding have equal axial length. Flux path is parallel to the windings along the axial length. Mmf required to iron path is negligible. High voltage winding mmf and low voltage winding mmf is equal, hence magnetizing mmf and magnetizing current is zero. Half of the leakage flux in the duct links with each winding. Length of mean turn of each winding is equal. Reluctance of flux path through yoke negligible. Windings are uniformly distributed, hence winding mmf varies uniformly from zero to AT from one end to another end.
- 7. Selection of winding used for transformer design In transformer, winding type is chosen to match desired electrical characteristics and adequate mechanical strength. Some times more than one type of winding may be suitable. In this case, the winding which is simple in construction will be used. Windings are usually of the following types:-