Microstrip patch antennas are widely used in modern day communication devices due to their light weight, low cost and ease of fabrication. In this paper, we have designed and fabricated two Microstrip Patch Antennas (slotted-ring and truncated-slotted ring) and array at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications using Computer Simulation Technology, CST. The antenna design consists of rectangular radiating patch on Rogers RT5880 substrate and is excited by using coaxial probe feeding technique. The truncated-slotted ring has been designed on top of the radiating patch to improve bandwidth. The simulation and measurement results of the both antennas are in close agreement with each other. Due to the good agreement of simulation and measurement results of truncated-slotted ring antenna in comparison with slotted-ring antenna, it has been selected for antenna array design. The simulated and measured S11 of truncated-slotted ring antenna shows -21dB and -15.6 dB at 2.4 GHz respectively. Then, the antenna has been formed into 1x4 array in order to observe its beamforming capability. The proposed antenna array is suitable for 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi standard which is proposed to be used for IoT.
Modified T&U Shape Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Communication.IJSRD
Modern communication system requires high gain, large bandwidth and less size antennas which shows excellent performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. Proposed system uses FR4 as a dielectric substrate(€r=4.4).Proposed Triangular Miscrostrip Patch antenna is designed with additional T & U shape ,simulated by using high frequency simulation software HFSS & finally tested with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA -N9923A) . Various antenna parameters like Return Loss, Gain and VSWR etc. are calculated using HFSS. The antenna has been designed to operate on the range of 5.5GHz. This paper report the simulation result using equilateral triangular patch antenna with Microstrip line feed.
56_5G Wireless Communication Network Architecture and Its Key Enabling Techno...EdisonAndresZapataOc
The document summarizes a proposed 5G wireless communication network architecture with an indoor/outdoor segregated design using cloud-based radio access networks (C-RAN). It aims to address challenges of 4G like higher data rates and network capacity by leveraging emerging technologies like massive MIMO, device-to-device communication, visible light communication, ultra-dense networks, and millimeter wave technology, which would be managed by software defined networking/network function virtualization through the C-RAN. The new 5G architecture separates indoor and outdoor networks to avoid penetration losses associated with current designs and allow indoor users to connect to dedicated indoor access points for improved quality of experience.
This document presents the design of a circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for satellite communications. The proposed antenna has a simple square patch structure with slots cut into it and uses microstrip line feeding. The antenna design was simulated and physically implemented using two dielectric substrates. The simulations showed good agreement with experimental measurements, demonstrating the antenna is suitable for satellite applications. The objective is to design a circularly polarized patch antenna that can be used for satellite communications without restrictions based on object orientation.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
The document compares time-domain S-parameters of an RG58 cable computed using different simulation methods: theory, CST Microwave Studio (MWS), SPICE, and Digital Wave Simulator (DWS). It simulates an 18.3 cm RG58 coaxial cable and calculates its S11 and S21 parameters using each method. The results are then compared between methods. MWS and Cable Studio provide similar results with slightly lower losses than DWS and SPICE with an RL-TL model. The document also analyzes adding dielectric losses and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of each simulation approach.
Comparative Study and Designing of Different Radiating Patch in Microstrip Pa...ijsrd.com
Microstrip patch antennas are low profile , conformable, easy, inexpensive, and versatile in terms of realization and are thus been widely used in a various useful applications. This paper discusses different microstrip patch antennas designed over an operating frequency range 1.5 GHz using the substrate material Flame Retardant 4 (FR-4) lossy which has a dielectric constant of 4.3. These circuits were designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The parameters such as return loss, efficiency and directivity are simulated, analyzed and compared.
Modified T&U Shape Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Communication.IJSRD
Modern communication system requires high gain, large bandwidth and less size antennas which shows excellent performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. Proposed system uses FR4 as a dielectric substrate(€r=4.4).Proposed Triangular Miscrostrip Patch antenna is designed with additional T & U shape ,simulated by using high frequency simulation software HFSS & finally tested with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA -N9923A) . Various antenna parameters like Return Loss, Gain and VSWR etc. are calculated using HFSS. The antenna has been designed to operate on the range of 5.5GHz. This paper report the simulation result using equilateral triangular patch antenna with Microstrip line feed.
56_5G Wireless Communication Network Architecture and Its Key Enabling Techno...EdisonAndresZapataOc
The document summarizes a proposed 5G wireless communication network architecture with an indoor/outdoor segregated design using cloud-based radio access networks (C-RAN). It aims to address challenges of 4G like higher data rates and network capacity by leveraging emerging technologies like massive MIMO, device-to-device communication, visible light communication, ultra-dense networks, and millimeter wave technology, which would be managed by software defined networking/network function virtualization through the C-RAN. The new 5G architecture separates indoor and outdoor networks to avoid penetration losses associated with current designs and allow indoor users to connect to dedicated indoor access points for improved quality of experience.
This document presents the design of a circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for satellite communications. The proposed antenna has a simple square patch structure with slots cut into it and uses microstrip line feeding. The antenna design was simulated and physically implemented using two dielectric substrates. The simulations showed good agreement with experimental measurements, demonstrating the antenna is suitable for satellite applications. The objective is to design a circularly polarized patch antenna that can be used for satellite communications without restrictions based on object orientation.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
The document compares time-domain S-parameters of an RG58 cable computed using different simulation methods: theory, CST Microwave Studio (MWS), SPICE, and Digital Wave Simulator (DWS). It simulates an 18.3 cm RG58 coaxial cable and calculates its S11 and S21 parameters using each method. The results are then compared between methods. MWS and Cable Studio provide similar results with slightly lower losses than DWS and SPICE with an RL-TL model. The document also analyzes adding dielectric losses and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of each simulation approach.
Comparative Study and Designing of Different Radiating Patch in Microstrip Pa...ijsrd.com
Microstrip patch antennas are low profile , conformable, easy, inexpensive, and versatile in terms of realization and are thus been widely used in a various useful applications. This paper discusses different microstrip patch antennas designed over an operating frequency range 1.5 GHz using the substrate material Flame Retardant 4 (FR-4) lossy which has a dielectric constant of 4.3. These circuits were designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The parameters such as return loss, efficiency and directivity are simulated, analyzed and compared.
Parametric Analysis of Single Element U Slot Microstrip AntennaIJSRD
In wireless communication system antennas are the most important element for creating communication link between source and destination. Microsrtip antennas are used for mobile and other satellite communication application because of their light weight, low power handling capacity and low profile. The modern mobile communication system requires high gain, wide bandwidth and minimal size antennas that are capable of providing better performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. This requirement leads to the design of microsrtip patch array antenna. This paper proposes the parametric analysis of single element U slot MSA. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. Thus it prefers FR4 as a dielectric substrate. Desired patch antenna design is simulated by using high frequency simulation software and patch antenna is designed as per requirement. Antenna dimensions such as Length (L), Width (W), and substrate dielectric constant and parameters like Return Loss, Gain, impedance and current distribution are calculated using CAD-FEKO. The antenna has been design to be operated in the range of 8-12GHz. Hence this antenna is highly suitable for X-band applications.
A Broadband Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communicationswww.nbtc.go.th
In this paper, a simple design of wideband
rectangular patch antenna is presented by using asymmetrical
feed and a reduction in ground plane with proper gap distance.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance included in
the proposed procedure is addressed to eliminate possible
errors in the high-frequency broadband applications. The
antenna proposed in this research provides 2.3GHz bandwidth
(frequency range: 0.9GHz - 3.2GHz) which can be utilized in
various broadband applications such as remote sensing,
biomedical and mobile radio. The proposed procedure in this
research is compatible with CAD applications and is valuable
contribution as it permits quick and easy design for RF
engineers.
Reference : International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2014
http://www.ijmo.org/papers/373-A0002.pdf
Thanks for reading.
Noppadol Tiamnara
Design and Simulation Microstrip patch Antenna using CST Microwave StudioAymen Al-obaidi
The document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna in CST Microwave Studio. It begins with an introduction to microstrip patch antennas and their applications. Then, it outlines the theoretical design of a rectangular patch antenna for 2.4 GHz WiFi using transmission line equations. Finally, it details the simulation process in CST Microwave Studio, including adding the patch, feedline, substrate and ground plane, assigning materials and frequencies, setting up the port and monitors, and solving to obtain results like the bandwidth and radiation pattern.
Design of octagon shape microstrip patch antenna for multiband applicationvishant choudhary
This document describes the design of an octagon-shaped microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications. Three antenna designs are presented: a simple rectangular patch, a patch with a single octagonal slot, and a patch with five symmetrical octagonal slots. Simulation results show that the number of resonant bands increases from three bands for the rectangular patch to six bands for the patch with five slots. Parameters like return loss, directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency are evaluated to analyze the multiband performance for wireless applications like WLAN. The addition of slots improves the bandwidth and radiation characteristics of the antenna.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
iaetsd Design of slotted microstrip patch antenna for wlan applicationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and simulation of a slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications operating at 2.4 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.2 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation in HFSS showed the antenna has a voltage standing wave ratio of 1.88 at the resonant frequency, with omnidirectional radiation patterns. The compact size and simple design make this slotted patch antenna suitable for use in embedded wireless systems.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
Designing of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band ApplicationIJMER
Microstrip patch antenna becoming very popular day by day because of its ease of analysis, fabrication, low cast, light weight easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. In this paper we proposed the designed of rectangular microstrip patch antenna to operate at frequency range 5-6 GHz. The simulation is carried out using high frequency simulation structure (HFSS) program.
The antenna is based on the modified epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of approximate 4.4. After simulation rectangular microstrip antenna performs characteristics such as VSWR & return loss smith chart
This presentation summarizes a microstrip antenna designed for ultra-wideband applications. It begins with an overview of antennas and how they radiate electromagnetic waves. Microstrip patch antennas are then introduced, which consist of a metallic patch on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. Various feeding techniques for microstrip antennas are described. The proposed antenna design is presented, which uses a slotted patch fed by a probe to achieve operation at 3.29 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 7 GHz. Simulation results showing the return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern are provided. Finally, ultra-wideband technology and its applications are discussed.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
Beam-Repositioning System using Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless A...Arun Murugan
Design and experimental analysis of beam repositioning system in microstrip patch antenna array using dumbbell shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for Wireless application (2.4 GHz) was carried out in this study. For the practical application of this study phase shifters are used to control the relative position of the main-lobe direction. DGS has characteristics of disturbing current distribution which leads to phase variation. In our antenna, these dumbbell shaped DGS are engraved at different positions over the ground plane to achieve phase shifting of main-beam. The parameters of antenna such as gain reflection co-efficient, bandwidth are determined and compared with the antenna without DGS. Every position at which the dumbbell shaped DGS was placed, the radiation pattern was measured and compared among them. Further, it’s also observed that simulated antenna with DGS has the Bluetooth application in ISM short-range band.
I m available at arun28murugan@gmail.com
Read the published paper here: http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I11136
1) The document describes the design of an inset fed microstrip patch antenna for RFID applications operating at 2.35 GHz. The antenna was designed using Rogers Duroid substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 0.8mm.
2) Simulation results showed the designed antenna achieved a gain of 5.179 dB and return loss of -24 dB, which are improvements over the baseline antenna. The modified antenna also has higher radiation efficiency, bandwidth, and directivity while occupying less area.
3) The proposed antenna design offers a low cost solution for RFID applications such as supply chain automation and warehouse inventory tracking due to its simple structure and manufacturing process.
The document describes the design of a 4-element microstrip patch antenna array using a corporate feed technique. The objectives are to design an antenna with high gain, large bandwidth, and small size for WiMAX applications. Key aspects covered include the feeding techniques, microstrip patch antenna design parameters, and simulation of the antenna in FEKO software.
This document summarizes the design of a square patch microstrip antenna for circular polarization using IE3D software. It describes the steps taken to design the antenna such as defining substrate parameters, drawing the rectangular patch and adding probe feeds. Simulation results are presented for S-parameters, VSWR, Smith charts, current distribution and radiation patterns. Comparisons are made by changing the dielectric constant and patch dimensions to study their effects on bandwidth and beamwidth. The presentation aims to share the antenna design process and analyze the impact of varying design parameters on the antenna's radiation performance.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
This document describes the design and simulation of a rectangular patch antenna and a metamaterial patch antenna for mobile applications. It presents the objectives, introduction, simulation process, results and discussion, and conclusion. The parameters and dimensions of the designed patch antennas are provided. The results show that the metamaterial patch antenna achieved improved return loss and wider bandwidth compared to the microstrip patch antenna. Future work could investigate other metamaterial structures or parameters of the antenna designs.
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Finite Ground Plane for WI-FI, ...ijsrd.com
Microstrip antennas are suitable for mobile and satellite communication systems. This is particularly due to their main characteristics such as low volume and weight, as well as because they are easy to fabricate and to be installed on plane and curved surfaces. Nevertheless these antennas present some disadvantages like narrow bandwidth, low power operation, and radiation loss. There are some methods such as increasing the height of the substrate, which can be used to extend the efficiency and bandwidth. In this communication design and performance of a novel rectangular with finite ground is proposed to achieve wide band performance and circular polarization. “The proposed structure consists of a rectangular patch and the ground planâ€Â
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new design for a wideband microstrip patch antenna. The antenna uses an inverted slotted patch structure fed by a microstrip transmission line to improve bandwidth performance over a conventional microstrip antenna. It operates from 1-12 GHz, showing an impedance bandwidth of over 11 GHz. The design combines techniques such as an inverted patch structure, slotting of the patch, and microstrip line feeding to achieve a compact, low-profile antenna with enhanced bandwidth and high gain for ultra-wideband applications. Key aspects of the antenna's design and operating principles are discussed.
Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure for biomedical applic...journalBEEI
1. The document describes a defected ground structure-based microstrip patch antenna proposed for narrowband biomedical applications.
2. The antenna resonates at 2.45 GHz with a return loss of -30 dB and a bandwidth of 20 MHz, covering channel 9 of the ISM band.
3. The use of defected ground structure increases the antenna gain to 7.04 dBi and efficiency by 17.63%, with better radiation patterns and current distribution compared to the antenna without defected ground structure.
Parametric Analysis of Single Element U Slot Microstrip AntennaIJSRD
In wireless communication system antennas are the most important element for creating communication link between source and destination. Microsrtip antennas are used for mobile and other satellite communication application because of their light weight, low power handling capacity and low profile. The modern mobile communication system requires high gain, wide bandwidth and minimal size antennas that are capable of providing better performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. This requirement leads to the design of microsrtip patch array antenna. This paper proposes the parametric analysis of single element U slot MSA. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. Thus it prefers FR4 as a dielectric substrate. Desired patch antenna design is simulated by using high frequency simulation software and patch antenna is designed as per requirement. Antenna dimensions such as Length (L), Width (W), and substrate dielectric constant and parameters like Return Loss, Gain, impedance and current distribution are calculated using CAD-FEKO. The antenna has been design to be operated in the range of 8-12GHz. Hence this antenna is highly suitable for X-band applications.
A Broadband Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communicationswww.nbtc.go.th
In this paper, a simple design of wideband
rectangular patch antenna is presented by using asymmetrical
feed and a reduction in ground plane with proper gap distance.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance included in
the proposed procedure is addressed to eliminate possible
errors in the high-frequency broadband applications. The
antenna proposed in this research provides 2.3GHz bandwidth
(frequency range: 0.9GHz - 3.2GHz) which can be utilized in
various broadband applications such as remote sensing,
biomedical and mobile radio. The proposed procedure in this
research is compatible with CAD applications and is valuable
contribution as it permits quick and easy design for RF
engineers.
Reference : International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2014
http://www.ijmo.org/papers/373-A0002.pdf
Thanks for reading.
Noppadol Tiamnara
Design and Simulation Microstrip patch Antenna using CST Microwave StudioAymen Al-obaidi
The document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna in CST Microwave Studio. It begins with an introduction to microstrip patch antennas and their applications. Then, it outlines the theoretical design of a rectangular patch antenna for 2.4 GHz WiFi using transmission line equations. Finally, it details the simulation process in CST Microwave Studio, including adding the patch, feedline, substrate and ground plane, assigning materials and frequencies, setting up the port and monitors, and solving to obtain results like the bandwidth and radiation pattern.
Design of octagon shape microstrip patch antenna for multiband applicationvishant choudhary
This document describes the design of an octagon-shaped microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications. Three antenna designs are presented: a simple rectangular patch, a patch with a single octagonal slot, and a patch with five symmetrical octagonal slots. Simulation results show that the number of resonant bands increases from three bands for the rectangular patch to six bands for the patch with five slots. Parameters like return loss, directivity, gain, and radiation efficiency are evaluated to analyze the multiband performance for wireless applications like WLAN. The addition of slots improves the bandwidth and radiation characteristics of the antenna.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
iaetsd Design of slotted microstrip patch antenna for wlan applicationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and simulation of a slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications operating at 2.4 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.2 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation in HFSS showed the antenna has a voltage standing wave ratio of 1.88 at the resonant frequency, with omnidirectional radiation patterns. The compact size and simple design make this slotted patch antenna suitable for use in embedded wireless systems.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
Designing of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band ApplicationIJMER
Microstrip patch antenna becoming very popular day by day because of its ease of analysis, fabrication, low cast, light weight easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. In this paper we proposed the designed of rectangular microstrip patch antenna to operate at frequency range 5-6 GHz. The simulation is carried out using high frequency simulation structure (HFSS) program.
The antenna is based on the modified epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of approximate 4.4. After simulation rectangular microstrip antenna performs characteristics such as VSWR & return loss smith chart
This presentation summarizes a microstrip antenna designed for ultra-wideband applications. It begins with an overview of antennas and how they radiate electromagnetic waves. Microstrip patch antennas are then introduced, which consist of a metallic patch on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. Various feeding techniques for microstrip antennas are described. The proposed antenna design is presented, which uses a slotted patch fed by a probe to achieve operation at 3.29 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 7 GHz. Simulation results showing the return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern are provided. Finally, ultra-wideband technology and its applications are discussed.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
Beam-Repositioning System using Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless A...Arun Murugan
Design and experimental analysis of beam repositioning system in microstrip patch antenna array using dumbbell shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for Wireless application (2.4 GHz) was carried out in this study. For the practical application of this study phase shifters are used to control the relative position of the main-lobe direction. DGS has characteristics of disturbing current distribution which leads to phase variation. In our antenna, these dumbbell shaped DGS are engraved at different positions over the ground plane to achieve phase shifting of main-beam. The parameters of antenna such as gain reflection co-efficient, bandwidth are determined and compared with the antenna without DGS. Every position at which the dumbbell shaped DGS was placed, the radiation pattern was measured and compared among them. Further, it’s also observed that simulated antenna with DGS has the Bluetooth application in ISM short-range band.
I m available at arun28murugan@gmail.com
Read the published paper here: http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I11136
1) The document describes the design of an inset fed microstrip patch antenna for RFID applications operating at 2.35 GHz. The antenna was designed using Rogers Duroid substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 0.8mm.
2) Simulation results showed the designed antenna achieved a gain of 5.179 dB and return loss of -24 dB, which are improvements over the baseline antenna. The modified antenna also has higher radiation efficiency, bandwidth, and directivity while occupying less area.
3) The proposed antenna design offers a low cost solution for RFID applications such as supply chain automation and warehouse inventory tracking due to its simple structure and manufacturing process.
The document describes the design of a 4-element microstrip patch antenna array using a corporate feed technique. The objectives are to design an antenna with high gain, large bandwidth, and small size for WiMAX applications. Key aspects covered include the feeding techniques, microstrip patch antenna design parameters, and simulation of the antenna in FEKO software.
This document summarizes the design of a square patch microstrip antenna for circular polarization using IE3D software. It describes the steps taken to design the antenna such as defining substrate parameters, drawing the rectangular patch and adding probe feeds. Simulation results are presented for S-parameters, VSWR, Smith charts, current distribution and radiation patterns. Comparisons are made by changing the dielectric constant and patch dimensions to study their effects on bandwidth and beamwidth. The presentation aims to share the antenna design process and analyze the impact of varying design parameters on the antenna's radiation performance.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
This document describes the design and simulation of a rectangular patch antenna and a metamaterial patch antenna for mobile applications. It presents the objectives, introduction, simulation process, results and discussion, and conclusion. The parameters and dimensions of the designed patch antennas are provided. The results show that the metamaterial patch antenna achieved improved return loss and wider bandwidth compared to the microstrip patch antenna. Future work could investigate other metamaterial structures or parameters of the antenna designs.
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Finite Ground Plane for WI-FI, ...ijsrd.com
Microstrip antennas are suitable for mobile and satellite communication systems. This is particularly due to their main characteristics such as low volume and weight, as well as because they are easy to fabricate and to be installed on plane and curved surfaces. Nevertheless these antennas present some disadvantages like narrow bandwidth, low power operation, and radiation loss. There are some methods such as increasing the height of the substrate, which can be used to extend the efficiency and bandwidth. In this communication design and performance of a novel rectangular with finite ground is proposed to achieve wide band performance and circular polarization. “The proposed structure consists of a rectangular patch and the ground planâ€Â
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new design for a wideband microstrip patch antenna. The antenna uses an inverted slotted patch structure fed by a microstrip transmission line to improve bandwidth performance over a conventional microstrip antenna. It operates from 1-12 GHz, showing an impedance bandwidth of over 11 GHz. The design combines techniques such as an inverted patch structure, slotting of the patch, and microstrip line feeding to achieve a compact, low-profile antenna with enhanced bandwidth and high gain for ultra-wideband applications. Key aspects of the antenna's design and operating principles are discussed.
Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure for biomedical applic...journalBEEI
1. The document describes a defected ground structure-based microstrip patch antenna proposed for narrowband biomedical applications.
2. The antenna resonates at 2.45 GHz with a return loss of -30 dB and a bandwidth of 20 MHz, covering channel 9 of the ISM band.
3. The use of defected ground structure increases the antenna gain to 7.04 dBi and efficiency by 17.63%, with better radiation patterns and current distribution compared to the antenna without defected ground structure.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This document describes the design of a compact T-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 2.9-4.4 GHz. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/588 lz substrate that is 0.25 mm thick with a dielectric constant of 2.00. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -28.76 dB at its resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. It has a fractional bandwidth of 42.81% from 2.90 to 4.48 GHz. The antenna's peak gain is 2.52 dB and radiation efficiency is 98.474% at 3.6 GHz. Introducing the T-shape allows the antenna to operate at a lower frequency while maintaining a compact
Design and development broadband monopole antenna for in-door applicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes the broadband monopole antenna refers to a signal
wideband of the frequencies, which can be divided the signal into channels of
the frequency bins. Aim this paper to design and development broadband
monopole antenna. The monopole antenna was designed by adding slot to
the radiated patch antenna with a single feed line, which reduced the size and
the design complexity. A rectangular patch antenna was presented using feed
line to decrease the ground plane with a suitable gap distance. The broadband
monopole antenna was designed with a frequency range of 800 MHz – 3 GHz,
with Bandwidth 0.66 (dB), reflection coefficients and return loss.
The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance was included. It can be
used in various broadband applications in used commercially for various
communication systems such as 4G (LTE), WiMAX and WLAN (LTE),
remote sensing, biomedical, and mobile wireless. Apart from that, this
technology is environment-friendly; an antenna which consists of reception
and transmission. The antenna is simulated by using computer simulation
(CST) software; using FR-4 substrate of 4.4 permittivity thickness 1.6 mm and
loss tangent of 0.025. The measurement result is accepted with simulation
result, proving the acceptable broadband operation for this proposed structure.
IRJET- A Compact Triple Band Meandered Line Antenna for 2.4/3.6/5 GHZ WIFI-SA...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design of a compact triple band meandered line antenna for 2.4/3.6/5 GHz WiFi and SATCOM applications. The antenna is designed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate that is 0.8 mm thick. It uses multiple meandered lines with different lengths to achieve operation at 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5 GHz. The antenna dimensions are 20x35x0.8 mm. Through two iterations, triangular and rectangular slots are added to the ground plane to reduce return loss across the operating bands. Simulations in Ansoft HFSS v13.0 show the antenna meets the design goals of a compact, triple band antenna for various wireless
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
Design of a Wideband 8x8 MIMO Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an 8x8 MIMO microstrip patch antenna array for 5G applications operating from 4.9-6.2 GHz. Slots are etched into the patch to achieve wideband operation and compact size. Simulation results show return loss below -11 dB across the band, isolation above 16 dB between elements, and gains between 1.2-4.6 dB. The antenna presents a simple, small size design suitable for 5G devices.
This document describes the design and implementation of a printed monopole antenna for use in the 2.4-2.4835 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. It begins with an introduction to wireless communications in the ISM band and the challenges of developing small, low-cost integrated antennas for these applications. It then outlines the methodology for antenna design which includes calculating dimensions, simulation, observation, and hardware implementation. The design specification and steps taken to design the rectangular microstrip patch antenna are provided, including choosing parameters like resonant frequency, dielectric material, and substrate height. Simulation results for parameters like radiation pattern and bandwidth are analyzed. The document concludes that printed monopole antennas are well-suited for ISM band applications
A Review on Recent DGS Techniques on Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna for W...ijtsrd
The document reviews various techniques that have been proposed by researchers to achieve multiband operation in microstrip patch antennas. Slotting of the patch and ground plane and use of defected ground structures are some methods that have been implemented to introduce multiband functionality. Other techniques discussed include loading the patch with different shaped slots, parasitic elements, and use of fractal geometries. The techniques allow covering multiple wireless communication bands simultaneously with improved parameters like bandwidth and gain for applications such as WiFi, Bluetooth, GSM, and WiMAX.
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna operating at 28GHz for 5G applications. The antenna was designed using HFSS simulation software. It has a single rectangular radiating patch with inset feed on a Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2. Simulation results showed a gain of 8dB, VSWR of 1.75, and reflection coefficient of -34.05dB at a center frequency of 27.91GHz. The antenna has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and dimensions of 14.71mm x 7.9mm x 0.254mm, making it suitable for future compact 5G devices.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET- Design of Multiband Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting CircuitsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design of a multiband planar antenna for RF energy harvesting applications. The antenna was designed to operate at a center frequency of 5GHz with additional bands between 1.3-1.7 GHz, 3.6-4.3 GHz, 6.2-7.5 GHz, and 8.5-9.4 GHz. This wideband operation allows it to harvest RF energy from various sources like Wi-Fi, mobile phones, FM, and AM. The multiband behavior is achieved by etching an H-shaped slot in a rectangular patch made of FR4 substrate. Simulation results show return losses below -10dB, indicating good matching across the different frequency bands. This multiband antenna enables sc
IRJET- Design of Composite Circular Microstrip Patch Dual Band Antenna for Wi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a composite circular microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio software. Key features of the antenna include operating in the ISM band at 5.8 GHz using FR4 as the substrate material, having a radius of 9.8mm and dual feeding technique. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a gain of 4.2 dB, return loss of -27 dB, and VSWR of nearly 50 ohms at the resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design was found to have improved bandwidth and performance for wireless applications.
A Miniaturized Patch Antenna Designed and Manufactured Using Slot's Technique...IJECEIAES
In this research work, a novel compact antenna with rectangular slots is presented for radio frequency identification (RFID) handled applications in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band that can be manufactured and integrated into RFID readers without difficult. A prototype demonstrating the aforementioned features was constructed and measured. The proposed antenna is fed by 50-Ω coaxial cable and printed on a 1.6mm thick FR4 substrate which has a small size and occupies a volume of 68×66 ×1.6mm . The patch, the feed-line and ground plane are made of PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) with a thickness of 0.035 mm. Measured results indicate that the proposed antenna has a good impedance matching characteristic ranging from 889 to 939MHz, which covers the USA RFID-band (902–928MHz), the Chinese RFID-operating-band (920–924.5MHz), and the Korea and Japan RFID-band (917–923.5MHz). These results were achieved by the insertion of slots in the compact structure of the antenna. The electromagnetic simulators HFSS (High Frequency structure simulator) and CST (Computer Simulation Technology) microwave studio were used for the design, modeling and simulation of the antenna. The focus of the study of our antenna was on the parameters of return loss, bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), input impedance and gain.
Miniaturised tri-band microstrip patch antenna design for radio and millimet...nooriasukmaningtyas
This research presents an extremely small, cheap and simple structure of multiple bands antenna, where is the proposed design comprise squareslotted a microstrip patch antenna with triple bands of RF and mm-wave for 5G. The conducting material is a perfect electrical conductor on both sides. The antenna is printed on FR-4 lossy with a 3.9 of epsilon. Our tiny antenna has a size of 1.5357x1.5357 mm2 . First, the design parameters were calculated using formulas and then these were simulated by the CST MWS. The simulation results show the antenna performance at the RF band from 0 to 3.4096 GHz with 3.29 gain, a value of return loss S11 and bandwidth of -13.229644 and 3.4096 GHz. The designed antenna works at the mm-wave band ranges 43.5-64 GHz with 3.49 gain, -42.419084 S11 and 20.252 GHz BW. Our antenna can also operate at the mm-wave from 81-95 GHz with -22.269547 S11, 4.52 gain, and 14.085 GHz BW. The small size and supported bandwidth of the designed antenna is suitable for thin and fast transmission devices.
In the present paper a circular slot rectangular microstrip loaded antenna is proposed. The obtained bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna is improved up to 46.92%. The proposed antenna has frequency band in the frequency range 1.979 GHz to 3.192 GHz this frequency band is suitable for WLAN / WiMAX and other wireless communication applications. The microstrip antenna suffers from narrow bandwidth hence the present work provide an alternative solution to increase the bandwidth. The gain has been improved up to 4.68dBi and antenna efficiency is 97.63%. The proposed slot loaded Microstrip antenna is fed by 0.3 mm line feed. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D Zealand simulation software based on method of moments.
Implementing Wireless Network For Computer Communication...Karen Gilchrist
This paper discusses implementing wireless networks for computer communication. It describes various wireless technologies including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX, mobile networks, and Li-Fi. It provides an overview of building a generic wireless network and discusses security risks faced by wireless networks. Strategies for mitigating these risks are presented. The paper also discusses how wireless networks can benefit education and training by increasing accessibility and reducing costs.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
Similar to Design and optimize microstrip patch antenna array using the active element pattern technique (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
The document proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification. The PSO algorithm is used to find optimal values for CNN hyperparameters like the number and size of convolutional filters. In experiments on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset, the optimized CNN achieved a testing error rate of 0.87%, which is competitive with state-of-the-art models. The proposed approach finds optimized CNN architectures automatically without requiring manual design or encoding strategies during training.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
1) Researchers developed a prototype contactless transaction system using QR codes and digital payments to support physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in traditional markets.
2) The system allows sellers and buyers in traditional markets to conduct fast, secure transactions via smartphones without direct cash exchange. Buyers scan sellers' QR codes to view product details and make e-wallet payments.
3) Testing showed the system's functions worked properly and users found it easy to use and useful for supporting contactless transactions and digital transformation of traditional markets. However, further development is needed to increase trust in digital payments for users unfamiliar with the technology.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
This document describes the implementation of a double-layer structure on an octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) to improve its performance at 5.8 GHz. The double-layer consists of two double positive (DPS) substrates placed above the OMYA. Simulation and experimental results show that the double-layer configuration increases the gain of the OMYA by 2.5 dB compared to without the double-layer. The measured bandwidth of the OMYA with double-layer is 14.6%, indicating the double-layer can increase both the gain and bandwidth of the OMYA.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
The document provides an overview of the key performance indicators (KPIs) for 6G wireless networks compared to 5G networks. Some of the major KPIs discussed for 6G include: achieving data rates of up to 1 Tbps and individual user data rates up to 100 Gbps; reducing latency below 10 milliseconds; supporting up to 10 million connected devices per square kilometer; improving spectral efficiency by up to 100 times through technologies like terahertz communications and smart surfaces; and achieving an energy efficiency of 1 pico-joule per bit transmitted through techniques like wireless power transmission and energy harvesting. The document outlines how 6G aims to integrate terrestrial, aerial and maritime communications into a single network to provide ubiquitous connectivity with higher
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
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The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
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Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
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2. Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
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which employed single antenna unable to meet the demand of high data rate. The challenge can be overcome
by using beam steering capability. The terms „beam steering‟ refers to the change of direction of the main
lobe of the antenna pattern in comparison by transmitting equally in all directions. It can be accomplished by
switching the antenna elements or by changing the relative phases of the RF signals (or existing currents)
driving the elements. Moreover, with the capability of beam steering techniques as in 802.11ac is able to
increase data rates up to 2.5Gbps. Currently, many 802.11n products have adopted the MIMO
technology [1-3] in order to increase data throughput, signal quality and reliability. It is expected that WiFi
will serve the purpose of wireless connectivity for IoT due to its popular demand. Plenty of research works
have been conducted on WLAN antennas at 2.4 and 5 GHz band [4]. Many types of antennas are proposed to
cover these frequency bands, such as dipole, monopole, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), patch and
inverted-F antenna [1, 5-7].
The continuous boom and boost of wireless communication have been leading to more and more
demands for small size light-weight and high gain antennas. A microstrip antenna is one of the types of
antenna that is chosen by researchers to be used in wireless applications due to the characteristics that
distinguish these antennas in terms of small size, low profile, good integration and low cost. The microstrip
patch antennas which function via multiple frequency bands are necessary to use with some wireless
applications simultaneously like mobile phones. Over the recent past years, great effort has been focusing on
the designs of microstrip antennas and enhancing their characteristic. This type of antenna is better used in
the applications that require very narrow band properties, like security applications. The principle drawback
of the microstrip patch antenna is the restricted bandwidth which is an important parameter in the antenna
design. Patch antennas are widely used in modern wireless communication systems because of light weight,
high gain, low profile, low cost and ease of fabrication [8-9]. There are number of substrates that can be used
for the design of microstrip antenna for e.g. Alumina, FR4, RT-Duroid etc whose dielectric constants vary in
the range of 2.2 to 12. For good antenna performance, a substrate with low dielectric constant is needed in
order to provide better efficiency [10]. The coaxial probe feeding method is used for feeding the patch
antenna because of its impedance matching capability [11] and has low spurious radiation.
This paper aims to design two patch antennas at 2.4 GHz for 802.11b/g/n applications. Both patch
antennas are designed using CST software and fabricated on Rogers substrate. Since Wi-Fi is one of the
wireless connectivity for IoT, it has been formed in linear array for beamforming techniques. Section 2
discusses details on the antenna and array design, Section 3 represents the simulation and measurement
results, while Section 4 concludes the findings of this paper.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Design of single patch antenna
Two design of patch antennas have been simulated and fabricated in order to compare their
performance. The proposed antenna resonant frequency 2.4GHz, Rogers RT588 material with dielectric
constant 2.2 and substrate height 1.6mm are being selected. Steps for proposed antenna are as
follows [12-14]. There are two designs of patch antennas for this purpose 1) slotted ring patch antenna,
and 2) truncated slotted ring patch antenna is designed based on work by [15]. A rectangular patch whose
dimensions are calculated to (1)-(5) are describe as follows:
)
1
(
5
.
0
2
0
r
W
(1)
w
h
r
r
eff
12
1
1
2
1
2
1
(2)
eff
r
f
c
L
2
0
(3)
813
.
0
264
.
0
258
.
0
300
.
0
412
.
0
h
W
h
W
h
L
eff
eff
(4)
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L
L
Leff
2 (5)
where W and Leff are width and length of the patch respectively.
The main objective is to design patch antenna for WiFi applications. The antenna design is
fabricated on Rogers RT5880 (Ɛr=2.2) dielectric material due to its low loss material. The height of the
dielectric material is to be 1.6mm which is the default thickness for Rogers RT5880 material. The width of
the conducting patch element is 49.38mm and length is 41.32mm for the frequency of 2.4 GHz. The size and
dimension for both antennas (slotted ring and truncated slotted ring) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Patch antennas parameters
Slotted Ring Truncated Slotted Ring
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Substrate material Rogers RT5880 Substrate material Rogers RT5880
Substrate thickness (h) 1.6mm Substrate thickness (h) 1.6mm
Operating frequency (fr) 2.4GHz Operating frequency (fr) 2.4GHz
Dielectric constant (εr) 2.2 Dielectric constant (εr) 2.2
Length of patch (Leff) 29.76mm Length of patch (Leff) 41.32mm
Width of patch (W) 38.37mm Width of patch (W) 49.38mm
Slot inner radius (r) 3mm Slot inner radius (r) 3mm
Slot outer radius (R) 5mm Slot outer radius (R) 4mm
Length of ground (Lg) 61.01mm Length of ground (Lg) 72.57mm
Width of ground (Wg) 69.62mm Width of ground (Wg) 80.63mm
Coaxial feed (point) X=39.81, Y=4.5 Coaxial feed (point) X=54.32, Y=14
The most important element to reduce the spurious radiation is the feeding part. Therefore, the
coaxial probe is used as the feeding technique for these designs. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the physical
design of the simulated and fabricated antennas using coaxial probe feeding technique for sloted ring patch
antenna and truncated slotted ring patch antenna, respectively [16].
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 1. Design of a slotted ring patch antenna, (a) simulation (top view), (b) fabrication (top view),
(c) simulation (bottom view), (d) fabrication (bottom view)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 2. Design of a truncated slotted ring patch antenna, (a) imulation (top view),
(b) fabrication (top view), (c) simulation (bottom view), (d) fabrication (bottom view) [16]
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2.2. Truncated slotted ring patch antenna array
In Section 3, the comparison performance between the slotted ring patch antenna and the truncated
slotted ring patch antenna were discussed and analyzed. It is observed that by comparing the performance of
both antennas, the truncated slotted ring patch antenna has a good agreement between simulation and
measurement results than slotted ring patch antenna. Therefore, the truncated slotted ring patch antenna is
chosen to be formed into a linear array antenna of 1×4 as shown in Figure 3. The spacing between the inter-
elements is 0.25λ.
Figure 3. Simulation of a truncated slotted ring patch antenna array (1×4) [16]
2.3. Antenna array optimization using active element pattern and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques
This section describes beamforming technique of a linear array using a combination of the active
element pattern (AEP taken from CST) with a Genetic Algorithm (GA). A GA was chosen, because it is
robust, not easily trapped in local maxima (or minima) and is suitable for complex problems (with a large
number of variables), especially those involving mutual coupling. It has been used in many applications
especially in wireless communication such in in cognitive radio networks [17].
The fitness function, f(x) of GA based on (7) in this optimization is the difference between the
desired radiation pattern, Edesired and total active element pattern, Etotal the antenna array. The desired
radiation pattern, Edesired is a cosine function which is determined by user as shown in Figure 4. Meanwhile
the total active element pattern, Etotal method is calculated based on (6). The active element pattern is defined
as the radiation pattern of the array when one radiating element is driven and all others are terminated with
matched loads.
∑ ( ) ̂
(6)
where In is the complex valued feed current applied to the nth
element, ( ) is the active element pattern
of the nth
element, ̂
is the spatial phase term, ̂ is the unit radial vector from the coordinate origin in the
observation direction ( ), and rn is a position vector from the origin to the center of the nth
element;
boldface type indicates a vector quantity. The AEP for truncated-slotted ring patch antenna array has been
obtained from CST by activating one of the element and termination of others as described in [18]. The In
parameters in (6) will be optimized using Genetic Algorithm so that the total Active Element Pattern,
will be matched with the desired pattern (for example at theta=30º as in Figure 4). The flow chart for the
optimization process is displayed in Figure 5. It explains about the guidelines and flow of the optimization
procedure using hybrid methods of AEP and GA in order to steer the beam to the desired direction.
Figure 4. Desired radiation pattern with beam steering at theta=30º [16]
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Figure 5. Flowchart of GA and AEP [16]
Based on (7), when f(x)=1 refers that the total array pattern calculated from AEP and GA (6) has
been fully matched with the desired radiation pattern. In this case, the aim of beam steering of antenna array
has been achieved. On the other hand, if f(x)=0 refers that the total array pattern is mismatched with the
desired radiation pattern. It means that the method is unable to steer (or optimize) the beam to the desired
directions.
( )
| |
(7)
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Simulated and measured results for a single element of slotted ring and truncated slotted ring
antenna
Figures 1 and 2 present the antenna designs using CST Microwave Studio Suite. The response curve
for the reflection coefficient, S11 parameters between simulated and measured results for both antennas
(slotted ring and truncated slotted ring) are depicted in Figure 6 and 7. The simulated results (denoted in red
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curve) show that both antennas resonate at the expected frequency of 2.4 GHz. Meanwhile, the measurement
results (denoted in green curve) show the S11 at the resonance frequency of 35dB and 15.57dB respectively.
However, the fractional bandwidths are 1% and 2% respectively. Figure 8 shows the radiation pattern and
directivity of the slotted ring and truncated-slotted ring patch antenna at 2.4 GHz. It is observed that the
radiation patterns are directional with the directivity of 7.1 dBi and 7.8 dBi respectively. Table 2 provides the
comparison between slotted ring and truncated-slotted ring patch antennas and it is observed that the
truncated-slotted ring patch antenna performs better in comparison with slotted ring at the resonance
frequency. Thus, the truncated-slotted ring patch antenna has been selected for antenna array optimization
using Active Element Pattern (AEP) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques.
Figure 6. Simulated S11 (red curve) and measured S11 (green curve) of a slotted ring patch antenna
Figure 7. Simulated S11 (red curve) and measured S11 (green curve)
of a truncated slotted ring patch antenna [16]
(a) (b)
Figure 8. Radiation pattern of a (a) slotted ring, (b) truncated slotted ring patch antenna[16]
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Table 2. Comparative results between slotted ring patch and truncated slotted ring patch antennas
Parameters Slotted Ring Patch Antenna Truncated Slotted Ring Patch Antenna
Simulated S1,1 -25.68 dB at 2.404 GHz -20.72 dB at 2.398 GHz
Measured S1,1 -35 dB at 2.42 GHz -15.58 dB at 2.4 GHz
Bandwidth, BW 1% 2%
Impedance, Z 48.9 Ω 47.5 Ω
Directivity 7.1 dBi 7.78 dBi
3.2. Simulated result of the 1×4 patch array
In this case, 4 elements of truncated-slotted ring patch antenna have been formed into a linear array
(1× 4) as shown in Figure 3. Figure 9 shows the S-parameter as a function of frequency. The antenna
resonates at 2.4 GHz with S11 value of 28.7dB. The high value of the S11 indicates good matching which leads
to higher value of the directivity and gain for the antenna designed. On the other hand, S12, S13 and S14
indicate low coupling coefficients between elements of #1 to #2, #1 to #3 and #1 to #4 which are less than -
20dB. The coupling coefficients are in close agreement with each other. The directivity obtained in 1×4 patch
array is of 21.4 dBi (as shown in Figure 10 which is better when compared to the single element patch
(Figure 8(b)). It is expected that as number of elements increase, the gain increases and the beamwidth
narrower.
Figure 9. S-parameters of a truncated slotted ring patch antenna [16]
Figure 10. Radiation pattern of 1 by 4 truncated-slotted ring antenna array [16]
3.3. Beamsteering at theta=10º, 20º and 30º
The optimization techniques using AEP and GA has been tested for the desired pattern steered
towards 10º, 20º and 30º as shown in Figure 10(a), (b) and (c) respectively. The results show that the
radiation pattern of 1×4 antenna array has been successfully steered towards desired direction. However,
the limitation of 1× 4 linear patch arrays make it unable to steer the beam higher than 40º using AEP and GA.
Table 3 shows the excitation values (amplitude and phase) for each of the antenna element that have been
optimized using AEP and GA which are I1, I2, I3 and I4.
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(a) (b) (c)
Figure 11. Beam steering technique of the radiation pattern of 1× 4 truncated-slotted ring antenna array
using AEP and GA towards (a) 10º, (b) 20º and (c) 30º [16]
Table 3. Beamsteering vs current values (amplitude and phase) for each of the element in antenna array [16]
Beam
steering
I1 I2 I3 I4
Amplitude Phase Amplitude Phase Amplitude Phase Amplitude Phase
10º 0.06 96.7° 0.28 -21.9° 0.57 -67.1° 0.35 -82.6°
20º 0.18 116.5° 0.13 -140.5° 0.88 -19.1° 0.53 -99.5°
30º 0.55 -14.8° 0.75 -158.8° 0.31 6.4° 0.06 124.9°
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, two designs of single patch antenna; slotted ring and truncated-slotted ring microstrip
patch antenna that resonate at 2.4 GHz have been designed using CST software for WiFi applications.
Simulation and measurement results have been observed at the resonance frequency for both antennas. It has
been observed that the truncated-slotted ring patch antenna performs better in compared to slotted ring patch
antenna at the 2.4 GHz. Due to that observation, a linear of 1× 4 array of truncated-slotted ring patch antenna
has been designed and optimize using AEP and GA. It is observed the directivity of 7.8dBi and 28.7dB for
single patch and array respectively. A good agreement between simulation and measurement results of
truncated-slotted ring patch antenna at 2.4GHz show that the antenna is suitable for WiFi applications.
Later, a 1× 4 antenna array has been designed for beamforming capability. The techniques of AEP and GA
optimize the excitation amplitude and phase in order to steer the beam from theta=10º, 20º and 30º. The beam
has been successfully steered towards 10º, 20º and 30º.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by Research Initiative Grant Scheme (RIGS 2016), International
Islamic University Malaysia.
REFERENCES
[1] Zhi Ning Chen, Xianming Qing, T. See and Wee Kian Toh, "Antennas for WiFi Connectivity", Proceedings of the
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[2] Saou-Wen Su, "High-Gain Dual-Loop Antennas for MIMO Access Points in the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz Bands", IEEE
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[3] K. Wong, J. Lai and F. Hsiao, "Omnidirectional planar dipole-array antenna for 2.4/5.2-GHz WLAN access points",
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and Propagation Magazine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 146-150, 2003.
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[7] D. Wang, H. Wong and C. Chan, "Small Patch Antennas Incorporated With a Substrate Integrated Irregular
Ground", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 3096-3103, 2012.
[8] D. Pozar and D. Schaubert, Microstrip antennas. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1995.
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[10] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip antenna design handbook. Boston: Artech House, 2001.
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[11] P. Hall and J. James, Handbook of microstrip antennas. London, UK: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1989.
[12] M. Ammnan, “Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas for the 2.4 GHz Band”, Applied Microwave &
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[14] T. A. Milligan. Modern Antenna Design. 2th edition, New York: John Wiley &Sons, 2005.
[15] A. K. Sidhu and J. S. Sivia, "Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna for S and X band applications," 2016
International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai,
2016, pp. 248-251.
[16] N. A. Malek, K. Ali, A. Z. Jusoh, S. Y. Mohamad, Z. Z. Abidin and A. L. Asnawi, "Beamforming Capability of a
Cross-Slotted Ring Patch Antenna Array at 2.4 GHz Wireless Applications," 2018 7th International Conference on
Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), Kuala Lumpur, 2018, pp. 119-123.
[17] J. J. Dhivya, M. Ramaswami, “Ingenious Method for Conducive Handoff Appliance in Cognitive Radio Networks",
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Khamis Ali received his B.Eng. (hons) (2016). and M.S (2018) in communication engineering from
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). From Sept 2016 to June 2018, he worked as part-
time teaching assistant at IIUM University. Then he joined MJIIT-UTM and worked as research
assistant under project title Implantable Patch Antenna for Body Communication from August 2018 to
October 2018
Norun Abdul Malek has been appointed as an assistant lecturer in 2006 and currently serves as
Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Norun lectures on subjects in
Fundamental of Communication Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Signals and Systems, RF
design, Antenna and Propagation for undergraduate and postgraduate levels, at the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering. Her research interests are in the area of Numerical analysis
especially in antenna arrays, signal processing and optimization techniques. Her research area also
does not limit to wearable antennas and antennas using metamaterials for wireless communications.
Norun received a MSc. degree in Digital Communication Systems from the Loughborough University,
UK and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the same university in 2008 in
2013, respectively. She is also a member of the IEEE, and IEM, and registered under the Board of
Engineering Malaysia.
Ahmad Zamani Jusoh obtained his Bsc in Electronic Eng. From Hanyang University, Korea in 1999
and completed his Msc in Digital Communication Systems at Loughborough University, UK in 2002.
He received PhD in Communication Engineering for The University of Western Australia, Australia in
2012. He is currently an assistant professor at faculty of engineering, International Islamic University
Malaysia (IIUM). His research interest are in signal and speech analysis, wireless communication and
IoT. He is a member of BEM.
Sarah Yasmin Mohamad has been appointed as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)
since 2015. Sarah lectures on subjects in Antennas and Wave Propagation, Fundamental of
Communication Engineering, and Programming for Engineers, at the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering. Her research concentrations are in the area of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) and
wideband antennas, with various types of ground planes such as Frequency Selective Surfaces, High
Impedance Surfaces and liquid crystals, for various use in radar, mobile, 5G, CubeSat, satellite
communications and wireless communications. Sarah received a MEng. degree in Communication and
Computer Engineering from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and a Ph.D. degree in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the Queen‟s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K., in 2011 in
2015, respectively. She is also a member ofthe IEEE and IEM, and registered under the Board of
Engineering Malaysia.
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Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 1978. She received the B. Eng from
the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, in 2001, the M. Eng from the Kolej Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia, in 2003, and Ph.D. degree from Bradford University, U.K in 2011.
Currently, she was a Principal Researcher at Applied Electromagnetic Center, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia. She has authored and co-authored numbers of journals and proceedings, including the
IEEE TRANSACTION ON ANTENNA AND PROPAGATION, IEEE ACCESS, MICROWAVE AND
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS and IEEE AWPL. Her research interests include MIMO antenna,
printed microstrip antenna, wearable antennas, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) for wireless and
mobile and high-speed digital circuit‟s applications.
Ani Liza Asnawi is currently an Assistant Professor in Electrical and Computer Dept, Faculty of
Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia. She received her Phd from School of
Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK, in 2012. She obtained her M. Eng
in Communication and Computer Engineering from University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), and her
Bachelor degree (Computer and Information Engineering) from International Islamic University
Malaysia (IIUM). Her current research interests include wireless communication, software defined
radio, software engineering, empirical software engineering, Agile methods and software processes.
She is an active member of IEEE, IEEE Computer Society, a registered member for BEM and IEM.