Fabrication and analysis of passive type Solar Water Heating System.
The system is manufactured in the workshop of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,Science and Technology for fulfillment of my Bachelor Engineering Degree.
The system was successful by which good results ontained in winter season through thermosiphon water heating process with 40% efficiency.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
Fabrication and analysis of passive type Solar Water Heating System.
The system is manufactured in the workshop of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,Science and Technology for fulfillment of my Bachelor Engineering Degree.
The system was successful by which good results ontained in winter season through thermosiphon water heating process with 40% efficiency.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Thank you very much for checking out my presentation.
If you are a student or a faculty of an engineering college and need to create a presentation, you can contact me. Check out my profile to know how.
This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Thank you very much for checking out my presentation.
If you are a student or a faculty of an engineering college and need to create a presentation, you can contact me. Check out my profile to know how.
This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
A complete Presentation on SOLAR WATER HEATER by himanshu kumarrajaricky
The most emerging system in the field of utilization of solar energy by saving money with low payback period. Water heating technology is the old age technology but using solar energy as a energy source is viable and eco-friendly.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF EVACUATED TUBE AND FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS IN NORD...IAEME Publication
In this paper the results of the experiments of measuring the performance of evacuated tube and flat plate type solar collectors in Nordic climate conditions are presented. The measurements of the collectors of a given and equal gross surface area were performed in the test installation
environment. While the azimuth of the collectors was preserved constantly by 180°, the vertical incline was varied in order to identify the most suitable value of the thermal performance
eme.pptMechanical engineering is the study of physical machines that may involVINODN33
Technically, mechanical engineering is the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering from design to manufacturing to the marketplace for any object. Mechanical engineers analyze their work using the principles of motion, energy, and force—ensuring that designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a competitive cost.
Mechanical engineers make a difference. That's because mechanical engineering careers center on creating technologies to meet human needs. Virtually every product or service in modern life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help humankind.
This includes solving today's problems and creating future solutions in health care, energy, transportation, world hunger, space exploration, climate change, and more.Being ingrained in many challenges and innovations across many fields means a mechanical engineering education is versatile. To meet this broad demand, mechanical engineers may design a component, a machine, a system, or a process. This ranges from the macro to the micro, from the largest systems like cars and satellites to the smallest components like sensors and switches. Anything that needs to be manufactured—indeed, anything with moving parts—needs the expertise of a mechanical engineer.
Module_2_Solar Collectors in environment.pptxRahulBadachi1
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peace
Module_2_Solar Collectors in environment management.pptxRahulBadachi1
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peace
In this presentation, we have described solar thermal collectors,
Concentrating collectors as well as non concentrating collectors, their working and their components.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
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It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
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Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
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1. Solar COLLECTORS
By
Anu Singla
Associate Professor
Department of EE
Chitkara University, Punjab
Solar COLLECTORS
By
Anu Singla
Associate Professor
Department of EE
Chitkara University, Punjab
2. Solar Energy Collectors
Solar energy collector is a device which absorbs the incoming
solar radiation, converts it into heat, and transfers this heat to a
fluid (usually air, water, or oil) flowing through the collector.
The solar energy thus collected is carried from the circulating fluid
either directly to the hot water or space conditioning equipment,
or to a thermal energy storage tank from which can be drawn for
use at night and/or cloudy days.
Solar energy collector is a device which absorbs the incoming
solar radiation, converts it into heat, and transfers this heat to a
fluid (usually air, water, or oil) flowing through the collector.
The solar energy thus collected is carried from the circulating fluid
either directly to the hot water or space conditioning equipment,
or to a thermal energy storage tank from which can be drawn for
use at night and/or cloudy days.
3. Types of Collectors
Solar collectors can be classified according to their collecting characteristics, the
way in which they are mounted and the type of transfer fluid they use.
(a)Collecting characteristics: A non-concentrating or flat plate collector is one in
which the absorbing surface for solar radiations is essentially flat with no
means for concentrating the incoming solar radiation.
A concentrating or focusing collector is one, which usually contains reflectors
or employs other optical means to concentrate the energy falling on the
aperture onto a heat exchanger of surface area smaller than the aperture.
(b) Mounting: A collector can be mounted to remain stationary, be adjustable as
to tilt angle (measured from the horizontal) to follow the change in solar
declination or be designed to track the sun. Tracking is done by employing
either an equatorial mounting or an azimuth mounting, for the purpose of
increasing the absorption of the daily solar irradiation.
(c) Types of fluid: A collector will usually use either a liquid or a gas as the transfer
fluid. The most common liquids are water or a water-ethylene glycol solution.
The most common gas is air.
Solar collectors can be classified according to their collecting characteristics, the
way in which they are mounted and the type of transfer fluid they use.
(a)Collecting characteristics: A non-concentrating or flat plate collector is one in
which the absorbing surface for solar radiations is essentially flat with no
means for concentrating the incoming solar radiation.
A concentrating or focusing collector is one, which usually contains reflectors
or employs other optical means to concentrate the energy falling on the
aperture onto a heat exchanger of surface area smaller than the aperture.
(b) Mounting: A collector can be mounted to remain stationary, be adjustable as
to tilt angle (measured from the horizontal) to follow the change in solar
declination or be designed to track the sun. Tracking is done by employing
either an equatorial mounting or an azimuth mounting, for the purpose of
increasing the absorption of the daily solar irradiation.
(c) Types of fluid: A collector will usually use either a liquid or a gas as the transfer
fluid. The most common liquids are water or a water-ethylene glycol solution.
The most common gas is air.
4. Solar collectors are classified basically in two different
categories:
Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors
Concentrating or focusing collectors consisting of
• Cylindrical parabolic collector
• Central receiver collector
• Compound parabolic collector
Types of Collectors contd.
Solar collectors are classified basically in two different
categories:
Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors
Concentrating or focusing collectors consisting of
• Cylindrical parabolic collector
• Central receiver collector
• Compound parabolic collector
5. Non concentrating collector has the same area
for intercepting and for absorbing solar
radiation, whereas
Sun-tracking concentrating solar collector
usually has concave reflecting surfaces to
intercept and focus the sun’s beam radiation to
a smaller receiving area, thereby increasing the
radiation flux.
Types of Collectors contd.
Non concentrating collector has the same area
for intercepting and for absorbing solar
radiation, whereas
Sun-tracking concentrating solar collector
usually has concave reflecting surfaces to
intercept and focus the sun’s beam radiation to
a smaller receiving area, thereby increasing the
radiation flux.
6. Flat Plate Collector (Non-Concentrating
Collector)
A simple flat plate collector consists of an absorber
surface (usually a dark, thermally conducting surface); a
trap for radiation losses from the absorber surface (such
as glass which transmits shorter wavelength solar
radiation, but blocks the longer wavelength radiation
from the absorber, a heat transfer medium such as air,
water etc. and some thermal insulation behind the
absorber surface.
Flat plate collectors are used typically for temperature
required up to 750C although higher temperature can be
obtained from high efficiency collector.
A simple flat plate collector consists of an absorber
surface (usually a dark, thermally conducting surface); a
trap for radiation losses from the absorber surface (such
as glass which transmits shorter wavelength solar
radiation, but blocks the longer wavelength radiation
from the absorber, a heat transfer medium such as air,
water etc. and some thermal insulation behind the
absorber surface.
Flat plate collectors are used typically for temperature
required up to 750C although higher temperature can be
obtained from high efficiency collector.
7. Flat Plate Collector (Non-Concentrating
Collector) contd.
These flat plate collectors are further classified into two
basic types, based on heat transfer fluid.
Liquid type: Where heat transfer fluid may be water,
mixture of water antifreeze oil etc.
Air type: Where heat transfer medium is air (used
mainly for drying and space heating requirements).
These flat plate collectors are further classified into two
basic types, based on heat transfer fluid.
Liquid type: Where heat transfer fluid may be water,
mixture of water antifreeze oil etc.
Air type: Where heat transfer medium is air (used
mainly for drying and space heating requirements).
8. Liquid-type Flat Plate Collector
In general it consists of:
Glazing: One or more covers of transparent material like glass,
plastics, etc. Glazing may be left out for some low
temperature applications.
Absorber: A plate with tubes or passages attached to it for the
passage of working fluid. The absorber is usually
painted flat black or electroplated with a selective
absorber.
Header or manifolds: To facilitate the flow or heat transfer fluid.
Insulation: To minimise heat loss from the back and the sides.
Container: box or casing.
In general it consists of:
Glazing: One or more covers of transparent material like glass,
plastics, etc. Glazing may be left out for some low
temperature applications.
Absorber: A plate with tubes or passages attached to it for the
passage of working fluid. The absorber is usually
painted flat black or electroplated with a selective
absorber.
Header or manifolds: To facilitate the flow or heat transfer fluid.
Insulation: To minimise heat loss from the back and the sides.
Container: box or casing.
10. Air Type/ Space Collector
Air type collectors are more commonly used for agricultural drying
and space heating applications.
Their basic advantages are low sensitivity to leakages and no need
for an additional heat exchanger for drying and space heating
applications.
However, because of the low heat capacity of the air and the low
convection heat transfer coefficient between the absorber and the
air, a larger heat transfer area and higher flow rates are needed.
Figure shows some common configurations of air heating
collectors.
Common absorber materials include corrugated Al or galvanised
steel sheets, black metallic screens or simply any black painted
surface.
Air type collectors are more commonly used for agricultural drying
and space heating applications.
Their basic advantages are low sensitivity to leakages and no need
for an additional heat exchanger for drying and space heating
applications.
However, because of the low heat capacity of the air and the low
convection heat transfer coefficient between the absorber and the
air, a larger heat transfer area and higher flow rates are needed.
Figure shows some common configurations of air heating
collectors.
Common absorber materials include corrugated Al or galvanised
steel sheets, black metallic screens or simply any black painted
surface.
12. Unglazed, transpired solar air collector offers a low-cost
opportunity for some applications such as preheating of ventilation
air and agricultural drying and curing.
Such collectors consist of perforated absorber sheets that are
exposed to sun and through which air is drawn.
The perforated absorber sheets are attached to the vertical walls,
which are exposed to the sun.
The most important components, whose properties determine the
efficiency of solar thermal collectors, are glazing and absorber.
Air Type/ Space Collector contd.
Unglazed, transpired solar air collector offers a low-cost
opportunity for some applications such as preheating of ventilation
air and agricultural drying and curing.
Such collectors consist of perforated absorber sheets that are
exposed to sun and through which air is drawn.
The perforated absorber sheets are attached to the vertical walls,
which are exposed to the sun.
The most important components, whose properties determine the
efficiency of solar thermal collectors, are glazing and absorber.
13. Concentrating or Focusing Collectors
Focusing collector is a device to collect solar energy with high
intensity of solar radiation on the energy-absorbing surface.
A focusing collector is a special form of flat plate collector modified
by introducing a reflecting (or refracting) surface (concentrator)
between the solar radiation and the absorber.
Focusing collectors can have radiation increase from low value of
1.5 to 2, high values of the order of 10,000.
Focusing collector comprises of receiver (absorber) and
concentrator.
Concentrators can be reflectors or refractors, can be cylindrical or
parabolic and can be continuous or segmented.
Receivers can be convex, flat, cylindrical or concave and can be
covered with glazing or uncovered.
Focusing collector is a device to collect solar energy with high
intensity of solar radiation on the energy-absorbing surface.
A focusing collector is a special form of flat plate collector modified
by introducing a reflecting (or refracting) surface (concentrator)
between the solar radiation and the absorber.
Focusing collectors can have radiation increase from low value of
1.5 to 2, high values of the order of 10,000.
Focusing collector comprises of receiver (absorber) and
concentrator.
Concentrators can be reflectors or refractors, can be cylindrical or
parabolic and can be continuous or segmented.
Receivers can be convex, flat, cylindrical or concave and can be
covered with glazing or uncovered.
15. Concentrating or Focusing Collectors
contd.
There are wide variety of means for increasing the flux of radiation
on receivers.
They can be classified on the basis of
a) Lenses or reflectors.
b) The types of mounting and orienting systems
c) By the concentration of the radiation they are able to accomplish
d) By materials of construction, or by orientation.
Concentrator is a component used to increase the intensity of
energy flux on a receiver. Concentration ratio (CR), it is the ratio of
the quantity = Aa/Ar ,
where Aa is the ratio of the area of the concentrator aperture and
Ar , is the energy absorbing area of the receiver.
It determines the effectiveness of the concentrator.
There are wide variety of means for increasing the flux of radiation
on receivers.
They can be classified on the basis of
a) Lenses or reflectors.
b) The types of mounting and orienting systems
c) By the concentration of the radiation they are able to accomplish
d) By materials of construction, or by orientation.
Concentrator is a component used to increase the intensity of
energy flux on a receiver. Concentration ratio (CR), it is the ratio of
the quantity = Aa/Ar ,
where Aa is the ratio of the area of the concentrator aperture and
Ar , is the energy absorbing area of the receiver.
It determines the effectiveness of the concentrator.
16. Because of the apparent movement of the sun across the sky,
conventional concentrating collectors must follow the sun’s daily
motion. There are two methods by which the sun’s motion can be
readily tracked.
The first is the altazimuth method which requires the tracking
device to turn in both altitude and azimuth, i.e. when performed
properly, this method enables the concentrator to follow the sun
exactly. Paraboloidal solar collectors generally use this system.
The second one is the one-axis tracking in which the collector
tracks the sun in only one direction either from east to west or
from north to south.
Parabolic trough collectors (PTC) generally use this system.
These systems require continuous and accurate adjustment to
compensate for the changes in the sun’s orientation.
Types of Concentrating or Focusing
Collectors
Because of the apparent movement of the sun across the sky,
conventional concentrating collectors must follow the sun’s daily
motion. There are two methods by which the sun’s motion can be
readily tracked.
The first is the altazimuth method which requires the tracking
device to turn in both altitude and azimuth, i.e. when performed
properly, this method enables the concentrator to follow the sun
exactly. Paraboloidal solar collectors generally use this system.
The second one is the one-axis tracking in which the collector
tracks the sun in only one direction either from east to west or
from north to south.
Parabolic trough collectors (PTC) generally use this system.
These systems require continuous and accurate adjustment to
compensate for the changes in the sun’s orientation.
17. Types of Concentrating or Focusing
Collectors
There are different types of concentrating or focusing
collector depending upon the concentrator and receiver
geometries.
These are as follows:
Cylindrical parabolic collector.
Central receiver collector.
Compound parabolic collector
There are different types of concentrating or focusing
collector depending upon the concentrator and receiver
geometries.
These are as follows:
Cylindrical parabolic collector.
Central receiver collector.
Compound parabolic collector
18. Cylindrical Parabolic collector
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Crystalline Silicon
It is a system consisting of a paraboloid or a parabolic
reflector and having receiver at its focal point.
The concentration ratios are very high and therefore
can be used where high temperatures are required.
In a cylindrical system, the concentration ratio is
lower than paraboloid counterparts.
In both the cases the receiver is placed at the focus,
i.e. along the focal line in cylindrical parabolic system
and at the focus point in paraboloidal system.
The parabolic geometry is given by the relation
Y2 = 4 a X
Where a = Semi Major Axis.
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It is a system consisting of a paraboloid or a parabolic
reflector and having receiver at its focal point.
The concentration ratios are very high and therefore
can be used where high temperatures are required.
In a cylindrical system, the concentration ratio is
lower than paraboloid counterparts.
In both the cases the receiver is placed at the focus,
i.e. along the focal line in cylindrical parabolic system
and at the focus point in paraboloidal system.
The parabolic geometry is given by the relation
Y2 = 4 a X
Where a = Semi Major Axis.
23. Central Receiver Collector
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Crystalline Silicon
The concept of central receiver collector is simple.
In order to avoid the cost and heat losses in transporting
a working fluid to a central location, use of sunlight itself
as the transfer medium is proposed.
To implement the concept, one needs a field of mirrors
provided with the means of directing reflected sunlight
to a central location, or a location at one edge of the
field of mirrors.
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The concept of central receiver collector is simple.
In order to avoid the cost and heat losses in transporting
a working fluid to a central location, use of sunlight itself
as the transfer medium is proposed.
To implement the concept, one needs a field of mirrors
provided with the means of directing reflected sunlight
to a central location, or a location at one edge of the
field of mirrors.
24. Central Receiver Collector contd.
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Crystalline Silicon
In the typical central receiver, the reflector is composed of
many smaller mirrors each with its own heliostat to follow
the sun.
The heliostats are generally located in the horizontal plane,
but when the situation is favourable, can simply follow the
existing terrain.
The basic difference between a single mirror concentrator
and the heliostat system is that the heliostat system has a
dilute mirror. This means that the entire surface within the
system is not covered with mirror surface.
This diluteness is generally termed as the fill factor.
A central receiver with a fill factor of about 40% means that
40% of the land area is covered by mirrors.
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In the typical central receiver, the reflector is composed of
many smaller mirrors each with its own heliostat to follow
the sun.
The heliostats are generally located in the horizontal plane,
but when the situation is favourable, can simply follow the
existing terrain.
The basic difference between a single mirror concentrator
and the heliostat system is that the heliostat system has a
dilute mirror. This means that the entire surface within the
system is not covered with mirror surface.
This diluteness is generally termed as the fill factor.
A central receiver with a fill factor of about 40% means that
40% of the land area is covered by mirrors.
26. Compound Parabolic collector (CPC or
Winston collector)
It is possible to concentrate solar radiation by a factor of 10
without diurnal tracking using this type of collector.
A compound parabolic collector is shown in figure (in next slide) .
It consists of two parabolic reflectors which funnel the radiation
from aperture to absorber. The right and the left half belong to
different parabolas (hence the name compound parabolic
concentrator).
The axis of the right branch, for instance, makes an angle θc , with
the collector mid plane, and its focus is at A. At the end points C
and D, the slope is parallel to the collector mid-plane.
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It is possible to concentrate solar radiation by a factor of 10
without diurnal tracking using this type of collector.
A compound parabolic collector is shown in figure (in next slide) .
It consists of two parabolic reflectors which funnel the radiation
from aperture to absorber. The right and the left half belong to
different parabolas (hence the name compound parabolic
concentrator).
The axis of the right branch, for instance, makes an angle θc , with
the collector mid plane, and its focus is at A. At the end points C
and D, the slope is parallel to the collector mid-plane.
28. Compound Parabolic collector (CPC or
Winston collector) contd.
The compound parabolic collector developed by Winston
represents what may be called as the most ideal collector in the
sense that, for a given field of view it achieves the maximum
possible concentration ratio given by
CR = W / b =1 / sin θc
where,
W = entrance aperture.
b = exit aperture, covered by the absorber
θc = field of view (half angle)2nd Generation PV
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The compound parabolic collector developed by Winston
represents what may be called as the most ideal collector in the
sense that, for a given field of view it achieves the maximum
possible concentration ratio given by
CR = W / b =1 / sin θc
where,
W = entrance aperture.
b = exit aperture, covered by the absorber
θc = field of view (half angle)
29. Comparison of Flat Plate and Focusing
Collectors
Main advantages of the focusing systems over flat plate type collectors:
Reflecting surfaces requires less material and are structurally simpler than
flat-plate collectors. For a concentrator system the cost per unit area of
solar collecting surface is therefore potentially less than that of the flat-
plate collector.
The absorber area of a contractor system is smaller than that of a flat plate
system of same solar energy collection and the insolation intensity is
therefore greater.
As it is found that in case of solar energy concentrating collector the energy
lost to the surrounding is less than that for flat plate collector and the
insolation on the absorber is more concentrated, the working fluid can
attain higher temperatures in a concentrating system than that in a flat
plate collector of the same solar energy collecting surface.
Little or no antifreeze is required to protect the absorber in concentrator
systems whereas the entire solar energy collection surface requires
antifreeze protection in a flat-plate collector.
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Main advantages of the focusing systems over flat plate type collectors:
Reflecting surfaces requires less material and are structurally simpler than
flat-plate collectors. For a concentrator system the cost per unit area of
solar collecting surface is therefore potentially less than that of the flat-
plate collector.
The absorber area of a contractor system is smaller than that of a flat plate
system of same solar energy collection and the insolation intensity is
therefore greater.
As it is found that in case of solar energy concentrating collector the energy
lost to the surrounding is less than that for flat plate collector and the
insolation on the absorber is more concentrated, the working fluid can
attain higher temperatures in a concentrating system than that in a flat
plate collector of the same solar energy collecting surface.
Little or no antifreeze is required to protect the absorber in concentrator
systems whereas the entire solar energy collection surface requires
antifreeze protection in a flat-plate collector.
30. The concentrating systems also have some disadvantages as given below:
Out of the beam and diffuse solar radiation, components, only beam
component is collected in case of focusing collectors because diffuse
component cannot be reflected and is thus lost.
Additional requirement of maintenance particularly to retain the quality of
reflecting surface against dirt, weather, oxidation etc.
Non-uniform flux on the absorber whereas flux in flat-plate collector is
uniform.
Additional optical losses such as reflectance loss and the intercept loss, so
they introduce additional factors in energy balances.
These disadvantages have restricted the utility of focusing collectors and no
long time practical applications of focusing collectors other than for furnaces
are being made.
Disadvantages of Concentrating type
Collectors
The concentrating systems also have some disadvantages as given below:
Out of the beam and diffuse solar radiation, components, only beam
component is collected in case of focusing collectors because diffuse
component cannot be reflected and is thus lost.
Additional requirement of maintenance particularly to retain the quality of
reflecting surface against dirt, weather, oxidation etc.
Non-uniform flux on the absorber whereas flux in flat-plate collector is
uniform.
Additional optical losses such as reflectance loss and the intercept loss, so
they introduce additional factors in energy balances.
These disadvantages have restricted the utility of focusing collectors and no
long time practical applications of focusing collectors other than for furnaces
are being made.