This document discusses dental trauma, including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, classification, and management of various types of dental fractures and avulsions. It notes that dental trauma is common in childhood and adolescence. The most accident-prone ages are 2-4 years for primary dentition and 7-10 years for permanent dentition. It describes the Ellis classification system for dental fractures and outlines treatment approaches for each class, including restorative procedures, endodontic treatment, splinting, and follow-up. Proper emergency management and storage of avulsed teeth is also summarized.
PULP POLYP
CHORNIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS
PROLIFERATIVE PULPITIS
It’s a type of irreversible pulpitis
It is a pulpal inflammation due to an extensive carious exposure of young pulp.
Its characterized by the development of granulation tissue, covered by epithelium & resulting from long standing, low grade irritation.
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth, is an infectious disease of the gums causing bleeding, ulcers, and pain. It was first described in ancient Greece and differentiated from other conditions in the 18th century. It is caused by an infection of fusiform-spirochete bacteria like P. intermedia and Fusobacterium. Risk factors include nutritional deficiencies, drug or alcohol abuse, stress, and immunodeficiency. Clinically, it presents as crater-like ulcers on the gums with gray pseudomembranes and bleeding. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as bacterial smears and biopsy findings.
The document summarizes the main features of the 1999 classification system from the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) for gingival and periodontal diseases. The classification system replaced the term "adult periodontitis" with "chronic periodontitis" and eliminated the categories of "rapidly progressive periodontitis" and "refractory periodontitis" due to lack of evidence. It also replaced the term "early onset periodontitis" with "aggressive periodontitis" and separated it into "localized" and "generalized" types. Additionally, it created a new group for "periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease" and included new categories.
Phase I periodontal therapy is the first in the chronologic sequence of procedures that constitute periodontal treatment. It is also referred to as cause related therapy or non-surgical periodontal therapy.
This document discusses different types of periapical abscesses, including acute periapical abscesses, phoenix abscesses, and chronic alveolar abscesses. It describes the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each. Bacteria entering the pulp through breaks in dentin are the most common cause of these periradicular tissue lesions. Acute periapical abscesses present with rapid onset pain and swelling, while chronic alveolar abscesses are generally asymptomatic but can be detected by sinus tracts or radiographs. Treatment involves drainage, antibiotics if needed, and resolving the pulpal infection through root canal treatment or extraction.
Definition of periodontal pocket, classification, Histopathology of periodontal pocket, microflora involved, pathogenesis, periodontal pocket as a healing lesion, microtopography of root surface, treatment of periodontal pocket
This document describes a case study of hemisection of the distal root of tooth 36 in a 46-year-old male patient with localized chronic periodontitis. The patient presented with pain and sensitivity in the left, lower, posterior region for 3 months. Intraoral examination revealed 13mm probing depth and grade III furcation involvement on tooth 36. Radiographs showed bone loss obliterating the distal root. After hemisection of the distal root and extraction, bone grafting was performed and the area healed well. At 8 months post-op, a fixed prosthesis involving teeth 35-38 was placed, restoring the hemisected tooth 36. The case study demonstrates that hemisection can be a conservative treatment
This document discusses the causes, progression, and presentation of various periapical and periodontal infections and abscesses. It describes how untreated pulpitis can lead to periodontitis as bacteria spread through the root canal. Acute traumatic periodontitis is usually temporary and caused by occlusal trauma or dental procedures. Persistent irritation can lead to chronic periapical periodontitis characterized by bone resorption and granulation tissue formation. Abscesses may develop from these infections and spread in various directions depending on anatomical structures, presenting as facial swelling, palatal abscesses, or submandibular involvement in severe cases like Ludwig's angina.
PULP POLYP
CHORNIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS
PROLIFERATIVE PULPITIS
It’s a type of irreversible pulpitis
It is a pulpal inflammation due to an extensive carious exposure of young pulp.
Its characterized by the development of granulation tissue, covered by epithelium & resulting from long standing, low grade irritation.
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth, is an infectious disease of the gums causing bleeding, ulcers, and pain. It was first described in ancient Greece and differentiated from other conditions in the 18th century. It is caused by an infection of fusiform-spirochete bacteria like P. intermedia and Fusobacterium. Risk factors include nutritional deficiencies, drug or alcohol abuse, stress, and immunodeficiency. Clinically, it presents as crater-like ulcers on the gums with gray pseudomembranes and bleeding. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as bacterial smears and biopsy findings.
The document summarizes the main features of the 1999 classification system from the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) for gingival and periodontal diseases. The classification system replaced the term "adult periodontitis" with "chronic periodontitis" and eliminated the categories of "rapidly progressive periodontitis" and "refractory periodontitis" due to lack of evidence. It also replaced the term "early onset periodontitis" with "aggressive periodontitis" and separated it into "localized" and "generalized" types. Additionally, it created a new group for "periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease" and included new categories.
Phase I periodontal therapy is the first in the chronologic sequence of procedures that constitute periodontal treatment. It is also referred to as cause related therapy or non-surgical periodontal therapy.
This document discusses different types of periapical abscesses, including acute periapical abscesses, phoenix abscesses, and chronic alveolar abscesses. It describes the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each. Bacteria entering the pulp through breaks in dentin are the most common cause of these periradicular tissue lesions. Acute periapical abscesses present with rapid onset pain and swelling, while chronic alveolar abscesses are generally asymptomatic but can be detected by sinus tracts or radiographs. Treatment involves drainage, antibiotics if needed, and resolving the pulpal infection through root canal treatment or extraction.
Definition of periodontal pocket, classification, Histopathology of periodontal pocket, microflora involved, pathogenesis, periodontal pocket as a healing lesion, microtopography of root surface, treatment of periodontal pocket
This document describes a case study of hemisection of the distal root of tooth 36 in a 46-year-old male patient with localized chronic periodontitis. The patient presented with pain and sensitivity in the left, lower, posterior region for 3 months. Intraoral examination revealed 13mm probing depth and grade III furcation involvement on tooth 36. Radiographs showed bone loss obliterating the distal root. After hemisection of the distal root and extraction, bone grafting was performed and the area healed well. At 8 months post-op, a fixed prosthesis involving teeth 35-38 was placed, restoring the hemisected tooth 36. The case study demonstrates that hemisection can be a conservative treatment
This document discusses the causes, progression, and presentation of various periapical and periodontal infections and abscesses. It describes how untreated pulpitis can lead to periodontitis as bacteria spread through the root canal. Acute traumatic periodontitis is usually temporary and caused by occlusal trauma or dental procedures. Persistent irritation can lead to chronic periapical periodontitis characterized by bone resorption and granulation tissue formation. Abscesses may develop from these infections and spread in various directions depending on anatomical structures, presenting as facial swelling, palatal abscesses, or submandibular involvement in severe cases like Ludwig's angina.
This document discusses preventive resin restorations (PRR), which involve sealing carious lesions and susceptible areas with resin to prevent further decay. PRRs are classified into three types based on the extent and depth of the lesion. Type A involves sealing shallow enamel lesions with resin or sealant. Type B uses resin filler for minimal lesions extending into dentin. Type C places a bevel and layers of resin composite to restore larger lesions extending into dentin. PRR provides advantages over traditional fillings by requiring minimal tooth preparation and sealing decay, while future replacements are less invasive than replacing fillings. Maintaining isolation from moisture is important for success.
This document provides definitions and classifications of direct retainers used in removable partial dentures. It discusses the basic parts of a clasp assembly including the rest, body, shoulder, retentive arm, and terminal. It covers principles of clasp design including retention, support, stability, encirclement and passivity. Factors affecting retention such as clasp type, flexibility, length, diameter, taper, curvature and material are explained. The location of the retentive terminal in the undercut is also an important factor for retention.
This document discusses removable partial dentures (RPDs). It describes the objectives of prosthodontic treatment, consequences of tooth loss, components and classification of RPDs, principles of design including support, retention and stability, and types of major connectors and retainers. The Kennedy classification system and Applegate's rules for applying it are also summarized.
This seminar presentation discusses dental extraction techniques. It begins with definitions of painless tooth extraction and a brief history of dentistry. It then describes different extraction methods and indications for extraction. Factors to consider like medical history, radiographs, equipment and positioning are outlined. The presentation addresses techniques for specific tooth types, emphasizing using the correct instruments and applying forces in ways to safely leverage teeth out of the jawbone with minimal trauma.
Bleeding on probing is an early sign of gingival inflammation and is commonly used to assess periodontal disease status. It occurs when increased crevicular fluid and breakdown of gingival tissues due to inflammation allows blood vessels to rupture upon gentle probing. Local factors like poor oral hygiene and systemic conditions like vitamin deficiencies or coagulation disorders can contribute to abnormal gingival bleeding. The bleeding point index is used to evaluate gingival inflammation by recording the number of bleeding sites after probing specific areas in the mouth.
A absolutely minimalist way to describe each and every diagnostic aid in the beautiful stream of endodontics.
one has to understand the topic by going through the bible, "Grossman 13th Edition" along with the slides I've created.
Hope this helps.
by Dr. Ishaan Adhaulia
This document summarizes different techniques for pulp capping including direct and indirect pulp capping. It discusses the history of various materials used for pulp capping such as calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate. Key points covered include the indications and contraindications for pulp capping, the ideal properties of capping materials, and the histological response after pulp capping including zone formation. The document provides an overview of pulp capping procedures and factors influencing their success.
This document provides information on scaling and root planing procedures. It discusses the different types of periodontal instruments used, including probes, explorers, scalers, curettes, and ultrasonic instruments. It covers the principles of instrumentation, including proper positioning, illumination, use of sharp instruments, and techniques for instrument stabilization and activation. The goal of scaling and root planing is to remove biofilm, calculus, and rough surfaces from teeth to produce a smooth, clean surface and reduce inflammation.
This document discusses Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth. It defines NUG as a microbial disease of the gingiva caused by an impaired host response. Key clinical features include necrosis of gingival tissue and pain. Diagnosis is based on these clinical findings and microscopic examination. Management involves reducing the microbial load, removing necrotic tissue, treating any systemic conditions, and supportive periodontal therapy. Prognosis is generally good with treatment but recurrence is possible without ongoing maintenance of oral hygiene.
Teeth don’t possess regenerative ability found in most other tissues. Therefore, once enamel & dentin are lost as a result of caries, trauma or wear, restorative material must be used, to reestablish form & function.
Teeth require preparation to receive restoration & these preparations must be based on fundamental principles, which are discussed in this presentation, from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.
mucogingival surgery or plastic surgery of muco-gingival tissue is a surgical procedure targeted to correct and eliminate anatomic, developmental and traumatic alterations of gingiva.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
Brief notes on the inflammation of Alveolar bone that surrounds a tooth that has recently been extracted. It occurs as a complication of tooth extraction.
Periodontal abscess is a localised purulent infection in the tissues adjacent to the periodontal pocket that may lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Periodontal abscess is the third most prevalent emergency infection after acute alveolar abscess and pericoronitis. It could lead to complications due to bacteremia that may cause infection at distant locations. Proper management of the abscess is crucial to alleviate pain, establish drainage and control the spread of infection.
This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
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https://www.facebook.com/iraqi.Dental.Academy
This document discusses traumatic injuries to teeth. It begins by defining relevant terms like trauma, traumatic, and traumatology. It then summarizes the epidemiology of dental trauma, noting it is common in childhood and adolescence, especially in boys. The most common causes of dental trauma are falls, injuries during play, fights, and sports injuries. The document describes different types of dental trauma and the Ellis classification system for classifying injuries. It provides detailed descriptions and treatment recommendations for each class of injury. The focus is on management of enamel fractures, pulp exposures, avulsed teeth, and root fractures. Proper emergency treatment and long-term follow-up are emphasized.
DR SHAKIR Traumatic injuries of teeth in childrendoctorshakir
This document discusses the classification, epidemiology, etiology, and management of traumatic dental injuries. It describes 9 classes of injuries ranging from enamel fractures to avulsed teeth. Management depends on the class of injury and factors like vitality of the pulp and stage of root development. For avulsed teeth, management involves first aid like storing the tooth in milk or saline, then replanting depending on dry time and root development stage. Replanted teeth require splinting, antibiotics and sometimes root canal treatment or fluoride treatment of the root surface. Long term follow up is important.
This document discusses preventive resin restorations (PRR), which involve sealing carious lesions and susceptible areas with resin to prevent further decay. PRRs are classified into three types based on the extent and depth of the lesion. Type A involves sealing shallow enamel lesions with resin or sealant. Type B uses resin filler for minimal lesions extending into dentin. Type C places a bevel and layers of resin composite to restore larger lesions extending into dentin. PRR provides advantages over traditional fillings by requiring minimal tooth preparation and sealing decay, while future replacements are less invasive than replacing fillings. Maintaining isolation from moisture is important for success.
This document provides definitions and classifications of direct retainers used in removable partial dentures. It discusses the basic parts of a clasp assembly including the rest, body, shoulder, retentive arm, and terminal. It covers principles of clasp design including retention, support, stability, encirclement and passivity. Factors affecting retention such as clasp type, flexibility, length, diameter, taper, curvature and material are explained. The location of the retentive terminal in the undercut is also an important factor for retention.
This document discusses removable partial dentures (RPDs). It describes the objectives of prosthodontic treatment, consequences of tooth loss, components and classification of RPDs, principles of design including support, retention and stability, and types of major connectors and retainers. The Kennedy classification system and Applegate's rules for applying it are also summarized.
This seminar presentation discusses dental extraction techniques. It begins with definitions of painless tooth extraction and a brief history of dentistry. It then describes different extraction methods and indications for extraction. Factors to consider like medical history, radiographs, equipment and positioning are outlined. The presentation addresses techniques for specific tooth types, emphasizing using the correct instruments and applying forces in ways to safely leverage teeth out of the jawbone with minimal trauma.
Bleeding on probing is an early sign of gingival inflammation and is commonly used to assess periodontal disease status. It occurs when increased crevicular fluid and breakdown of gingival tissues due to inflammation allows blood vessels to rupture upon gentle probing. Local factors like poor oral hygiene and systemic conditions like vitamin deficiencies or coagulation disorders can contribute to abnormal gingival bleeding. The bleeding point index is used to evaluate gingival inflammation by recording the number of bleeding sites after probing specific areas in the mouth.
A absolutely minimalist way to describe each and every diagnostic aid in the beautiful stream of endodontics.
one has to understand the topic by going through the bible, "Grossman 13th Edition" along with the slides I've created.
Hope this helps.
by Dr. Ishaan Adhaulia
This document summarizes different techniques for pulp capping including direct and indirect pulp capping. It discusses the history of various materials used for pulp capping such as calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate. Key points covered include the indications and contraindications for pulp capping, the ideal properties of capping materials, and the histological response after pulp capping including zone formation. The document provides an overview of pulp capping procedures and factors influencing their success.
This document provides information on scaling and root planing procedures. It discusses the different types of periodontal instruments used, including probes, explorers, scalers, curettes, and ultrasonic instruments. It covers the principles of instrumentation, including proper positioning, illumination, use of sharp instruments, and techniques for instrument stabilization and activation. The goal of scaling and root planing is to remove biofilm, calculus, and rough surfaces from teeth to produce a smooth, clean surface and reduce inflammation.
This document discusses Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth. It defines NUG as a microbial disease of the gingiva caused by an impaired host response. Key clinical features include necrosis of gingival tissue and pain. Diagnosis is based on these clinical findings and microscopic examination. Management involves reducing the microbial load, removing necrotic tissue, treating any systemic conditions, and supportive periodontal therapy. Prognosis is generally good with treatment but recurrence is possible without ongoing maintenance of oral hygiene.
Teeth don’t possess regenerative ability found in most other tissues. Therefore, once enamel & dentin are lost as a result of caries, trauma or wear, restorative material must be used, to reestablish form & function.
Teeth require preparation to receive restoration & these preparations must be based on fundamental principles, which are discussed in this presentation, from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.
mucogingival surgery or plastic surgery of muco-gingival tissue is a surgical procedure targeted to correct and eliminate anatomic, developmental and traumatic alterations of gingiva.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
Brief notes on the inflammation of Alveolar bone that surrounds a tooth that has recently been extracted. It occurs as a complication of tooth extraction.
Periodontal abscess is a localised purulent infection in the tissues adjacent to the periodontal pocket that may lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Periodontal abscess is the third most prevalent emergency infection after acute alveolar abscess and pericoronitis. It could lead to complications due to bacteremia that may cause infection at distant locations. Proper management of the abscess is crucial to alleviate pain, establish drainage and control the spread of infection.
This lecture, which oriented to the level of mind of undergraduate students, discuss the topic of pulpectomy, its indications, contraindications, and procedural steps.
Visit us on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/iraqi.Dental.Academy
This document discusses traumatic injuries to teeth. It begins by defining relevant terms like trauma, traumatic, and traumatology. It then summarizes the epidemiology of dental trauma, noting it is common in childhood and adolescence, especially in boys. The most common causes of dental trauma are falls, injuries during play, fights, and sports injuries. The document describes different types of dental trauma and the Ellis classification system for classifying injuries. It provides detailed descriptions and treatment recommendations for each class of injury. The focus is on management of enamel fractures, pulp exposures, avulsed teeth, and root fractures. Proper emergency treatment and long-term follow-up are emphasized.
DR SHAKIR Traumatic injuries of teeth in childrendoctorshakir
This document discusses the classification, epidemiology, etiology, and management of traumatic dental injuries. It describes 9 classes of injuries ranging from enamel fractures to avulsed teeth. Management depends on the class of injury and factors like vitality of the pulp and stage of root development. For avulsed teeth, management involves first aid like storing the tooth in milk or saline, then replanting depending on dry time and root development stage. Replanted teeth require splinting, antibiotics and sometimes root canal treatment or fluoride treatment of the root surface. Long term follow up is important.
This document provides guidance on managing avulsed permanent anterior teeth in children. It discusses evaluating the injury, immediately replanting or storing the tooth, performing root canals as needed, splinting the tooth, and following up over time. The goal is to replant the tooth promptly and monitor for signs of infection or need for additional treatment like apexification to encourage healing and prevent loss of the tooth. Immediate management and follow up care are important for the best prognosis of a replanted tooth.
Replantation of Avulsed Permanent Anterior Teeth: A Case Report.Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Tooth avulsion in the permanent dentition constitutes a dental emergency. Replantation of the avulsed tooth restores aesthetics and occlusal function shortly after the injury. This article describes the management of a 12-year old male with four avulsed anterior maxillary permanent teeth. The avulsed teeth were replanted and root canal treatment carried out after a short fixation. The result obtained was very satisfactory and the teeth remain in good functional status one year after replantation. Early treatment and regular attendance to clinic following replantation is an important factor for good result.
This document discusses dental trauma classifications and management of avulsed teeth. It outlines 9 classes of dental injuries from fractures to tooth displacement. Avulsion, the complete displacement of a tooth, is most common in maxillary teeth of children ages 7-9 years. Prompt reimplantation within 15-20 minutes maximizes success. Complications of reimplantation include ankylosis and inflammatory root resorption. Splinting and antibiotics can reduce complications and promote healing of pulp and periodontal ligament. Regular follow up is needed to monitor healing and detect any issues.
This document discusses dental trauma classifications and management. It provides classifications for types of injuries like fractures and luxations. It also describes approaches for different traumatic injuries like pulp capping for exposed pulps, apexification for open apices, splinting for luxated teeth and observation for intruded primary teeth. Proper examination, history taking, cleaning and temporary restorations are emphasized along with follow up appointments to monitor healing.
The document discusses the examination and treatment of various types of dental trauma:
1) It describes examining the patient for injuries to the face, lips, oral muscles and dental region. Radiographs and photographs may also be taken.
2) Several types of dental injuries are outlined, including crown fractures, crown-root fractures, concussions, subluxations, intrusions, extrusions, lateral luxations, root fractures, alveolar fractures, and avulsions.
3) Treatment recommendations are provided for each type of injury, such as flexible splinting, antibiotics, pulp capping, root canals, and follow-up examinations. Replantation of avulsed teeth is
This document provides guidance on managing traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth. It discusses various types of injuries including enamel fractures, root fractures, luxations, and avulsions. For each injury type, it describes treatment objectives, options for treatment or observation, and follow-up recommendations. Conservative management is prioritized when possible to avoid harming the developing permanent dentition. While some injuries require extraction, others may be treated with pulpotomy, splinting, or simply monitoring for complications. Frequent follow-up is important to check for issues like infection, resorption, or eruption disturbances in the permanent teeth.
This document discusses the management and treatment of various types of traumatic dental injuries in children and permanent teeth. It covers injuries such as crown fractures, root fractures, tooth displacements including intrusion, extrusion and avulsion. For each type of injury, the document outlines factors to consider in determining treatment and describes specific treatment procedures and objectives, which may include direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexification, pulpectomy, splinting, orthodontic repositioning, root canal therapy, and extraction. The key objectives of managing injuries are to retain teeth, maintain vitality, and allow for root development in immature teeth.
This document describes a case report of replanting four avulsed maxillary anterior teeth in a 12-year-old patient. The teeth were rinsed, gently cleaned of debris, and replanted within an hour of avulsion. They were splinted and the patient was treated with antibiotics and analgesics. After 8 weeks the splint was removed and root canal treatment was performed due to mild pain on percussion. Over a year later, the teeth remained functional with no signs of pain or mobility. The document discusses factors that influence the success of tooth replantation such as storage media, extraoral dry time, and immediate replantation or endodontic treatment.
- An 8-year-old girl fractured her upper right permanent central incisor after slipping and hitting her mouth on a table at school.
- Radiographs revealed a severe intrusive luxation of the tooth with an indistinct periodontal ligament space and an immature root with an open apex.
- The tooth was diagnosed with an intrusive luxation and showed early signs of pulp necrosis. It was treated with rapid orthodontic extrusion followed by pulp extirpation and root canal treatment once access to the canal was possible.
The document discusses traumatic dental injuries including avulsion or complete displacement of a tooth from its socket. It defines avulsion and describes the associated injuries, causes, and long term consequences. It provides details on avulsed permanent teeth including common occurrence in maxillary central incisors, higher frequency in boys than girls, and common age of 7-9 years when permanent incisors are erupting. The document discusses management of avulsed teeth including storage media to maintain viability of periodontal ligament cells, immediate replantation when possible, and follow up care and potential complications.
- Avulsion of permanent teeth most commonly involves maxillary central incisors in children ages 7-9 years old when they are erupting. Boys experience avulsion more than girls.
- If a tooth is avulsed, it should be replanted immediately if clean or cleaned and replanted. It is important to replant the tooth within 10 minutes for the best prognosis.
- After replantation, the tooth should be splinted for 10-14 days and the patient should receive antibiotics and follow up dental treatment which may include root canals or monitoring depending on the maturity of the root.
This document provides information on the management and treatment of traumatic dental injuries in children. It discusses the diagnosis process, which involves taking a medical and dental history, performing a clinical examination, conducting sensitivity tests, and getting radiographs. The clinical exam evaluates soft tissues, hard tissues, tooth displacement, mobility, fractures, and color changes. Treatment depends on the specific injury and may include protecting soft tissues, monitoring concussed teeth, splinting subluxated teeth, restoring tooth fractures with calcium hydroxide, crowns, or composite resins, and reattaching tooth fragments when possible. The goal is to restore function and aesthetics while protecting the pulp.
This document discusses the management and treatment of traumatic dental injuries in children and permanent dentition. It covers different classes of injuries including tooth fractures, displacements, and avulsions. The main objectives of treatment are to retain the tooth and maintain its vitality. Depending on factors like the size of exposure, root development, and time since injury, direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexification, or pulpectomy may be used. Displaced teeth require repositioning and splinting. Avulsed teeth should be replanted immediately if possible. The document also discusses potential pulp and root reactions to trauma like necrosis, resorption, and discoloration.
Dentists should advise the public on first aid for avulsed teeth. An avulsed permanent tooth is a dental emergency. The document provides guidelines for treating avulsed teeth depending on factors like how long the tooth was dry and the storage medium. It recommends cleaning and replanting the tooth if possible, or storing it in a suitable medium like milk until dental treatment. Replanted teeth may require splinting, antibiotics and endodontic treatment, with the goal of saving the tooth if viable cells remain in the periodontal ligament.
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of displaced teeth. It discusses the types of displacement injuries including concussion, horizontal displacements, and vertical displacements such as intrusion and extrusion. Key points include that displacement injuries damage the pulp vascular bundle and periodontal ligament attachment. Proper management depends on knowledge of the injury characteristics and includes repositioning displaced teeth, splinting, and follow up care to monitor for pulp necrosis and resorption. Management may involve endodontic treatment or orthodontic correction depending on the severity of displacement and stage of root development.
Preventive And Interceptive Orthodonticsshabeel pn
The document discusses preventive and interceptive orthodontics. It describes various procedures used in preventive orthodontics like parent education, caries control, space maintenance, and management of oral habits. Interceptive orthodontics aims to prevent potential malocclusions from progressing and includes serial extraction, correction of developing crossbites, control of habits, space regaining, and intercepting skeletal malrelations. Common space maintainers and habit breakers used are also outlined.
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative rod that causes gastritis and peptic ulcers. It attaches to gastric mucosa and produces urease, leading to mucosal damage. Infection is acquired through person-to-person transmission and is diagnosed via biopsy staining, cultures, antigen tests, or antibody tests. Treatment combines antibiotics and acid reducers to eliminate the bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen of hospitalized patients that causes infections via virulence factors like endotoxin and exotoxins. It is found in soil, water, and moist areas. Haemophilus influenzae can cause sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis
Fluorosis is a condition caused by excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development in children under 8 years old. It causes tooth enamel to appear mildly discolored with white flecks or spots. More severe cases involve tooth staining and pitting. The main causes are inappropriate use of fluoride toothpaste if swallowed by young children, and high fluoride levels in drinking water or supplements. Treatment aims to mask discoloration through whitening, bonding, veneers or crowns depending on severity. Prevention involves monitoring children's fluoride intake from water and products, using only a pea-sized amount of toothpaste, and teaching spitting not swallowing.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made by heating raw minerals at high temperatures. They contain strong ionic bonds between metals and oxygen that impart strength. Metal-ceramic crowns and bridges are commonly used dental restorations consisting of ceramic bonded to a metal alloy substrate. The ceramic provides aesthetics while the alloy provides strength and support for the ceramic. It is important to ensure a strong bond between the ceramic and alloy through proper oxide layer formation on the alloy surface for the restoration to be durable. Failures can occur if the ceramic-alloy bond is too weak or thick.
This document discusses techniques for taking impressions in edentulous patients for complete dentures. It defines an impression as a negative shape made of impression material placed in the oral cavity. There are several types of impressions including anatomical, functional, pressure-free, compression, and selectively relieving impressions. Functional impressions can be mucostatic or mucodynamic. Common methods for functional impressions include the classic open-mouth technique using zinc oxide paste, and closed-mouth techniques like the Marxkors and Płonka methods. Proper adjustment of individual trays and impression material is important for accurately capturing the functional borders and shaping of the denture bases.
The main functions of the salivary glands are to produce saliva, which aids in digestion, speech, and oral hygiene. Common salivary gland diseases include Sjogren's syndrome, infections, tumors, and medications that cause dry mouth. Diagnosis involves evaluating oral dryness, imaging of the glands, and biopsy of suspicious masses. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include stimulating saliva production, surgery to remove tumors or diseased glands, and managing symptoms like dry mouth.
This document discusses the classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of traumatic dental injuries including concussions, luxations, fractures, and root fractures. It describes the visual signs, sensitivity to percussion, mobility testing, sensitivity testing, radiographic findings, objectives of treatment, and specific treatment approaches for each type of injury. The types of injuries covered include concussions, luxations, enamel fractures, enamel-dentin fractures, enamel-dentin-pulp fractures, crown fractures, crown-root fractures both with and without pulp involvement, and root fractures. Treatment may include repositioning displaced teeth, splinting, monitoring for pulp necrosis, pulp capping, pulpotomy, root canal treatment, extraction
The Iranian health network has a four-level dental care system integrated into its public health system by 1997. The first level provides primary prevention services in health houses. The second level offers basic oral health services like fillings and extractions in health centers. The third level treats oral diseases in urban health centers. The last level provides advanced specialized treatment in university health centers. While rural areas rely on government services for 70% of dental care, cities receive 80% of services from private sectors. There are about 13,000 dentists in Iran, with nearly 1,200 specialists. Surveys show a decline in dental caries in children from 4 to 1.5, but oral health is still unsatisfactory for many children.
This document discusses salivary gland disorders. It defines salivary glands and lists common disorders like sialolithiasis, sialadenitis, cysts, benign and malignant tumors, Sjogren's syndrome, and sialadenosis. Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment are described for each disorder. Nursing interventions for related conditions like dry mouth and pain are also outlined. The goal is to educate about salivary gland disorders, signs, management, and nursing care.
This document discusses different methods for treating dental caries lesions based on their severity. Shallow lesions can be treated through improved oral hygiene, while deep lesions require more invasive procedures. Treatment options for moderate lesions include removing carious dentin and applying protective medicaments before restoring. For deep lesions, options are emergency treatment, indirect pulp capping by sealing questionable dentin, direct pulp capping for exposed pulps, or endodontic treatment. Both direct and indirect pulp capping aim to preserve the pulp but have varying prognosis depending on the exposure and pulp health.
Fixed dentures are dentures that are permanently fixed in the oral cavity and cannot be removed without help from a dentist. They can be permanently cemented to a patient's own teeth or implanted abutments, or mounted on pillar implants with screws allowing for removal. Common types of fixed dentures include crown inlays, cast dowel crowns, veneers, crowns, and prosthetic bridges. Proper preparation of abutment teeth is important for fixed dentures and involves reducing tooth tissues while maintaining anatomical shape and creating parallel axial walls slightly converging at the chamfer.
Fixed dentures are dentures that are permanently fixed in the oral cavity and cannot be removed without help from a dentist. They can be permanently cemented to a patient's own teeth or implanted abutments, or mounted on pillar implants with screws allowing for removal. Common types of fixed dentures include crown inlays, cast dowel crowns, veneers, crowns, and prosthetic bridges. Proper preparation of abutment teeth is important for fixed dentures and involves reducing tooth tissues while maintaining anatomical shape and creating parallel axial walls slightly converging at the chamfer.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Definitions
Trauma a physical injury or wound to the
body
Traumatic relating to physical injuries or
wounds to the body
Traumatology the branch of medicine that
deals with serious injuries and wounds and
their long-term consequences
3. Epidemiology
Dental trauma is common in childhood &
adolescent
Incidence of dental trauma is 31-40% of boys
& 16-30% of girls at 5 years of age
Incidence of dental trauma is 12-33% of boys
& 4-19% of girls at 12 years of age
Boys are affected almost twice as often as
girls in both the dentitions
4. Etiology
Most accident prone age is between 2 & 4
years for the primary dentition & 7 & 10 years
for the permanent dentition
Pre-School Child:
Fall injuries.
Child abuse.
Injury during play.
Seizures.
School Age:
Athletic injuries.
Fighting.
Auto accidents.
Seizure disorders.
5. Type of trauma
Direct trauma :
When the tooth itself is
struck
Indirect trauma:
When the lower dental
arch is forcefully
closed against the
upper
6. Ellis classification
Class I: Enamel fracture
Class II: Enamel and dentin fracture without pulp exposure
Class III: Crown fracture with pulp exposure
Class IV: Traumatized tooth that has become non-vital with or without loss of tooth
structure
Class V: Teeth lost as a result of trauma (Avulsion)
Class VI: Fracture of root with or without loss of crown structure
Class VII: Displacement of the tooth without fracture of crown or root
Class VIII: Fracture of the crown en masse and its replacement
Class IX: Fracture of deciduous teeth
7. CLASS I
A fracture confined to the enamel with loss of tooth structure
Enamel fracture
8. Class II
A fracture confined to enamel and dentin with loss of tooth structure
but not involving the pulp
Enamel-dentin fracture
9. Class III
A fracture involving enamel and dentin with loss of tooth
structure and exposure of the pulp
Enamel-dentin-pulp fracture
10. Tooth becomes non-vital
Class IV
Traumatized tooth that has become non-vital with or without loss of
tooth structure
17. Management of Class 1 fracture
☺ If a tooth fragment is available, it can be
bonded to the tooth.
☺ In many cases no immediate treatment is
needed other than smoothing of sharp fracture
edges. The fracture can be left for later
restoration which in most cases will consist of
augmentation with composite resin material.
☺ Grinding or restoration with composite resin
depending on the extent and location of the
fracture.
☺ Clinical and radiographic control at 6-8 weeks
and 1 year.
18. If a tooth fragment is available, it can be bonded to the tooth. Otherwise
perform a provisional treatment by covering the exposed dentin with glass-
ionomer or a permanent restoration using a bonding agent and composite
resin.
The definitive treatment for the fractured crown is restoration with accepted
dental restorative materials.
Radiograph of lip or cheek lacerations to search for tooth fragments or foreign
material
FOLLOW-UP
Clinical and radiographic control at 6-8 weeks and 1 year
Management of Class 2 fracture
19. Management of class III fracture
Factors affecting management of class III fractures
Vitality of the pulp
Size of pulp exposure
Time elapsed since exposure
Stage of development of root apex
Restorability of fractured crown
20. Closed apex
Open apex
RCT
Vital tooth Non-vital tooth
Direct Pulp Capping Pulpotomy Apexification
Treatment summary for class III fractures
22. Treatment of Class V fracture (Avulsion)
Factors affecting management of class V fracture
Time interval between injury and treatment
Conditions under which the tooth is
stored
23. First aid for avulsed teeth
Keep the patient calm
Find the tooth & pick
it up by the crown
Clean the tooth Place the tooth in a
suitable storage medium
Seek emergency dental treatment immediately
24. Storage media for avulsed tooth
Tissue or cell culture media like Hank’s Balanced
salt Solution (HBSS)
Milk
Isotonic Saline
Contact lens solution
Buccal vestibule or under the tongue
Unsalted water
Saliva
25. Treatment of Avulsion
Tooth replanted prior to the patient's
arrival at the dental clinic
Extraoral dry time less than 60 min.
The tooth has been kept in suitable
storage media and/or stored
dry less than 60 minutes.
Extraoral dry time exceeding 60 min or
other reasons suggesting non-viable cells
Tooth replanted prior to the patients
arrival at the dental clinic
Extraoral dry time less than 60 min.
The tooth has been kept in suitable
storage media and/or stored
dry less than 60 minutes.
Dry time longer than 60 min or other
reasons suggesting non-viable cells
Closed Apex Open apex
26. Closed Apex
Leave the tooth in place.
Clean the area with water spray, saline, or chlorhexidine.
Suture gingival lacerations if present.
Verify normal position of the replanted tooth both
clinically and radiographically.
Apply a flexible splint for up to 2 weeks.
Administer systemic antibiotics.
If the avulsed tooth has been in contact with soil, and if tetanus coverage is
uncertain, refer to physician for a tetanus booster.
Initiate root canal treatment 7-10 days after replantation and before splint
removal.
Tooth replanted prior to the
patient's arrival at the dental clinic
27. Patient instructions
Avoid participation in contact sports Soft food for up to 2 weeks
Brush teeth with a soft toothbrush
after each meal
Use a chlorhexidine (0.1 %) mouth
rinse twice a day for 1 week.
28. Root canal treatment 7-10 days after replantation. Place calcium
hydroxide as an intra-canal medicament for up to 1 month followed by
root canal filling with an acceptable material.
Alternatively an antibiotic-corticosteroid paste may be placed
immediately or shortly following replantation and left for at least 2
weeks.
Splint removal and clinical and radiographic follow-up after 2 weeks.
Clinical and radiographic follow-up after 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months,
1 year and then yearly thereafter.
Follow-up
29. Extra-oral dry time less than 60 min. The tooth has been kept in suitable storage
media and/or stored dry less than 60 minutes
Clean the root surface and apical foramen with a stream of saline and soak
the tooth in saline thereby removing contamination and dead cells from the
root surface.
Administer local anesthesia
Irrigate the socket with saline.
Examine the alveolar socket. If there is a fracture of the socket wall, reposition
it with a suitable instrument.
Replant the tooth slowly with slight digital pressure. Do not use force.
Closed apex
30. Suture gingival lacerations if present.
Verify normal position of the replanted tooth both, clinically and
radiographically.
Apply a flexible splint for up to 2 weeks, keep away from the gingiva.
Administer systemic antibiotics.
If the avulsed tooth has been in contact with soil, and if tetanus coverage is
uncertain, refer to physician for a tetanus booster.
Initiate root canal treatment 7-10 days after replantation and before splint
removal.
Closed apex
Extra-oral dry time less than 60 min. The tooth has been kept in suitable storage
media and/or stored dry less than 60 minutes
31. Root canal treatment 7-10 days after replantation. Place calcium
hydroxide as an intra-canal medicament for up to 1 month followed by
root canal filling with an acceptable material.
Alternatively an antibiotic-corticosteroid paste may be placed
immediately or shortly following replantation and left for at least 2
weeks.
Splint removal and clinical and radiographic follow-up after 2 weeks.
Clinical and radiographic follow-up after 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months,
1 year and then yearly thereafter.
Follow-up
32. Extra-oral dry time exceeding 60 min or other
reasons suggesting non-viable cells
Delayed replantation has a poor long-term prognosis.
The periodontal ligament will be necrotic and can not be
expected to heal. The goal in delayed replantation is, in
addition to restoring the tooth for esthetic, functional
and psychological reasons, to maintain alveolar bone
contour.
However, the expected eventual outcome is ankylosis
and resorption of the root and the tooth will be lost
eventually.
Closed Apex
33. Remove attached non-viable soft tissue carefully, with gauze.
Root canal treatment can be performed prior to replantation, or it can
be done 7-10 days later.
Administer local anesthesia & Irrigate the socket with saline.
Examine the alveolar socket. If there is a fracture of the socket wall,
reposition it with a suitable instrument.
Replant the tooth slowly with slight digital Do not use force.
Suture gingival lacerations if present. pressure.
Closed Apex
Extra-oral dry time exceeding 60 min or other reasons suggesting non-viable cells
34. Verify normal position of the replanted tooth clinically and radiographically.
Stabilize the tooth for 4 weeks using a flexible splint.
Administer systemic antibiotics.
If the avulsed tooth has been in contact with soil, and if tetanus coverage is
uncertain, refer to physician for a tetanus booster.
To slow down osseous replacement of the tooth, treatment of the root surface with
fluoride prior to replantation has been suggested (2 % sodium fluoride solution for
20 min.
Closed Apex
Extra-oral dry time exceeding 60 min or other reasons suggesting non-viable cells
35. Root canal treatment 7-10 days after replantation. Place calcium
hydroxide as an intra-canal medicament for up to 1 month followed by
root canal filling with an acceptable material.
Alternatively an antibiotic-corticosteroid paste may be placed
immediately or shortly following replantation and left for at least 2
weeks.
Splint removal and clinical and radiographic follow-up after 2 weeks.
Clinical and radiographic follow-up after 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months,
1 year and then yearly thereafter.
Follow-up
36. Leave the tooth in place.
Clean the area with water spray, saline, or chlorhexidine.
Suture gingival laceration if present.
Verify normal position of the replanted tooth
both clinically and radiographically.
Apply a flexible splint for up to 1-2 weeks.
Administer systemic antibiotics.
If the avulsed tooth has been in contact with soil and if tetanus coverage is
uncertain, refer to physician for a tetanus booster.
The goal for replanting still-developing (immature) teeth in children is to allow
for possible revascularization of the tooth pulp. If that does not occur, root
canal treatment is recommended.
Tooth replanted prior to the patient's arrival
at the dental clinic
Open apex
37. Patient instructions
Avoid participation in contact sports Soft food for up to 2 weeks
Brush teeth with a soft toothbrush
after each meal
Use a chlorhexidine (0.1 %) mouth
rinse twice a day for 1 week.
38. For immature teeth, root canal treatment should be avoided unless there is clinical or
radiographic evidence of pulp necrosis.
Splint removal and clinical and radiographic control after 2 weeks.
Clinical and radiographic control after 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and then
yearly thereafter.
Follow-up
39. Clean the root surface and apical foramen with a stream of saline.
Topical application of antibiotics has been shown to enhance chances for
revascularization of the pulp and can be considered if available (minocycline or
doxycycline 1 mg per 20 ml saline for 5 minutes soak).
Administer local anesthesia.
Examine the alveolar socket. If there is a fracture of the socket wall, reposition it
with a suitable instrument.
Irrigate the socket with saline.
Replant the tooth slowly with slight digital pressure.
Suture gingival lacerations, especially in the cervical area.
Verify normal position of the replanted tooth clinically and radiographically.
Apply a flexible splint for up to 2 weeks.
Open apex
Extra-oral dry time less than 60 min. The tooth has been kept in
suitable storage media and/or stored dry less than 60 minutes
40. Administer systemic antibiotics.
If the avulsed tooth has been in contact with soil and if tetanus coverage is
uncertain, refer to physician for a tetanus booster.
The goal for replanting still-developing (immature) teeth in children is to allow
for possible revascularization of the pulp space. The risk of infection-related
root resorption should be weighed up against the chances of revascularization.
Such resorption is very rapid in children. If revascularization does not occur,
root canal treatment may be recommended.
Open apex
Extra-oral dry time less than 60 min. The tooth has been kept in suitable storage media and/or stored dry
less than 60 minutes
41. Dry time longer than 60 min or other reasons
suggesting non-viable cells
Remove attached non-viable soft tissue with gauze.
Root canal treatment can be carried out prior to replantation or later.
Administer local anesthesia.
Irrigate the socket with saline.
Examine the alveolar socket. if there is a fracture of the socket wall, reposition it with a
suitable instrument.
Replant the tooth slowly with slight digital pressure.
Suture gingival lacerations if present.
Open apex
42. Verify normal position of the replanted tooth clinically and radiographically.
Stabilize the tooth for 4 weeks using a flexible splint.
Administer systemic antibiotics.
If the avulsed tooth has been in contact with soil or if tetanus coverage is uncertain,
refer to physician for evaluation of the need for a tetanus booster.
To slow down osseous replacement of the tooth, treatment of the root surface with
fluoride prior to replantation has been suggested (2 % sodium fluoride solution for
20 min.
Open apex
Dry time longer than 60 min or other reasons suggesting non-viable cells