Replantation of Avulsed Permanent Anterior Teeth: A Case Report.Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Tooth avulsion in the permanent dentition constitutes a dental emergency. Replantation of the avulsed tooth restores aesthetics and occlusal function shortly after the injury. This article describes the management of a 12-year old male with four avulsed anterior maxillary permanent teeth. The avulsed teeth were replanted and root canal treatment carried out after a short fixation. The result obtained was very satisfactory and the teeth remain in good functional status one year after replantation. Early treatment and regular attendance to clinic following replantation is an important factor for good result.
Replantation of Avulsed Permanent Anterior Teeth: A Case Report.Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Tooth avulsion in the permanent dentition constitutes a dental emergency. Replantation of the avulsed tooth restores aesthetics and occlusal function shortly after the injury. This article describes the management of a 12-year old male with four avulsed anterior maxillary permanent teeth. The avulsed teeth were replanted and root canal treatment carried out after a short fixation. The result obtained was very satisfactory and the teeth remain in good functional status one year after replantation. Early treatment and regular attendance to clinic following replantation is an important factor for good result.
A short slideshow covering the basics of Intrusive luxation and total avulsion, from an endodontic point of view.. Highlight are the photographs chosen with care to explain the points well. Ideal for under-graduate and Post-graduate students. Based on Grossman's Endodontic Practice, 13th Edition.
A Rare Case of Impacted and Inverted Primary Incisor Tooth “A Case of Develop...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Children generally suffer from dental traumas to their primary teeth. Traumas may lead to complications, depending on the site and potency of the injuries. The acute dental abscess usually occurs secondary to dental caries or dental trauma. The necrotic pulp tissue becomes colonized by a specialized mixed anaerobic biofilm. Case Presentation: A 5-year-old boy referred to clinic (Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Pediatric Dentistry), with a complaint of acute dental abscess. His mother reported a history of dental injury to upper anterior region at the age of 4-6 months and the boy was not seen by dentist following the trauma. Clinical examination revealed unerupted or missing left primary central tooth. There was pain, swelling and erythema localized to the affected region. Radiographic examination revealed that the left primary tooth was impacted and inverted. Treatment consisted of extraction of the impacted and inverted tooth. Parents were informed about the procedure and written informed consent was taken. The impacted and inverted tooth was extracted under local anesthesia . The patient was recalled for a control visit 6 months later but he came back clinic 2 years later. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and erupted permanent maxillary central tooth had normal morphology. Conclusion: In the present case, the malpositioning of the tooth germ may have been the cause of invertion and impaction. In our opinion, previous trauma could have been the cause of malpositioning of the tooth germ. Parents should be aware of characteristic of primary dentition period and effects of dental injuries. Long-term follow should be planned for traumatized children in primary and permanent dentition period.
Partial or complete edentulism has multiple implications in relation to function, esthetics and future rehabilitative treatment. This case report illustrates the management of a patient with extreme consequences of partial edentulism in the maxillary arch and total edentulism in the mandibular arch. The main clinical findings were unopposed remaining teeth, over eruption of the remaining teeth, loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, and significant disfigurement of the occlusal plane. Following the diagnostic procedure, a well-coordinated prosthodontic treatment involving liaison with other dental disciplines was indicated. The management involved an innovative combination of fixed and removable prostheses in conjunction with intentional root canal therapy of the remaining natural teeth. Series of provisional prostheses were applied to facilitate the transition to the final treatment.
Key-words: Edentulism, Vertical dimension, Provisional Restoration, Fixed and Removable prosthesis
Traumatic dental injuries, incidence, classification, and treatment. This seminar is made to help establish the proper diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries based on evidence and international guidelines
A short slideshow covering the basics of Intrusive luxation and total avulsion, from an endodontic point of view.. Highlight are the photographs chosen with care to explain the points well. Ideal for under-graduate and Post-graduate students. Based on Grossman's Endodontic Practice, 13th Edition.
A Rare Case of Impacted and Inverted Primary Incisor Tooth “A Case of Develop...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Children generally suffer from dental traumas to their primary teeth. Traumas may lead to complications, depending on the site and potency of the injuries. The acute dental abscess usually occurs secondary to dental caries or dental trauma. The necrotic pulp tissue becomes colonized by a specialized mixed anaerobic biofilm. Case Presentation: A 5-year-old boy referred to clinic (Gaziosmanpasa University, Department of Pediatric Dentistry), with a complaint of acute dental abscess. His mother reported a history of dental injury to upper anterior region at the age of 4-6 months and the boy was not seen by dentist following the trauma. Clinical examination revealed unerupted or missing left primary central tooth. There was pain, swelling and erythema localized to the affected region. Radiographic examination revealed that the left primary tooth was impacted and inverted. Treatment consisted of extraction of the impacted and inverted tooth. Parents were informed about the procedure and written informed consent was taken. The impacted and inverted tooth was extracted under local anesthesia . The patient was recalled for a control visit 6 months later but he came back clinic 2 years later. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and erupted permanent maxillary central tooth had normal morphology. Conclusion: In the present case, the malpositioning of the tooth germ may have been the cause of invertion and impaction. In our opinion, previous trauma could have been the cause of malpositioning of the tooth germ. Parents should be aware of characteristic of primary dentition period and effects of dental injuries. Long-term follow should be planned for traumatized children in primary and permanent dentition period.
Partial or complete edentulism has multiple implications in relation to function, esthetics and future rehabilitative treatment. This case report illustrates the management of a patient with extreme consequences of partial edentulism in the maxillary arch and total edentulism in the mandibular arch. The main clinical findings were unopposed remaining teeth, over eruption of the remaining teeth, loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, and significant disfigurement of the occlusal plane. Following the diagnostic procedure, a well-coordinated prosthodontic treatment involving liaison with other dental disciplines was indicated. The management involved an innovative combination of fixed and removable prostheses in conjunction with intentional root canal therapy of the remaining natural teeth. Series of provisional prostheses were applied to facilitate the transition to the final treatment.
Key-words: Edentulism, Vertical dimension, Provisional Restoration, Fixed and Removable prosthesis
Traumatic dental injuries, incidence, classification, and treatment. This seminar is made to help establish the proper diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries based on evidence and international guidelines
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. A 11 year boy presented with loss of anterior tooth
PRESENTING COMPLAINT
3. HISTORY OF PRESENTING
COMPLAINT
11 year old boy presented with sudden blow to the face
during sports which led to complete loss of tooth from
tooth socket of upper jaw 1 hours ago
4. Medical and Dental History
.The patient had no relevant past medical history
and was fully alert as well as responsive during
the process of examination.
. Tooth was kept in milk after avulsion
. EAT ( extra alveolar time ) > 60 mins
5. Fully closed apex
No fracture of crown and root of tooth
Clinical Examination of
Avulsed Tooth Examination
8. .Inspection and palpation of the anterior
maxillary segment, the dento-alveolar
fracture was ruled out.
9. Radiographic Features
• Radiographic evaluation revealed an empty
alveolar socket with an intact lamina dura
and no other injury or fracture of the
adjacent teeth and associated alveolar
structures.
11. The patient and parents were informed about the
possible complications (inflammatory resorption of
root, replacement resorption/ankylosis, tooth
discolouration) involved with replanting an avulsed
tooth that had endured an extra-oral time of
approximately 60 minutes
Informed consent was taken.
12. PREPARATION OF AVULSED TOOTH AND
ALVEOLAR SOCKET
Local anesthetic was given to alveolar socket
Tooth root surface and socket was then gently
rinsed with normal saline in order to remove any
foreign body or clot
13. Root canal therapy was done extraorally as
EAT ( extra alveolar time )> 60 mins
14.
15. Repositioning of tooth
Check occlusion
Splinting after radiographic verification
STEPS IN REPLANTATION OF
AVULSED TOOTH
16. • Oral analgesics and antibiotics were prescribed for
five days.
• Advised to maintain a soft diet for two weeks
• Oral hygiene instructions were given
• Follow up was advised after 2 weeks
POSTOPERATIVE
INSTRUCTIONS
17.
18. Malmgren B, Andreasen JO, Flores MT, Robertson A, DiAngelis AJ, Andersson L, et al. International
Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 3. Injuries in
the primary dentition. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28:174-82
19.
20. AVULSION
• Total dislocation of the tooth from its socket,
known as tooth avulsion.1
• It is the most serious dental injury requiring
emergency treatment.
Ashraf F. Fouad, Paul V. Abbott, Georgios Tsilingaridis, Nestor Cohenca, Eva Lauridsen, Cecilia Bourguignon, Anne O'Connell, Marie Therese Flores, Peter
F. Day, Lamar Hicks, Jens Ove Andreasen, Zafer C. Cehreli, Stephen Harlamb, Bill Kahler, Adeleke Oginni, Marc Semper, Liran Levin.International
Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teethDental Traumatology.
2020;36:331–342.https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12573
21. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Over one billion people all over the world had
suffered a dental injury, which would rank
fifth on the list of the world's most common
injuries.1
• In Pakistan, the nationwide frequency of
dental injuries is 13.7%.2
• Males were significantly more affected than
females.2
1-Petti S, Glendor U, Andersson L. World traumatic dental injury frequency and incidence, a meta-analysis-One billion living people have had traumatic
dental injuries. Dent Traumatol 2018; 34(2): 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12389.
2-Sajid M, Noreen R, Jamil M, Javed M, Haider E, Ahmad M, et al. Frequency of dental traumatic injuries in young children in public school of Layyah. Pak
Oral Dental J 2019; 39(4): 337-40.
22. • Peak incidence of dental trauma occurs in
the 7-11-year age group.Permanent teeth
are injured more than decidous (60% vs.
40%, respectively).1
• The tooth most commonly affected are the
upper front teeth, especially the central
incisors.2
1-Shubham S, Nepal M, Mishra R, Kandel L, Gautam N. Frequency of traumatic dental injury in a tertiary care hospital: a descriptive
cross-sectional study. J Nepal Med Assoc 2021; 59(233): 31-34. https://doi.org/10.31729%2Fjnma.5556.
2-Vieira WA, Pecorari VGA, Figueiredo-de-Almeida R, Carvas Junior N, Vargas-Neto J, Santos ECA, et al. Frequency of dental
trauma in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cad Saude Publica 2021; 37(12): e00015920.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00015920.
23. ETIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE
Causes of Traumatic Dental Injury 2 %age
FALL 68.5
SPORTS
11.2
CLASS II DIV I WITH PROMINENT INCISORS
7.6
BITING ON HARD OBJECT
6.8
VIOLENCE 3.2
TRAFFIC 2.4
MISCELLANEOUS 0.4
QURAT-UL-AIN, ALI SHAHID, MUHAMMAD AFZAL, SHEHNOOR AZHAR, HAMNA KHAWAJA, MUHAMMAD SHAIRAZ SADIQ
Frequency of Traumatic Dental Injuries to Anterior Teeth Among 7 to 14
Year-Old School Children P J M H S Vol. 16, No. 07, July 2022 283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167283
25. When an external impact occurs on a tooth, the
periodontal fibers can tear, allowing partial or
total displacement of the tooth from the socket.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
26. Periodontal Ligament (PDL)
• Normal width of the PDL ranges from 0.15 mm to 0.21 mm
• PDL is a physiological hammock that support tooth in
socket.
• The PDL consists of principal fibers, loose connective
tissue, blast and clast cells, oxytalan fibers and Rest of
Malassez cell.
• The primary principal fiber group consists of five different
fiber subgroups. These fiber subgroups include the
following:
1. alveolar crest
2. horizontal
3. oblique
4. apical
5. interradicular on multirooted teeth.
27. Function
1.Resists the impact of occlusal forces (shock absorption).
2. Provide soft tissue “casing’' to protect the vessels and
nerves from injury by mechanical forces.
3. Attaches the teeth to the bone.
4. Maintains the gingival tissues in their proper relationship
to the teeth.
5. Transmission of occlusal forces to the bone.
28. Three types of healing modalities have been
described depending on the severity of injury
sustained by the periodontal tissue in avulsed tooth
i.Functional healing
ii. Healing with inflammatory resorption.
iii. Healing with replacement resorption.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS REACTION
29. Several factors influence the pulpal reaction
such as
. the width of the apical foramen
. closure of apical foramen
. the extra-alveolar period
. the storage medium.
PULPAL REACTION
.
30. CONTRAINDICATION OF REPLANTATION
• Severe caries or periodontal disease.
• Severe cognitive impairment requiring
sedation.
• Severe medical conditions such as
immunosuppression,seziure disorder.
• An uncooperative patient.
31. Relavent History taking and radiologival evaluation
Replantation of avulsed tooth
Splinting of avulsed tooth
Medication
Follow up
Steps in management of avulsed
permanent anterior teeth
32. Call the nearby Dentist if possible.
Pick the tooth by its crown.
Do not touch the root.
Check to see if the root surface is clean.
If dirt is present on the root, rinse gently
with fresh milk, saline or water.
Do not scrub dirt off the root.
Place the tooth into its socket if possible.
Emergency Management at Site
of Injury
33. The best storage medium is the tooth socket itself
Other transport media are
1. Saliva of patient - bucal sulcus
2.Physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride).
3. Fresh milk
4.pH balanced cell preserving solutions such as
Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution.
Storage and Transportation
Medium
34. By dental surgeon
Pre-operative Assessment
i. Dental /medical history.
ii. Clinical evaluation of dental trauma and its site.
iii. Investigations.
The above procedures should be carried out quickly but
thoroughly so that precious time is not wasted.
Management at Dental
Clinic/Emergency
Department
35. Replantation protocol
i. Place the tooth in physiological saline
ii. Administer local anesthesia to alveolar socket.
iii. Gently irrigate socket with normal saline
iv. Avoid manipulating the socket aggresively .
v. If the root is contaminated, run physiological saline
over the tooth.
vi.Seat the tooth back gently into its socket using light
finger pressure.
vii.Check occlusion and do functional
splinting for 2 weeks
36. EXTRA ORAL
TIME
LESS THAN
60 MIN
OPEN
APEX
Replant tooth
RCT done only if pulp
necrosis occur
CLOSED
APEX
Rinse debris with water
replant gently
MORE THAN
60 MIN
OPEN
APEX
Replant tooth
RCT done after two
weeks
CLOSED
APEX
Replant tooth
RCT done extra orally
37. SPLINTING
• A mandatory step in management of avulsed tooth.
• The replanted tooth needs to be stabilized in position
by flexible splinting for 2 week.
• If alveolar bone is fractured, splint for 4 weeks .
• Take a periapical dental radiograph to ascertain
position of replanted tooth and as baseline
information.
38. Patient instructions
• Avoid participation in contact sports.
• Maintain a soft diet for up to 2 weeks, according to the
tolerance of the patient.
• Brush their teeth with a soft toothbrush after each meal.
• Use a chlorhexidine (0.12%) mouth rinse twice a day for
2 weeks.
• Refer the patient to a physician for evaluation of the
need for a tetanus booster.
39. Medication
• Prescribe Oral antibiotics . Amoxicillin or penicillin remain the first
choices due to their effectiveness on oral flora and low incidence
of side effects.
• Alternative antibiotics should be considered for patients with an
allergy to penicillin.
• Oral analgesic can be given if required
• 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash twice daily for 2
week.
40. Pathologic Sequelae of Replantation
The possible complications following replantation of permanent
teeth can be
• Pulp canal obliteration.
• Inflammatory resorption.
• Pulp necrosis
• Internal resorption.
• The periodontal ligament becomes necrotic and is not
expected to regenerate.
• Ankylosis-related (replacement) root resorption.
• Infra-positioned
Malmgren B, Tsilingaridis G, Malmgren O. Long-term follow up of 103 ankylosed permanent incisors surgically treated with decoronation - a
retrospective cohort study. Dent Traumatol. 2015; 31: 184–9
41. AVULSION OF DECIDIOUS TEETH
• Replanting avulsed primary teeth is not advised by the
International Association for Dental Traumatology (IADT)
guidelines 2020.2
1.Petti S, Glendor U, Andersson L. World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta-analysis-One billion living people have had traumatic
dental injuries. Dent Traumatol. 2018; 34: 71–86.
2.Day, Flores MT, O’Connell AC, Abbott PV, Tsilingaridis G, Fouad AF, et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the
management of traumatic dental injuries: 3 Injuries in the primary dentition. Dent Traumatol 2020;36:343–59.
• For children, aged 0-6 years, oral injuries account for 18%
of all physical injuries and the mouth is the second most
common area of the body to be injured.
• A recent meta-analysis on traumatic dental injuries (TDIs)
reveals a world prevalence of 22.7% affecting the primary
teeth.1
42. FOLLOW UP
• Clinical and radiographic follow-up should take place at 2
weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and then
yearly thereafter for a period of 5 years
43. A 10-year-old boy was playing football when he collided
with another player and fell down, hitting his mouth against
the ground. Upon examination, it was observed that his
upper right central incisor (tooth #8) had been completely
knocked out. There was bleeding from the socket and the
tooth was found on the ground. The boy was brought to
the dentist immediately.
What is the first step in managing an avulsed tooth?
a) Cleaning the tooth with water
b) Placing the tooth back into the socket immediately
c) Rinsing the mouth with mouthwash
d) Discarding the avulsed tooth
MCQS
44. A 12-year-old boy patient presents to the dental clinic after
sustaining a fall while playing soccer. He reports
significant trauma to his mouth and is in noticeable
distress. Upon examination, you notice that his maxillary
central incisors (teeth #8 and #9) are completely
displaced from their sockets and are avulsed. There is
also minor bleeding from the sockets. The patient's
medical history is unremarkable, and he is otherwise
healthy.
After replanting the avulsed teeth, what additional
measures should be taken to stabilize them?
a) Use a rigid splint and secure it with composite resin.
b) Apply ice packs externally to reduce swelling.
c) Prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection.
d) Perform root canal treatment immediately.
45. A 14-year-old boy presents to the emergency department after
a sports-related injury during a soccer game. He was hit in the
face by a stray ball, resulting in the avulsion of two of his upper
front teeth. Upon examination, you notice that both teeth are
completely displaced from their sockets, with exposed roots and
minimal attached soft tissue. The patient is in mild distress and
is accompanied by his concerned parents.
Which of the following is the recommended method for handling
avulsed teeth during transportation to the dental clinic?
a) Holding the teeth by the crown and rinsing them under tap
water
b) Placing the teeth in a container filled with saline solution
c) Wrapping the teeth in a dry paper towel
d) Placing the teeth back into their sockets immediately