This document provides information about the dental pulp. It begins with an introduction to the pulp and its unique environment as a soft connective tissue within teeth. The document then covers topics like the embryology, anatomy, innervation, pathways of pain, structural organization, cells, extracellular matrix, microvasculature, vitality tests, achieving anesthesia, functions, and clinical considerations of the dental pulp. It provides details on each topic with sections devoted to development, features, anatomy of coronal and radicular portions, innervation, neuropeptides, pathways of pain, extracellular matrix components like collagen and proteoglycans, morphological zones, cell types, and odontoblastic processes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dentaleducation , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses the anatomy and features of dental pulp. It describes the pulp as a soft connective tissue occupying the pulp cavity at the center of teeth. The pulp is divided into coronal and radicular pulp. The coronal pulp is in the pulp chamber while the radicular pulp occupies the root canals. The document outlines the cell types found in pulp, including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and immune cells. It also discusses the structural organization and development of pulp.
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue located within the tooth. It supports the dentin and provides nutrition for tooth development. The pulp is divided into the coronal pulp in the crown and the radicular pulp in the roots. The coronal pulp contains pulp horns that extend into tooth cusps while the radicular pulp tapers toward the apical foramen. The pulp contains cells like odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and immune cells and has functions like tooth development, nutrition, sensation, repair, and defense against pathogens. Changes with aging include decreased cell size and number as well as increased fibrosis and calcification. Clinical considerations for the pulp include its shape, size changes with age, and the effects of
Dental pulp / rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Diseases of the pulp:Part 1- Development, Physiology, Histology of Dental PulpDeepthi P Ramachandran
The development, physiology, histology of the dental pulp is briefly discussed. The features of the pulp as a connective tissue, its cells,fibers, innervation, vascularity are dealt with
This document provides information about the dental pulp. It begins with definitions, morphology, development, and histology. It describes the pulp as a richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue contained within the dentin. It details the different zones of the pulp from the odontoblastic zone to the central zone. It discusses the cellular elements like odontoblasts and fibroblasts, neurovascular components, and age-related changes like reduction in size and sensitivity. In summary, the document is a comprehensive overview of the anatomy, histology, development and functions of the dental pulp.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dentaleducation , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses the anatomy and features of dental pulp. It describes the pulp as a soft connective tissue occupying the pulp cavity at the center of teeth. The pulp is divided into coronal and radicular pulp. The coronal pulp is in the pulp chamber while the radicular pulp occupies the root canals. The document outlines the cell types found in pulp, including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and immune cells. It also discusses the structural organization and development of pulp.
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue located within the tooth. It supports the dentin and provides nutrition for tooth development. The pulp is divided into the coronal pulp in the crown and the radicular pulp in the roots. The coronal pulp contains pulp horns that extend into tooth cusps while the radicular pulp tapers toward the apical foramen. The pulp contains cells like odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and immune cells and has functions like tooth development, nutrition, sensation, repair, and defense against pathogens. Changes with aging include decreased cell size and number as well as increased fibrosis and calcification. Clinical considerations for the pulp include its shape, size changes with age, and the effects of
Dental pulp / rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Diseases of the pulp:Part 1- Development, Physiology, Histology of Dental PulpDeepthi P Ramachandran
The development, physiology, histology of the dental pulp is briefly discussed. The features of the pulp as a connective tissue, its cells,fibers, innervation, vascularity are dealt with
This document provides information about the dental pulp. It begins with definitions, morphology, development, and histology. It describes the pulp as a richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue contained within the dentin. It details the different zones of the pulp from the odontoblastic zone to the central zone. It discusses the cellular elements like odontoblasts and fibroblasts, neurovascular components, and age-related changes like reduction in size and sensitivity. In summary, the document is a comprehensive overview of the anatomy, histology, development and functions of the dental pulp.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The dental pulp originates from cranial neural crest cells that migrate into the developing tooth germ. During tooth development, these cells form the dental papilla which becomes the dental pulp. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and macrophages. It has a cell-rich zone containing blood vessels and a cell-free zone near the odontoblasts. The pulp shapes change from development to maturity as the root forms and remodels. It is divided into coronal and radicular portions, connected through the apical foramen.
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located in the center of the tooth that contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells like odontoblasts. It has formative, nutritive, protective, and defensive functions. Over time, the pulp undergoes changes like decreased size and vascularity, increased calcification in the form of pulp stones or diffuse deposits, and reduced vitality.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and functions of the dental pulp. It begins by describing the development of the dental papilla and enamel organ during embryogenesis. It then details the four distinct histological zones of the pulp, including the odontoblastic, cell-free, cell-rich, and pulp core zones. Other topics covered include the pulp's vascular, nervous, and lymphatic supply, as well as the composition of its intercellular substance and cells such as odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defense cells. The document concludes by discussing regressive changes in the aging pulp and applied aspects of pulp preservation during restorative procedures.
The document provides an overview of dental pulp, including its:
1. Development from the dental papilla during the 8th week of gestation.
2. Anatomy, with the coronal pulp in the crown and radicular pulp in the root canal. Primary pulp has a larger chamber relative to crown size compared to permanent pulp.
3. Histology consisting of an odontoblast layer, cell-free zone, cell-rich zone, and pulp core containing blood vessels and nerves.
4. Main cell types - odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and defense cells like macrophages, mast cells, and lymphocytes.
5.
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue located within the tooth. It develops from the dental papilla during tooth formation. The pulp has four zones - the odontoblastic zone containing cells that form dentin, the cell-free zone, cell-rich zone containing many cells, and a central zone with large blood vessels and nerves. The pulp receives blood vessels through the apical foramen and contains many cell types including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, immune cells, and undifferentiated cells. It is highly innervated with sensory fibers that detect pain and sympathetic fibers that control blood flow. The pulp plays key roles in tooth development, defense against infection, and sensitivity.
The dental pulp is the soft connective tissue contained within the tooth. It originates from neural crest cells that migrate and condense around ectomesenchymal cells to form the dental papilla during development. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated cells and defense cells. It has a histological structure with outer odontoblastic, cell-free and inner cell-rich zones. The pulp functions to provide nutrition, sensation, defense and formation/protection of dentin. In aging teeth, the pulp undergoes changes like fewer cells, fibrosis, vascular changes and calcifications that decrease its functions over time.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental Pulp: development, innervation, vascular functions, pathways of pain, sensitivity and sensibility tests, pulpal diagnosis as applied to pediatric dentistry.
The document summarizes dental pulp histology and diseases. It defines dental pulp as a vascularized and innervated connective tissue enclosed by dentin. Microscopically, the pulp has four zones - the odontoblastic zone adjacent to dentin, the cell-free Weil's zone, the cell-rich zone, and the central pulp core. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated cells, and defensive cells. Common pulp diseases include pulpitis, which can be reversible, irreversible, acute or chronic, and pulp necrosis. Causes of pulp inflammation include mechanical, thermal, chemical and bacterial factors.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the tooth pulp. It describes the different tissues that make up the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, cementum, gingiva, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. It then focuses on the dental pulp, explaining that it is made of highly vascular connective tissue located inside the tooth. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, nerves and blood vessels and serves functions like sensation and defense against infection.
The dental pulp is soft connective tissue located within the tooth. It contains specialized cells called odontoblasts along the periphery that are in contact with dentin. The pulp-dentin complex is surrounded by rigid tooth structure so the pulp cannot expand during injury or inflammation. The pulp receives a minimal blood supply and innervation from both sensory and autonomic nerves. Throughout life, secondary dentin deposition gradually reduces the size of the pulp chamber and root canals.
The dental pulp contains loose connective tissue with odontoblasts along the periphery that form dentin. It has specialized immune cells and blood vessels that enter through the apical foramen and root canals. The pulp is made up of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. With age, the pulp becomes more fibrous, less vascular and innervated. Mineralized structures called stones can form within the pulp in an age-related manner. The pulp is highly innervated and vascular and helps form primary, secondary and tertiary dentin.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document summarizes the anatomy and histology of dental pulp. It describes how dental pulp develops from ectomesenchymal cells and resides within the tooth. The pulp contains four zones - the odontoblastic zone nearest the dentin, the cell-free zone of Weil, the cell-rich zone, and the pulp core containing nerves and blood vessels. Principal pulp cells are odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp through the apex to provide nutrients and sensory functions. Calcified pulp stones may form within the pulp chamber or root canals.
The dental pulp contains zones including the odontoblastic zone, cell-free zone, and cell-rich zone. Principal cells include odontoblasts that synthesize dentin, fibroblasts that form the pulp matrix, and immune cells. Blood vessels enter the pulp and branches form capillaries. Nerves form the Raschkow plexus near the odontoblasts. The pulp provides nutrients and sensation to the tooth.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and histology of the dental pulp. It defines the pulp as the soft tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals of teeth. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and an extracellular matrix. Age-related changes can cause decreases in the pulp size and vascularity as well as increases in fibrosis and calcification. Various dental materials and procedures can affect the pulp, with potential outcomes including inflammation, necrosis, and resorption. Recent advances include efforts to regenerate pulp tissue using stem cells and biomolecules.
Structure and function of of Pulp-Dentin complexPournami Dathan
The dentin and pulp are considered a complex by its similar embryology and function. It is in our practice to distinguish both by its unique functions it serves in our tooth.
This document discusses the structure and function of gingiva and connective tissue. It defines gingiva as the part of oral mucosa that surrounds and is attached to teeth. Gingiva consists of epithelium and connective tissue. The document describes the microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of gingiva, including the marginal gingiva, gingival sulcus, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva. It also discusses the principal cell types that make up gingival epithelium, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.
The dental pulp originates from cranial neural crest cells that migrate into the developing tooth germ. During tooth development, these cells form the dental papilla which becomes the dental pulp. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and macrophages. It has a cell-rich zone containing blood vessels and a cell-free zone near the odontoblasts. The pulp shapes change from development to maturity as the root forms and remodels. It is divided into coronal and radicular portions, connected through the apical foramen.
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located in the center of the tooth that contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells like odontoblasts. It has formative, nutritive, protective, and defensive functions. Over time, the pulp undergoes changes like decreased size and vascularity, increased calcification in the form of pulp stones or diffuse deposits, and reduced vitality.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and functions of the dental pulp. It begins by describing the development of the dental papilla and enamel organ during embryogenesis. It then details the four distinct histological zones of the pulp, including the odontoblastic, cell-free, cell-rich, and pulp core zones. Other topics covered include the pulp's vascular, nervous, and lymphatic supply, as well as the composition of its intercellular substance and cells such as odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defense cells. The document concludes by discussing regressive changes in the aging pulp and applied aspects of pulp preservation during restorative procedures.
The document provides an overview of dental pulp, including its:
1. Development from the dental papilla during the 8th week of gestation.
2. Anatomy, with the coronal pulp in the crown and radicular pulp in the root canal. Primary pulp has a larger chamber relative to crown size compared to permanent pulp.
3. Histology consisting of an odontoblast layer, cell-free zone, cell-rich zone, and pulp core containing blood vessels and nerves.
4. Main cell types - odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and defense cells like macrophages, mast cells, and lymphocytes.
5.
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue located within the tooth. It develops from the dental papilla during tooth formation. The pulp has four zones - the odontoblastic zone containing cells that form dentin, the cell-free zone, cell-rich zone containing many cells, and a central zone with large blood vessels and nerves. The pulp receives blood vessels through the apical foramen and contains many cell types including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, immune cells, and undifferentiated cells. It is highly innervated with sensory fibers that detect pain and sympathetic fibers that control blood flow. The pulp plays key roles in tooth development, defense against infection, and sensitivity.
The dental pulp is the soft connective tissue contained within the tooth. It originates from neural crest cells that migrate and condense around ectomesenchymal cells to form the dental papilla during development. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated cells and defense cells. It has a histological structure with outer odontoblastic, cell-free and inner cell-rich zones. The pulp functions to provide nutrition, sensation, defense and formation/protection of dentin. In aging teeth, the pulp undergoes changes like fewer cells, fibrosis, vascular changes and calcifications that decrease its functions over time.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental Pulp: development, innervation, vascular functions, pathways of pain, sensitivity and sensibility tests, pulpal diagnosis as applied to pediatric dentistry.
The document summarizes dental pulp histology and diseases. It defines dental pulp as a vascularized and innervated connective tissue enclosed by dentin. Microscopically, the pulp has four zones - the odontoblastic zone adjacent to dentin, the cell-free Weil's zone, the cell-rich zone, and the central pulp core. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, undifferentiated cells, and defensive cells. Common pulp diseases include pulpitis, which can be reversible, irreversible, acute or chronic, and pulp necrosis. Causes of pulp inflammation include mechanical, thermal, chemical and bacterial factors.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the tooth pulp. It describes the different tissues that make up the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, cementum, gingiva, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. It then focuses on the dental pulp, explaining that it is made of highly vascular connective tissue located inside the tooth. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, nerves and blood vessels and serves functions like sensation and defense against infection.
The dental pulp is soft connective tissue located within the tooth. It contains specialized cells called odontoblasts along the periphery that are in contact with dentin. The pulp-dentin complex is surrounded by rigid tooth structure so the pulp cannot expand during injury or inflammation. The pulp receives a minimal blood supply and innervation from both sensory and autonomic nerves. Throughout life, secondary dentin deposition gradually reduces the size of the pulp chamber and root canals.
The dental pulp contains loose connective tissue with odontoblasts along the periphery that form dentin. It has specialized immune cells and blood vessels that enter through the apical foramen and root canals. The pulp is made up of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. With age, the pulp becomes more fibrous, less vascular and innervated. Mineralized structures called stones can form within the pulp in an age-related manner. The pulp is highly innervated and vascular and helps form primary, secondary and tertiary dentin.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document summarizes the anatomy and histology of dental pulp. It describes how dental pulp develops from ectomesenchymal cells and resides within the tooth. The pulp contains four zones - the odontoblastic zone nearest the dentin, the cell-free zone of Weil, the cell-rich zone, and the pulp core containing nerves and blood vessels. Principal pulp cells are odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp through the apex to provide nutrients and sensory functions. Calcified pulp stones may form within the pulp chamber or root canals.
The dental pulp contains zones including the odontoblastic zone, cell-free zone, and cell-rich zone. Principal cells include odontoblasts that synthesize dentin, fibroblasts that form the pulp matrix, and immune cells. Blood vessels enter the pulp and branches form capillaries. Nerves form the Raschkow plexus near the odontoblasts. The pulp provides nutrients and sensation to the tooth.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and histology of the dental pulp. It defines the pulp as the soft tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals of teeth. The pulp contains odontoblasts, fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and an extracellular matrix. Age-related changes can cause decreases in the pulp size and vascularity as well as increases in fibrosis and calcification. Various dental materials and procedures can affect the pulp, with potential outcomes including inflammation, necrosis, and resorption. Recent advances include efforts to regenerate pulp tissue using stem cells and biomolecules.
Structure and function of of Pulp-Dentin complexPournami Dathan
The dentin and pulp are considered a complex by its similar embryology and function. It is in our practice to distinguish both by its unique functions it serves in our tooth.
This document discusses the structure and function of gingiva and connective tissue. It defines gingiva as the part of oral mucosa that surrounds and is attached to teeth. Gingiva consists of epithelium and connective tissue. The document describes the microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of gingiva, including the marginal gingiva, gingival sulcus, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva. It also discusses the principal cell types that make up gingival epithelium, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.
dental pulp detailed power point presentationritukhichar4
This document provides an overview of the cellular structures and components of dental pulp. It discusses the different cell types found in pulp, including odontoblasts, fibroblasts, immune cells, and stem cells. It also describes the extracellular matrix, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that make up the pulp tissue. The document outlines the histological zones of the pulp and discusses the formative, nutritive, defensive, and nervous functions of the pulp.
Dentinogenesis/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dentinogenesis/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The pulp is a soft connective tissue found within the tooth that develops from the dental papilla. It occupies the pulp chamber in the crown and root canals in the root. The pulp is responsible for dentin formation and tooth sensitivity. It contains cells like odontoblasts and fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and ground substance. The odontoblastic zone lines the pulp periphery and contains columnar odontoblasts that secrete dentin. With age, secondary dentin formation reduces the pulp size and mineral deposits may form within it.
Dentin /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document describes the ultrastructure of gingiva. It is divided into three parts: marginal gingiva, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva. Microscopically, gingiva consists of stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue. The epithelium is classified into oral, sulcular, and junctional epithelium based on location and keratinization. The connective tissue contains fibers, ground substance, and cells. Collagen fibers provide strength while ground substance fills spaces. Gingival fibers attach gingiva firmly to teeth.
The document discusses the dental pulp. It describes the pulp as the soft connective tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals that supports the dentin. The pulp is divided into zones including the odontoblastic zone, cell-free zone, cell-rich zone, and pulp core. The pulp provides inductive, formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions to the tooth. Age-related changes in the pulp include reductions in cell number and activity, fibrosis, and formation of pulp stones.
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus and associated digestive glands. Its function is to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Digestion begins in the mouth through chewing and saliva before continuing in the stomach and small intestine. Water and nutrient absorption occurs throughout the tract, with water absorption concentrated in the large intestine. The digestive tract is lined by four main layers and contains glands that secrete enzymes and hormones to aid digestion.
Dentinal hypersensitivity /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
Dentinal hyper sensitivity 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
PULP
• FUNCTIONS OF THE PULP
• Formative: Elaboration of dentin to form the tooth
• Protective: Protection against and repairing of the effectsof noxious stimuli
• Nutritive: Preserving the vitality of all the cellular elements
• Sensory: Perception of stimuli
• ZONES OF PULP
• Starting at the periphery, the pulp is divided into four zones:
• Odontoblastic zone, which surrounds the periphery of
• the pulp
• Cell-free zone
• Cell-rich zone
• Central zone
ODONTOBLASTIC ZONE
• The primary function of the odontoblasts throughout the life of the pulp is the production and deposition of dentin.
• The crowded arrangement of the coronal odontoblasts is due to the rapid reduction of the pulp chamber by the deposition of dentin, which compresses the existing cells to a stratified layer.
• This crowding of odontoblasts produces more cells per unit area and, therefore, more dentinal tubules (45,000/mm2) in the pulpal side than in the enamel side (20,000/mm2).
• The unmyelinated nerves for sensory perception are also found in the pulpal end of the periodontoblastic space of the dentinal tubules
• The incremental lines represent rest periods in dentinogenesis, whereas the interglobular dentin and the granular layer of Tomes probably represent a defect in matrix formation.
• The accentuated incremental line that occurs at birth is called the neonatal line.
• In some areas in the mature dentin, the matrix has not calcified or is hypocalcified. These areas are called interglobular dentin.
• One also sees spaces in the root dentin near the cementodentinal junction called the granular layer of Tomes.
• The dentinal tubules extend from the predentin border to the dentinoenamel and the dentinocemental junctions.
• Dentinal Tubules are conical in shape, with a 2.5 μm mean diameter in the pulpal wall and a 0.9 μm mean diameter in the dentinoenamel or dentinocemental junctions because of the deposition of the peritubular dentin.
• The continuous deposition of peritubular dentinformation of the sclerotic dentin, which has a glassy appearance under transmitted light.
• Primary dentin is elaborated before the teeth erupt and is divided into mantle and circumpulpal dentin.
• Mantle dentin, the first calcified layer of the dentin deposited against the enamel, forms the dentinal side of the dentinoenamel junction.
• Circumpulpal dentin is the dentin formed after the layer of mantle dentin.
• Secondary dentin is elaborated after eruption of the teeth. It can be differentiated from primary dentin by the sharpbending of the tubules producing a line of demarcation.
• secondary dentin is deposited in greater quantities in the floor and roof of the pulp chamber than on the walls.
• Tertiary Dentin
• Two types of tertiary dentin are recognized:
• Tertiary dentin formed by primary odontoblasts following a mild stimulus is called reactionary dentin.
• Tertiary dentin formed by newly differentiated or secondary odontoblasts is termed reparative dentin.
• Reparative dentin,
Dentin is the mineralized connective tissue that makes up the bulk of teeth. It surrounds the dental pulp. Dentin is formed by odontoblasts, cells originating from the dental papilla that differentiate during tooth development. As odontoblasts secrete collagen and other proteins, they become elongated and form dentinal tubules that extend from the pulp cavity to the outer surface of the tooth. Dentin is composed primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals embedded within an organic matrix. The dentin-pulp complex functions together to detect stimuli and initiate responses like additional dentin formation.
The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue that connects the cementum of teeth to the alveolar bone. It contains principal collagen fibers, fibroblasts that produce the fibers, undifferentiated cells, and a ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The principal fibers develop in stages from the cementum to bone and resist various forces on teeth. The periodontal ligament plays an important role in tooth support and is vital for tooth function.
The gingiva is the investing tissue of the periodontium that surrounds and is attached to the teeth. It consists of stratified squamous epithelium and an underlying connective tissue. The gingiva has several functions including protecting the underlying structures, withstanding forces of mastication, and maintaining periodontal health through defense mechanisms. Microscopically, it contains keratinized epithelium and fibers that attach it firmly to the tooth and provide rigidity. The gingiva has a blood supply from the surrounding bone and periodontal ligament and lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes. Changes in disease include variations in color, size, and consistency as the gingiva becomes edematous from inflammatory fluid
This document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the oral mucosa. It describes the two main types of oral epithelium as keratinized and nonkeratinized. The layers of keratinized oral epithelium are discussed in detail. The two functional types of oral mucosa, lining and masticatory mucosa, are also summarized. Specific structures like the lips, tongue, gingiva and hard palate are then outlined, with descriptions of their epithelial coverage and characteristics.
The periodontal ligament is a complex connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root and connects it to the alveolar bone. It is composed of collagen fibers, cells like fibroblasts and cementoblasts, blood vessels and nerves. The PDL develops from the dental follicle during root formation and ranges in width from 0.15-0.38mm. It contains principal fibers that extend obliquely from cementum to bone and adapt to functional changes in teeth. The PDL maintains homeostasis between the hard tissues of cementum and bone through regulatory molecules and cells.
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Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
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12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
4. INTRODUCTION
Pulp is a soft mesenchymal connective tissue
that occupies in the central mass of the teeth.
It’s a special organ because of it’s unique
environment.
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5. DEVELOPMENT
During the 8th week of IUL, there is condensation of
the mesenchmye under the enamel organ- Dental
papilla.
The enamel organ enlarge and enclose the dental
papilla in their central portion.
Dental papilla controls the morphology & type of tooth
to be formed.
It shows:
extensive proliferation of cells.
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high vascularity.
6. Following the differentiation of the IEE into
ameloblasts, odontoblast differentiate from the
peripheral cells of dental papilla.
Well organized capillaries are found at beginning of
dentinogenesis.
Rim of the enamel organ(IEE & OEE) is the cervical
loop.
Root formation is carried out by the proliferation of
cells at the cervical loop.
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8. SALIENT FEATURES
Enclosed within the dentin.
Resembles embryonic connective tissue.
Houses a number of tissues.
Microcirculatory system with no collateral
branches.
Retains the ability to form dentin throughout
life.
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9. ANATOMY
Pulp cavity is divided into coronal and
radicular portion.
Total pulp organ – 20+ 32= 52.
Total pulp volume in permanent teeth is
0.38cc with the mean being 0.02cc per
teeth.
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10. CORONAL PORTION
It occupies the pulp chamber of the crown of the
teeth.
Pulp horns are projections into the cusp.
It has six surfaces : occlusal,mesial,distal,buccal,
lingual, floor.
It constricts at the cervical region where it continues
as the radicular portion.
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11. RADICULAR PORTION
It is the pulp occupying the pulp canals of the tooth.
In the anterior tooth, it is single and the posterior tooth it
is multiple.
The radicular portion of the pulp is continous with the
periapical tissues.
It is fibrous and protects the neurovascular bundle.
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12. APICAL FORAMEN
It forms the portal of entry & exit of the pulp tissue.
Mean size :
maxillary teeth - 0.4mm.
mandibular teeth - 0.3mm.
There may be 2 or 3 apical foramen split by cementum
or dentin – APICAL DELTA.
Subject to change in case of migration.
Largest in the palatal root of maxillary teeth
and distal root of mandibular teeth.
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13. PULP – DENTIN COMPLEX
The dentinal tubules composed of dentinal fluid & the processes
of the odontoblasts that respond to noxious stimulus together
constitute the P-D complex.
The length of the odontoblasts in the tubules – 0.1 – 1mm.
There is outflow or inflow of the dentinal fluid due to the stimulus
that excites the Od. Processes.
Hypersensitivity is well explained by
Hydrodynamic theory.
Processes have paracrine regulation
With the nerve endings in the tubules
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there by causing pain.
14. INNERVATION OF PULP
AFFERENT FIBRES AUTONOMIC FIBRES
SYMPATHETIC FIBRES
(Sensory) ( Neurogenic modulation Of
(appear with blood vessels
microcirculation-dentinogenesis)
at the time of devpt.)
Adrenergic & cholinergic fibres: regulate dentinogenesis.
Neuropeptides.
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16. 68.jpg
A fibres C fibres
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Saltatory conduction
17. FEATURES OF A & C FIBRES
A-beta fibres innervate the dentin & dentin-pulp border , most sensitive
fibres to hydrodynamic stimulation of dentin.
25% - 50% are A-delta fibres ,contain CGRP.They Innervate dentin,
predentin,Od.layer, concentrated in pulp horn.
A paracrine signaling mechanism exists between A-delta fibres and
odontoblastic processes.
C fibres are polymodal and respond to capsaicin and infl . Mediators
- histamine ,bradykinin.
They express NGF receptors and neuropeptides,they terminate in peripher
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pulp along the blood vessels and are activated by pulpal damage.
18. The nerve bundle from radicular pulp loose their myelin
and branch into smaller bundles, finally ramify into plexus
of single nerve axons – PLEXUS OF RASCHKOW.
Each nerve fibre entering the canal gives about 8 branches
to the plexus.
Many of these fibres pass between the odontoblastic
processes in the dentinal tubule.
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20. NEUROPEPTIDES
They are proteins associated with the terminals of
afferent sensory neurons,sym.fibres,Para sym fibres.
CGRP (calcitonin gene related peptide)
Neuropeptide K
Substance P
Neuropeptide Y,Neurokinin A
VIP (Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
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21. FUNCTIONS
Increased production of NP – in initiating and propagating
pulpal inflammation.
Maintain pulpal pressure by vasodilatation and constriction.
Stimulate lymphocytes.
Regulate the growth of connective tissue.
Stimulate leukochemotaxis.
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23. COLLAGEN
Major constituent of all connective tissue.
Characterised by the presence of triple helical domain
formed by an assembly of three polypeptide chains.
Collagen fibres are made up of fibrils in which the
collagen molecules are arranged in a highly organised
structure.
Synthesized by fibroblasts in pulp and odontoblasts in
dentin – pulp complex.
The fibrils display striation at intervals of 67 nm –
characteristic of collagen fibrils.
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24. Collagen fibres are inelastic but have high tensile
strength.
About 19 types of collagen from 30 genes has been
identified.
Type I and Type III are predominantly found in pulp.
Type V and VI are also present.
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25. COLLAGEN IN PULP
TYPE I
Present as thick striated fibrils.
Responsible for pulp architecture.
TYPE III
Thinner fibrils, mainly distributed in cell free and cell rich
zone.
Contributes to the elasticity of the pulp.
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26. TYPE IV
Present along the basement membrane of blood vessels.
TYPE V & VI
Form a dense meshwork in the form of a thin fibril in the entire
stroma of the pulp.
Collagen fibres arising from the pulp passing spirally between
odontoblasts, enter the predentin - KORFF FIBRES.
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27. ELASTIN
Formed in bundles of thin microfibrils called Oxytalan
fibres.
Elastin is then deposited between Oxytalan fibres to
form elastic fibres.
They are joined to form a random coil like structure
that expands & contracts.
Always associated with larger blood vessels.
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28. FIBRINONECTIN
A glycoprotein seen around the blood vessels.
Regulates the migration and differentiation of
secondary odontoblasts.
Helps in the migration of cells in the wound healing of
connective tissue of pulp.
Helps to maintain cell morphology and tight seal of
the odontoblasts with the ECM.
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29. GROUND SUBSTANCE
PROTEOGLYCANS
Central protein core with side chains of GAG and
they are hydrophilic.
They carry –ve charge and prevent diffusion of larger
molecules.
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
They are long unbranched polymers of repeating
disaccharides units.
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Four main types are seen in pulp.
30. ROLE IN PULP
The ground substance show affinity for collagen and
influence fibrinogenesis.
Regulate tissue organisation and help in
mineralisation.
Play a major role in dentinogenesis.
Maintain the polarity of the odontoblasts.
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31. MORPHOLOGIC ZONES OF PULP
ODONTOBLAST LAYER
CELL POOR ZONE ( WEIL’S ZONE)
CELL RICH ZONE
PULP PROPER
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34. ODONTOBLAST LAYER
It outermost stratum of pulp,located subadjacent to
predentin.
Contain cellbodies of odontoblasts, capillaries, nerve
fibres & dentritic cells
Shape : coronal portion- tall columnar.
mid portion - cuboidal.
near apical foramen - flattened.
Because in the radicular portion , there are fewer
dentinal tubules compared with the coronal part, so the
odontoblasts cells spread out laterally.
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35. CELL POOR ZONE ( weil’s zone)
Layer subadjacent to odontoblast layer.
40µ wide and relatively free of cells.
Traversed by blood vessels, unmyelinated
nerves and cytoplasmic process of fibroblasts.
Relatively diminished in younger and older
pulps.
PLEXUS OF RASHKOW is seen
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36. CELL RICH ZONE
Composed of fibroblasts, macrophages, dentritic
cells, lymphocytes.
Layer subadjacent to cell poor zone.
Zone formed due to migration of cells from pulp
proper.
Prominent in coronal pulp.
Mitosis is seen when dead odontoblasts are
replaced.
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37. PULP PROPER
Form the central mass of pulp
Contain larger blood vessels & nerves
Fibroblasts are the only connective tissue cells
in this zone.
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39. ODONTOBLASTS
Odontoblasts are highly differentiated which derived from
neural crest cells.
40μ tall and 5-7μ wide.
The shape of the odontoblasts depends on the density of
the dentinal tubules.
They have a polarised nucleus, RER, golgi apparatus
and secretory vesicles.
There is decrease in the no of cell organelles after primary
and secondary dentin formation.
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40. Quiescent odontoblasts are shorter and
Contain autophagic vacuoles. These
vacuoles mediate a reduction in the
no of cell organelles.
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41. JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
Neighbouring odontoblasts exhibit a series of junctional
complexes.
They promote cell to cell adhesion and play a role in
maintaining the polarity of the odontoblasts.
Junctional complexes include
Zonula adherens - desmosomes
Nexuses - gap junctions
Zonula occludens - tight junctions.
Spot desmosomes present in the apical part join the cells
together. www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Tight junctions seen in
the apical part are
responsible for
permeability between
predentin & pulp.
Gap junctions provide
low resistance pathway
for the passage of
electric signals.
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43. ODONOTBLASTIC PROCESSES
Direct extension of cell bodies into the tubules.
Has a well developed cytoskeleton with macro tubules and
microtubules ,no cell organelles present.
Diameter – 3 – 4 microns.
Composed of protein – vimentin, tubulin, actin.
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44. UNDIFFERENTIATED MESENCHYMAL CELLS
TOTIPOTENT CELLS – the cells that have the ability
to form any kind of tissue. Usually formed – 4 days of
fertilization.
PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS are the cells which are
capable of developing into any type of germ layer.
The UMC in the cell rich zone adjacent to the
odontoblasts are called as PROGENITORS.
The mesenchymal cells are distributed throughout the
pulp, the maximum is in the perivascular area.
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45. Large polyhedral cells with a large nucleus and high
nucleus : cytoplasmic ratio.
May differentiate into either fibroblasts or odontoblasts
depending on the stimulus.
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46. FIBROBLAST
Numerous in cell rich zone
Tissue specific cells that are capable of giving rise to
cells that are committed to differentiation.
Synthesize type I,type III collagen & PEG’s ,GAG.
Form and maintain the pulp matrix.
The activity preceding the differentiation of
replacement odontoblasts appears to occur primarily
among fibroblasts.
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47. MACROPHAGES (Histiocytes)
Constituents of mononuclear phagocyte system
derived from bone marrow.
Majority of macrophages are involved in endocytosis
& phagocytosis.
Act as scavengers, removing RBC dead cells &
foreign bodies.
Also participate in immune reactions.
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48. DENTRITIC CELLS (antigen presenting cells)
accessory cells of immune system.
present subadjacent to odontoblastic layer.
Characterised by dentritic cytoplasmic process and
the presence of cell surface class II MHC antigens.
MAST CELLS
Widely distributed in connective tissue where they
occur in small groups in relation to blood vessels.
seen only www.indiandentalacademy.com
in inflammatory pulps.
Granules contain heparin & histamine.
49. LYMPHOCYTES
T lymphocytes are scattered along the blood vessels
in the pulp proper.
Take part in the initial defense of the pulp.
B lymphocytes are rarely found.
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51. BRANCHING NETWORK
Arterioles(50μ)
Terminal arterioles
Pre capillaries
Meta arterioles
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capillaries(8μ)
52. ARTERIOLES
Branching point of terminal arteriole & capillaries are
Characterised by the presence of clumps of smooth
muscles – precapillary sphincters.
Pulpal inflammation elicits a localised circulatory
response restricted to the area of inflammation.
Under neuronal and local cellular control it regulate
local blood flow through a capillary bed.
Arteriolar pressure- 43mm Hg.
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54. CAPILLARIES
Function as exchange vessels regulating the transport or
diffusion of substances between blood and local interstitial
tissue elements.
Consists of single layer of endothelium surrounded by
basement membrane.
Capillary is 0.5μ thick and it acts as semi permeable
membrane
Capillary pressure — 35 mm Hg.
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55. Types
Class I: Fenestrated capillaries
Class II: Continuous capillaries
(non fenestrated)
Class III: Discontinuous capillaries
Class IV: Tight junction capillaries
Class I & II are present in the dental pulp.
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56. VENULES
Collecting venules receive pulpal blood flow from
capillary bed and transfer it to venules.
AVA shunt permits the regional control of blood
flow from capillary to venules.
Venular pressure – 19 mm hg
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57. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Lymphatic vessels are formed from a fine meshwork of
small ,thin walled lymph capillaries.
They start as blind openings near the weil’s zone.
Carries the tissue fluids back to the vascular system.
Reduces interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure and
regulates the devpt. Of edema.
They provide immunosurvilence by transporting
antigens to the nodal collections of immune cells.
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60. METABOLIC
Pulp has a lower basal metabolic rate.
in metabolic activity such as dentinogenesis causes
localised in pulpal blood flow.
Not a major regulatory mechanism for the entire pulp.
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61. NEURONAL
SYMPATHETIC NERVES
The distribution of sympathetic fibres is highest in blood
vessels in the pulp horns and lowest in apical region.
Activation of SNS Neurotransmitters
Epinephrine
Local release of Nor epinephrine
Neurotransmitters Neuropeptide Y
Pulpal blood flow – 80%
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63. PEPTIDERGIC AFFERENT FIBRES
Sensory fibres( A & C ) also have afferent action by
releasing neuropeptides.
These include
Substance P.
Calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP).
Neurokinin A.
Released from C fibres and Aδ fibres.
Cause vasodilation and increases blood flow.
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64. PARACRINE / ENDOCRINAL REGULATION
Endocrinal regulation is through circulating hormones
adrenalin and nor adrenalin.
C afferent fibres play a major role in mediating pulpal
inflammation.
Paracrine regulation is through
Bradykinin
Prostaglandin
Histamine.
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67. THERMAL TESTS
HEAT TEST COLD TEST
Isolated Ice sticks, CO2 snow.
Gutta percha,hot water -77.7 degrees
65 degrees
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68. RESPONSE TO THERMAL TESTS
RESPONSE INFERENCE
No response. Non vital or false +ve
result.
Mild to moderate response that Healthy pulp.
subsides with in 1-2 seconds after the
removal of the stimulus.
Strong,momentary painful response Reversible pulpitis.
that subsides within 1-2 seconds after
the stimulus is removed.
Moderate to strong painful response Irreversible pulpitis.
that subsides after several seconds of
the removal of stimuli.
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69. ELECTRIC PULP TESTER
Designed to stimulate a response of the sensory fibres(A
delta) within the pulp by electric stimulation.
It does not provide any information of the vascular
integrity of the pulp.
Not reliable in young permanent teeth.
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70. TEST CAVITY
Involves the slow removal of enamel and dentin without
anaesthesia with a small round bur.
ANAESTHESIA TEST
In case of pain of vague origin, LA is given in blocks or
infiltrations in order to localise the symptomatic tooth.
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71. PULSE OXIMETRY
Used for recording blood oxygen saturation levels
during the administration of intravenous
anaesthesia.
May be able to detect pulpal inflammation or partial
necrosis in teeth that are still vital.
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72. LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY
Uses a laser beam of known wavelength that is directed
through the crown of the tooth to the blood vessels in the
pulp.
Moving RBC cause some of the laser beam to be
reflected and this is detected by the photocell on the tooth
surface.
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73. PATHOSIS OF PULP
REVERSIBLE PULPITIS
The pulp is stimulated to the extent that
thermal stimulus usually cold cause a quick,sharper
response that subsides as soon as the stimulus is
removed.
IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS
The pulp is stimulated chronically by noxious
stimulus so that it causes permanent changes in the
pulp that are irreversible.
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74. CHRONIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS (PULP POLYP):
An asymptomatic irreversible inflammatory condition.
Characterised by a reddish cauliflower like growth due to
chronic irritation (caries exposure) to the vascular tissue
of the pulp.
More prevalence in young people.
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75. RESORPTION
A condition associated with either a physiologic or a
pathologic process resulting in the loss of cementum
dentin or bone .
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
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76. INTERNAL RESORPTION (asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis)
Rare in permanent teeth.
Characterised by oval shaped enlarged enlargement of RC
space
Presence of chronic inflammatory cells.
Commonly diagnosed only in radiograph showing internal
expansion of pulp with dentinal destruction.
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77. EXTERNAL RESORPTION (inflammatory)
The inflammatory stimulators in the pulp space, diffuse
through the dentinal tubules and stimulate an inflammatory
response over large areas of periodontal ligament.
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78. IN THE RADIOGRAPH
INTERNAL EXTERNAL ( infl.)
RESORPTION RESORPTION
Margins are smooth. Margins are rough.
Symmetrical Asymmetrical
The rel.ship of the canal The canal shifts with
is unaltered regardless respect to
of change in angulation change in angulation
Outline of the canal is RC appears normal &
altered. running through the
defect is seen
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79. NECROSIS
A histologic condition resulting from an untreated
irreversible pulpitis, traumatic injury or long term
interruption of blood supply.
TOTAL NECROSIS will be symptomatic only it affects
the periodontal ligament.
PARTIAL NECROSIS is difficult to diagnose because it
produces some of the symptoms associated with the
irreversible pulpitis.
The bacterial toxins pass through the apical foramen
resulting in an inflammatory reaction in the periodontal
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ligament.
80. ACHIEVING ANAESTHESIA
Pain during access cavity preparation in a vital tooth
can be managed by administering intrapulpal
injection.
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81. IPI require a bulk of vital tissue to transport
throughout the canals. It must be administered in the
roof of the chamber with a 25 or 26 gauge needle
before any tissue is extirpated. In molars, the solution
is deposited in largest canal.
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83. INDUCTIVE
Induces epithelial differentiation into enamel organ
& dental papilla.
Induces enamel organ to differentiate into a
particular type of tooth.
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84. FORMATIVE
Pulp induces dentin formation that surrounds & protects
the pulp.
This involves formation of primary & secondary dentin.
The primary dentin is tubular & regularly arranged. It is
formed before root closure.
Secondary dentin contain fewer tubules & is formed after
root closure.
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85. NUTRITIVE
Dental pulp maintains the vitality of dentin by providing
O2 & nutrients to the odontoblasts.
Also provides continous source of dentinal fluid.
Nutrition made possible by rich peripheral capillary
network.
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86. PROTECTIVE
Pulp helps in recognition of stimuli like heat, cold,
pressure, chemicals by way of sensory nerve fibres
.
Motor innervation controls the muscular wall of blood
vessels. This regulates the blood volume & rate of blood
flow and hence the intrapulpal pressure.
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87. DEFENSIVE
When irritated or injured pulp will respond by
Dentinal pain
Tubular sclerosis
Irritation dentin formation
Inflammation of connective tissue.
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89. DEVELOPMENTAL
TAURODONTISM
More frequently in molars
Longer crowns and shorter RC system.
Great difficulty in locating canal orifices during
endodontic treatment and may also be associated with
additional root canals.
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90. ANATOMY
DECIDUOUS TEETH
Pulp chambers are larger and pulp horns are at a
higher level.
Roots are long and have slender root canals.
Resorption starts soon after root completion.
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91. PERMANENT TEETH
The mesio distal view of the root canal is only seen in
the radiograph.The bucco lingual anatomy must also be
considered.
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92. Presence of lateral and accessory canals may
cause failure of endodontic treatment.
Periodontal pocket in a tooth with accessory canals
may lead to influx of microorganisms to the pulp
through the accessory foramens.
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93. APICAL FORAMEN
According to schilder’s ,
Apical foramen must be kept as small as practical.
Must never be transported.
PULPECTOMY
The greatest concentration of collagen is in its apical region
than the coronal.so engaging the pulp with a broach
apically helps to remove the pulp tissue in a singe piece
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than placing it coronally.
94. CALCIFICATIONS
It’s a common occurrence of 50% of all teeth.
Size may range from microscopic particle to
Stones that may occlude the pulp chamber.
composed of carbonated hydoxy appatite crystals.
Pulp calcifications :
Pulp stones.
Diffuse calcifications.
Calcific metamorphosis.
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95. PULP STONES
TRUE DENTICLE FALSE DENTICLE
Round or ovoid with Rough and have no
smooth surfaces and particular shape.
concentric lamellae.
By addition of collagen to By mineralisation of
their surfaces. collagen fibres.
The remnants of HERS Cause may be
induce differentiation of degenerating cells,blood
odontoblast during thrombi & collagen fibrils.
formation.
Contain dentinal tubules & Usually in the pulp
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are found in the root apex. chamber.
97. DIFFUSE CALCIFICATIONS
They appear as irregular deposits in the pulp.
The pulp organ may be free of any pathology but may
exhibit these changes in the roots.
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98. CALCIFIC METAMORPHOSIS
Results in partial or complete obliteration of pulp chamber.
Luxation of the teeth as a result of trauma is the major
cause.
Teeth may present with a yellowish hue.
Resembles cementum or bone along the walls.
Disruption of blood flow leads to pulpal infarct and the cells
from periodontium proliferates and replaces the infarct
tissue.
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99. AGE CHANGES
Formation of SECONDARY DENTIN throughout life causes
reduction in size of the pulp chamber and root canals.
The ‘drop in’ feel of the bur is not felt in older teeth.
ODONTOBLAST decrease in size and number and
sometimes disappear in certain areas .
Increase in the number and thickness of COLLAGEN
FIBRES particularly in radicular pulp.
Decrease in cellularity.
Increase in the resistance of pulp against action of
enzymes.
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100. DENTAL MATERIALS
AMALGAM
High thermal conductivity,irritates pulp in deeper cavities.
Needs an insulating base.
GLASS IONOMERS
Biocompatible to pulp.
RMGIC can used as pulp capping agent.
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101. ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
Has an antibacterial and anodyne effect.
Higher concentration leads to chronic inflammation &
thrombosis of blood vessels.
ZINC PHOSPHATE
Irritates the pulp (low ph) in deeper cavities.
Must be used with a liner.
DENTING BONDING AGENTS
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molecules present cause irritation of pulp when
they come in contact with odontoblastic processes.
102. RESIN BASED ADHESIVES
The formation of hybrid layer secures the enamel - resin
interface with a continous seal that acts as biometic barrier.
FORMOCRESOL
High degree of diffusion causes a chronic inflammation of
pulp.
Mutagenic and carcinogenic.
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103. Pulp capping agent
CALCUIM HYDROXIDE
Intracanal medicament
PULP CAPPING AGENT
Introduced by Hermann in 1930.
When it is applied directly over pulp, coagulative necrosis
occurs in the adjacent tissue and inflammation of contigious
tissue.
It maintains a local state of alkalinity that is necessary for
dentin formation.
Beneath the region of coagulative necrosis, UEM cells
differentiate into odontoblasts dentin formation occurs.
Available as Dycal, Prisma VLC, Life, Nucap.
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104. The root canal system is very complex and also
subjected to a number of variations.so understanding the
form, physiology, and function of pulp is necessary in the
selection of treatment and the type of material to be
used.
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