Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The specific gravity of soil is defined as the unit weight of the soil mass divided by the unit weight of distilled water at 4°C. It is some times required to compare the density of the soil solids to the density of water. This comparison is in the form of ratio and is termed as the specific gravity of the soil.
This test method is used to determine the time of setting of the cement by VICAT
needle apparatus.
The knowledge of the setting time of the cement is always helpful in deciding the time duration
to mix, transport, place and compact the concrete effectively.
We always prefer a larger initial setting time so that we can mix, transport and place the
concrete easily. According to ASTM specifications, the initial setting time shall not be less
than 45 min but in the field we prefer an initial setting time not less than 90 min.
A smaller value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures
on the formwork. According to most of the specifications, the final setting time shall not be
greater than 10hrs and shall not be less than (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time)) min.
Subject: soil mechanic
Grain Size Analysis Test
Experiment No: 2
*Prepared by;
Rezhwan Hama Karim
*University Of Halabja
*Civil Engineering Department
Contents:
Introduction
References
Purpose of this experiment
Materials and equipment
Procedure
Data analysis
Calculation
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
Grain size analysis is a typical laboratory test conducted in the soil mechanics field. The purpose of the analysis is to derive the particle size distribution of soils. A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.
Standard References:-
ASTM D 422-standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.
Purpose of this experiment
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The mechanical or sieve analysis performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used the distribution of the finer particles.
Procedure:
First of all we found weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan and we wrote it to use it in the analysis.
And we found the weight of the given dry soil sample and recorded it.
Then we checked all the sieves to make sure that all of sieves are clean, and assembled them in the ascending order of sieve numbers (#4 sieve at top and #200 sieve at bottom). And we placed the pan below #200 sieve. Carefully we poured the soil sample into the top sieve and place the cap over it.
After that we placed the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shack it for 10 minutes.
Finally we removed the stack from the shaker and carefully weighted and recorded the weight of each sieve with its retained soil. Weighted and recorded the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine soil.
Discussion:
In this test we learn how to find grain size of the soil and how to classify it with comparing to ASTMD standards.
By using gradation curve and our table since F200 (1.55%) <50%, this mean our soil type should be Gravel or Sand.
R4 (22.2%)<12 R200(98.45%)=49.25 and this should be sand.
F200 (1.55%) <%5 so this should be SW or SP.
Our Cu>=6 but our Cg is not between 1 and 3 so our soil is SP.
%gravel (22.2%)>=15%so our soil is SP with gravel.
Conclusion:
In this test we are learn how to fined particle size distribution and classified our soil sample with ASTM D standard which we notice that our soil is poorly grained sand with gravel due to our comparing with ASTMD standard and we drew a particle-size distribution for our sample which is our curve well graded because it take a lot of particle sizes of our soil sample. This test we didn’t have many of sieve numbers this result to this 4.3
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Astm designation c 136 for fine aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of fine aggregates.
The specific gravity of soil is defined as the unit weight of the soil mass divided by the unit weight of distilled water at 4°C. It is some times required to compare the density of the soil solids to the density of water. This comparison is in the form of ratio and is termed as the specific gravity of the soil.
This test method is used to determine the time of setting of the cement by VICAT
needle apparatus.
The knowledge of the setting time of the cement is always helpful in deciding the time duration
to mix, transport, place and compact the concrete effectively.
We always prefer a larger initial setting time so that we can mix, transport and place the
concrete easily. According to ASTM specifications, the initial setting time shall not be less
than 45 min but in the field we prefer an initial setting time not less than 90 min.
A smaller value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures
on the formwork. According to most of the specifications, the final setting time shall not be
greater than 10hrs and shall not be less than (90 + 1.2 x (initial setting time)) min.
Subject: soil mechanic
Grain Size Analysis Test
Experiment No: 2
*Prepared by;
Rezhwan Hama Karim
*University Of Halabja
*Civil Engineering Department
Contents:
Introduction
References
Purpose of this experiment
Materials and equipment
Procedure
Data analysis
Calculation
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
Grain size analysis is a typical laboratory test conducted in the soil mechanics field. The purpose of the analysis is to derive the particle size distribution of soils. A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.
Standard References:-
ASTM D 422-standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.
Purpose of this experiment
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The mechanical or sieve analysis performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used the distribution of the finer particles.
Procedure:
First of all we found weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan and we wrote it to use it in the analysis.
And we found the weight of the given dry soil sample and recorded it.
Then we checked all the sieves to make sure that all of sieves are clean, and assembled them in the ascending order of sieve numbers (#4 sieve at top and #200 sieve at bottom). And we placed the pan below #200 sieve. Carefully we poured the soil sample into the top sieve and place the cap over it.
After that we placed the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shack it for 10 minutes.
Finally we removed the stack from the shaker and carefully weighted and recorded the weight of each sieve with its retained soil. Weighted and recorded the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine soil.
Discussion:
In this test we learn how to find grain size of the soil and how to classify it with comparing to ASTMD standards.
By using gradation curve and our table since F200 (1.55%) <50%, this mean our soil type should be Gravel or Sand.
R4 (22.2%)<12 R200(98.45%)=49.25 and this should be sand.
F200 (1.55%) <%5 so this should be SW or SP.
Our Cu>=6 but our Cg is not between 1 and 3 so our soil is SP.
%gravel (22.2%)>=15%so our soil is SP with gravel.
Conclusion:
In this test we are learn how to fined particle size distribution and classified our soil sample with ASTM D standard which we notice that our soil is poorly grained sand with gravel due to our comparing with ASTMD standard and we drew a particle-size distribution for our sample which is our curve well graded because it take a lot of particle sizes of our soil sample. This test we didn’t have many of sieve numbers this result to this 4.3
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Astm designation c 136 for fine aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of fine aggregates.
This manual consists of the Experiments based on Aggregates and Bitumens as both of these are essential materials for the road pavement structure.
The complete prepared by considering the Latest curriculum (2019-2020) of DBATU, Lonere and which will be helpful for the academicians learning in Civil Engineering.
A Repot File On Exploring Civil Engineering: A Comprehensive Internship Expe...Prince Ahirwar
**Internship Experience Summary**
During my internship at the Soil Testing Laboratory, PWD (B&R) Division No. 1, Indore, I had the privilege to delve into various aspects of civil engineering and soil testing. Over the course of 117 days, I actively participated in a wide range of tasks and gained invaluable hands-on experience in the following areas:
1. **Bitumen Extraction Test:** Conducted laboratory tests to determine the percentage of bitumen content in asphaltic pavement samples using centrifuge and solvent extraction methods. This involved meticulous sample preparation, solvent extraction, and precise calculations to assess the quality of flexible pavement materials.
2. **Moisture Content Test:** Utilized oven drying method to determine the moisture content of soil samples, a crucial parameter in highway engineering for achieving optimal compaction and ensuring strength and stability of pavements. This involved careful sample handling, drying, and accurate calculation of moisture content.
3. **Dry Density Test:** Employed the sand replacement method to determine the dry density of soil samples, essential for classification and assessment of soil properties in construction projects. This involved meticulous preparation of soil samples, sand filling, compaction, and precise measurement to determine the dry density.
4. **Proctor Compaction Test:** Conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the compaction characteristics of soil samples using Proctor's compaction test, crucial for assessing soil suitability and optimizing compaction efforts in earthwork construction. This involved sample preparation, compaction, moisture adjustment, and determination of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content.
5. **California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test:** Conducted laboratory tests to assess the load-bearing capacity of soil samples using the CBR test method, essential for designing flexible pavements and evaluating subgrade strength. This involved meticulous sample preparation, penetration testing, and calculation of CBR values to inform pavement design decisions.
Throughout my internship, I gained practical insights into civil engineering practices and learned how to apply theoretical knowledge in real-world scenarios. I collaborated with experienced engineers and technicians, honing my technical skills and problem-solving abilities. This internship provided me with a solid foundation in soil testing techniques and reinforced my passion for civil engineering.
Soil Mechanics
This is a process to calculate for the cohesion of soil. It is used in designing structures directly contact with the ground specifically the footing and foundations. Geotechnical engineering topics
Sieve analysis
Atterberg limit test (liquid limit & Plastic limit)
Compaction test (Standard and modified proctor test)
California bearing ratio test (CBR)
Similar to Density, (relative density) specific gravity & absorption of coarse aggregate test (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Density, (relative density) specific gravity & absorption of coarse aggregate test
1. Koya University
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Department - 2nd Stage
Concrete Technology
Test no: 4
Density, Specific Gravity & Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate
Student Name: Muhammad Saleem Asaad
Group: B
Expr Date: 13-12-2015
Submission Date:31-1-2016
Introduction
2. Relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic
generally used for calculation of the volume occupied by the
aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate, including
Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete and other
mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute
volume basis. Relative density (specific gravity) is also used
in the computation of voids in aggregate. Relative density
(specific gravity) (SSD) is used if the aggregate is wet, that is,
if its absorption has been satisfied.
Conversely, the relative density (specific gravity) (OD) is used
for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be
dry.
Apparent density and apparent relative density (apparent
specific gravity) pertain to the solid material making up the
constituent particles not including the pore space within the
particles which is accessible to water.
Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass
of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within
the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when
it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water
long enough to satisfy most of the absorption potential.
4. Test Procedure:
Take a sample of coarse aggregate, and sieve it with
4.75mm sieves. Ignores the materials passing through
4.75mm sieve.
Wash the sample to remove dust.
Put the sample in the oven at 105°C for 24hours.
Get the sample out of the oven, leave it to cool then
determine its mass.
Submerge the sample in water for 24hours.
Remove the sample from the water and roll it in a large
absorbent cloth until all visible films of water are removed.
Wipe the larger particles individually. Take care to avoid
evaporation of water from aggregate pores during the
operation of surface- drying.
Take the required mass of the sample in its (S.S.D)
(saturated surface dry) condition.
After weighing, immediately place the S.S.D sample in the
sample container and determine its mass in water at 23±1°C.
Take care to remove all entrapped air before weighing by
shaking the container while immersed.
Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature
of 110±5°C, Cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 hours, or
until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is
comfortable to handle (approximately 50 °C), and determine
the mass.
5. Calculation
A = mass of oven-dry test sample in air, g,
B = mass of saturated-surface-dry test sample in air, g,
C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water, g.
a) Relative Density (Specific Gravity):
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑶𝑫)=
𝐴
𝐵−𝐶
=
996
1004−637.1
=2.71g
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑺𝑺𝑫) =
𝐵
𝐵−𝐶
=
1004
1004−637.1
=2.74g
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝐴
𝐴−𝐶
=
996
996−637.1
=2.78g
b) Density
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑶𝑫), 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 =
𝐴
𝐵−𝐶
×997.5
=
996
1004−637.1
×997.5 =2703.22g
7. Discussion
This test is consisting of density, specific gravity and absorption. density
is defined as the mass of unit volume of a material while specific gravity
is used for calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate and
absorption is defined as the increase in mass of aggregate from
penetration water to pore space, by this test we can know density and
relative density and absorption of an aggregate. During this test may be
have some factors that Couse error of the result for example if the
temperature not suitable when determine OD and SSD and wet mass of
aggregate or error in reading the balance.in conclusion we can say this
test is useful for determine absorption, density and specific gravity basis
of oven dry, saturated surface dry and apparent.
