Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
This document discusses power saving methods in EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network) fiber access networks. It outlines the need for power savings due to the large power consumption of ONU (Optical Network Unit) devices and regional guidelines. It describes power saving mechanisms at the device level including components power gating and clock gating, and at the network level using ONU sleep modes controlled by the OLT (Optical Line Terminal). The document evaluates the power savings effectiveness of ONU sleep modes and shows savings increase with longer sleep durations if connectivity is maintained.
China Telecom has been migrating from ADSL to fiber technologies like EPON and GPON to meet increasing broadband subscriber and bandwidth demands, piloting EPON in 2005 and making it a core access technology due to its maturity and interoperability. They aim to accelerate FTTH deployment through projects like "Broadband China, Optical City" to reach 100 million FTTH homes by 2015 using EPON and GPON, while also starting rollout of 10G-EPON to improve bandwidth for multi-dwelling units.
The document discusses the challenges of future packet networks and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) deployment alternatives. It argues that next generation access networks will be based on fiber deployments using Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology. GPON is presented as the best candidate due to its pragmatic and simple approach in addressing all services while requiring less space and equipment at lower costs than other alternatives. The document also summarizes how GPON Doctor can help monitor and analyze GPON network traffic and performance.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
This document discusses power saving methods in EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network) fiber access networks. It outlines the need for power savings due to the large power consumption of ONU (Optical Network Unit) devices and regional guidelines. It describes power saving mechanisms at the device level including components power gating and clock gating, and at the network level using ONU sleep modes controlled by the OLT (Optical Line Terminal). The document evaluates the power savings effectiveness of ONU sleep modes and shows savings increase with longer sleep durations if connectivity is maintained.
China Telecom has been migrating from ADSL to fiber technologies like EPON and GPON to meet increasing broadband subscriber and bandwidth demands, piloting EPON in 2005 and making it a core access technology due to its maturity and interoperability. They aim to accelerate FTTH deployment through projects like "Broadband China, Optical City" to reach 100 million FTTH homes by 2015 using EPON and GPON, while also starting rollout of 10G-EPON to improve bandwidth for multi-dwelling units.
The document discusses the challenges of future packet networks and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) deployment alternatives. It argues that next generation access networks will be based on fiber deployments using Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology. GPON is presented as the best candidate due to its pragmatic and simple approach in addressing all services while requiring less space and equipment at lower costs than other alternatives. The document also summarizes how GPON Doctor can help monitor and analyze GPON network traffic and performance.
The document discusses different types of passive optical networks (PONs) including BPON/APON, EPON, and GPON. It describes the key components of a PON including the optical line terminal (OLT) located at the central office which provides the interface to the backbone network, and optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs) located at the customer premises. It also discusses the optical distribution network (ODN) which connects the OLT to the ONUs/ONTs using passive splitters, and some advantages and disadvantages of PON architectures.
This presentation is based on Evolution of Passive Optical Network. We study strategies for increasing the PON’s capacity regardless of its technology: EPON (Ethernet-based PON) or GPON (Gigabit capable PON). It can also introduce other future Technologies like SCM Hybrids and Coherent PONs.
This document provides an overview of Metro Ethernet (ME) concepts and technology. It defines ME as a carrier-class Ethernet service defined by five attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet networks. The document discusses ME drivers like simplicity and transport flexibility. It also covers ME technologies like Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, and various access methods. The author is Anuradha Udunuwara, a chartered engineer with experience in telecom network design and implementation.
Presentation on Long Reach Passive Optical Network (LR-PON) Sourav Mondal
This document summarizes challenges and solutions for long-reach optical access networks (LROA). Key challenges include noise from optical amplifiers, burst-mode transmission, suitable amplifiers, and security weaknesses. Proposed LROA architectures use remote amplification units and hybrid amplifiers to extend reach over 100km while supporting thousands of users. Security measures involve monitoring systems and reconfigurable devices to detect attacks and isolate malicious users. LROA networks can simultaneously deliver high bandwidth to more users over longer distances.
1. The optical distribution network (ODN) must be carefully planned to ensure clients receive a usable optical signal over the desired coverage area.
2. Splitting ratio and level choices such as 1x32 or 1x64 affect how many clients can be supported per PON port and the optical power budget.
3. Distance between the OLT and furthest ONT must be considered - maximum reach is typically 20-25km depending on splitting used to stay within power and loss budgets.
Active optical networks have advantages over passive optical networks in terms of bandwidth. With AONs, bandwidth allocation is flexible and each subscriber can be allocated from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. In contrast, PON bandwidth is determined by the splitting factor, with each subscriber receiving less bandwidth depending on the number of subscribers on the network. Upgrading bandwidth is also simpler with AONs, as subscribers can be upgraded by changing fiber optic leads or boards. However, PONs allow for higher subscriber counts due to their point-to-multipoint topology.
The document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and GPON fundamentals. It begins with the objectives of the course and describes the basic components and properties of a PON network, including optical fibers, splitters, transmitters, receivers, and wavelength usage. It then focuses on GPON specifics such as downstream and upstream data transmission using time-division multiple access, the 125us frame format, and how bandwidth allocation maps are used to assign timeslots to different ONTs.
This document discusses and compares active optical networks (AON) and passive optical networks (PON). AON uses electrically powered switching equipment to direct signals to specific users through dedicated fibers, while PON uses unpowered splitters to broadcast signals to multiple users over shared fibers. Key differences are that AON provides dedicated bandwidth but is more expensive to implement and maintain, while PON has lower costs but provides shared bandwidth over shorter transmission distances. Both AON and PON are common fiber optic network architectures, with tradeoffs to consider between cost, coverage area, and other factors for a given deployment.
Passive Optic Network (PON) provides a point-to-multipoint fiber connection between an optical line terminal at the operator's central office and multiple optical network units near customers. PON uses passive splitters to enable a single fiber to serve multiple premises, reducing network installation costs compared to point-to-point architecture. Major PON technologies include Ethernet PON (EPON), which uses Ethernet packet transmission, and Gigabit PON (GPON), which supports higher speeds of up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream. PON is increasingly seen as an affordable way to deliver high-speed broadband and triple-play services to both urban and rural areas.
This document discusses Huawei's fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) solutions and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies for network migration. It highlights Huawei's innovations that facilitate broadband deployment over copper lines and fiber networks. These include vectoring, G.fast, and all-in-one outdoor cabinets. The document also outlines Huawei's N2510 network testing platform for accurate fault location, demarcation, and proactive network maintenance.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP specification releases that defined LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. It explains technologies like carrier aggregation and CoMP used in LTE-Advanced. Key physical layer aspects of LTE like resource allocation and scheduling are also summarized.
This document discusses the overall radio access network (RAN) architecture for LTE networks. It describes the key protocol layers including the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), and physical (PHY) layers. It then focuses on the physical layer, explaining how orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency-selective fading, thereby improving performance over single carrier transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to each OFDM symbol to eliminate ISI while selecting subcarriers spaced to avoid inter-carrier interference (ICI).
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 configuration guide-20100119-aWaheed Ali
The document provides configuration guidelines for the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002 microwave transmission network. It describes the types of radio links and services supported, and outlines the procedures and tasks for configuring radio links, TDM services, and Ethernet services on the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002, including creating network elements, protection groups, cross-connections, and other parameters.
This document provides an overview of fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network architectures including fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP), fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and fiber-to-the-node (FTTN). It describes the key components of a passive optical network (PON) including the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network termination (ONT). It also discusses approaches to deploying FTTx networks such as greenfield, overbuild, and using FTTN/FTTC as intermediate steps to eventually enabling FTTP directly to customer premises.
The document discusses GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) technology and implementation models. It provides information on:
- GPON standards and components like the OLT, ONU, and splitters
- Implementation models for retail/residential, enterprise/HRB, and mobile backhaul networks
- Considerations for ODN design and link budget calculations for different splitting scenarios
- Capabilities of OLTs, ONUs, and ONTs including interfaces, services supported, and functionalities
- Examples of residential ODN installation and network architectures for different use cases
TR-156 Monitoring features provides a complete, fast and reliable tool for GPON diagnosis. It describes network architectures and deployment scenarios for Ethernet-based GPON aggregation networks including:
- Fiber To The Home (FTTH), Fiber Into The Home (FITH), and Fiber To The Office (FTTO) deployments.
- Traffic control facilities in ONUs for upstream and downstream traffic including GEM ports, T-CONTs, and priority control.
- Residential N:1 VLAN tagging where traffic is single-tagged with an S-Tag throughout the aggregation network.
- An example residential N:1 VLAN configuration translating between C-VLAN and S-VLAN
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet networking standards over time. It begins with the original Ethernet created in 1976 and the IEEE 802 project launched in 1985 to set standards. Key standards discussed include Standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet to 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet. The standards define the data link and physical layers and underwent changes like bridging, switching, and full duplex to support higher speeds and larger networks while maintaining backward compatibility.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
New technologies options include WDM-PON, VDLS2 bonding, G.fast, and more. In addition, there are new compression techniques and noise mitigation that extend the life of existing networks.
Which approaches are practical, necessary and beneficial and what factors determine the best path to take?
Remco vermaat - Mixed Media Art - PortfolioRemco Vermaat
Remco Vermaat is a mixed media artist whose work includes the series Feeling Small, Urban Birds, That Way, Floating Stairs, Into the Wild, Watching Walking People, Looking Up, Infinite Structure, Eclipse, and Tables and a Bridge.
This document discusses public art and includes photos from an online gallery. It was edited by Lee Chang Sheng on July 28, 2009 in Taipei, Taiwan. The document marks the end of the discussion on public art.
The document discusses different types of passive optical networks (PONs) including BPON/APON, EPON, and GPON. It describes the key components of a PON including the optical line terminal (OLT) located at the central office which provides the interface to the backbone network, and optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs) located at the customer premises. It also discusses the optical distribution network (ODN) which connects the OLT to the ONUs/ONTs using passive splitters, and some advantages and disadvantages of PON architectures.
This presentation is based on Evolution of Passive Optical Network. We study strategies for increasing the PON’s capacity regardless of its technology: EPON (Ethernet-based PON) or GPON (Gigabit capable PON). It can also introduce other future Technologies like SCM Hybrids and Coherent PONs.
This document provides an overview of Metro Ethernet (ME) concepts and technology. It defines ME as a carrier-class Ethernet service defined by five attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet networks. The document discusses ME drivers like simplicity and transport flexibility. It also covers ME technologies like Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, and various access methods. The author is Anuradha Udunuwara, a chartered engineer with experience in telecom network design and implementation.
Presentation on Long Reach Passive Optical Network (LR-PON) Sourav Mondal
This document summarizes challenges and solutions for long-reach optical access networks (LROA). Key challenges include noise from optical amplifiers, burst-mode transmission, suitable amplifiers, and security weaknesses. Proposed LROA architectures use remote amplification units and hybrid amplifiers to extend reach over 100km while supporting thousands of users. Security measures involve monitoring systems and reconfigurable devices to detect attacks and isolate malicious users. LROA networks can simultaneously deliver high bandwidth to more users over longer distances.
1. The optical distribution network (ODN) must be carefully planned to ensure clients receive a usable optical signal over the desired coverage area.
2. Splitting ratio and level choices such as 1x32 or 1x64 affect how many clients can be supported per PON port and the optical power budget.
3. Distance between the OLT and furthest ONT must be considered - maximum reach is typically 20-25km depending on splitting used to stay within power and loss budgets.
Active optical networks have advantages over passive optical networks in terms of bandwidth. With AONs, bandwidth allocation is flexible and each subscriber can be allocated from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. In contrast, PON bandwidth is determined by the splitting factor, with each subscriber receiving less bandwidth depending on the number of subscribers on the network. Upgrading bandwidth is also simpler with AONs, as subscribers can be upgraded by changing fiber optic leads or boards. However, PONs allow for higher subscriber counts due to their point-to-multipoint topology.
The document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and GPON fundamentals. It begins with the objectives of the course and describes the basic components and properties of a PON network, including optical fibers, splitters, transmitters, receivers, and wavelength usage. It then focuses on GPON specifics such as downstream and upstream data transmission using time-division multiple access, the 125us frame format, and how bandwidth allocation maps are used to assign timeslots to different ONTs.
This document discusses and compares active optical networks (AON) and passive optical networks (PON). AON uses electrically powered switching equipment to direct signals to specific users through dedicated fibers, while PON uses unpowered splitters to broadcast signals to multiple users over shared fibers. Key differences are that AON provides dedicated bandwidth but is more expensive to implement and maintain, while PON has lower costs but provides shared bandwidth over shorter transmission distances. Both AON and PON are common fiber optic network architectures, with tradeoffs to consider between cost, coverage area, and other factors for a given deployment.
Passive Optic Network (PON) provides a point-to-multipoint fiber connection between an optical line terminal at the operator's central office and multiple optical network units near customers. PON uses passive splitters to enable a single fiber to serve multiple premises, reducing network installation costs compared to point-to-point architecture. Major PON technologies include Ethernet PON (EPON), which uses Ethernet packet transmission, and Gigabit PON (GPON), which supports higher speeds of up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream. PON is increasingly seen as an affordable way to deliver high-speed broadband and triple-play services to both urban and rural areas.
This document discusses Huawei's fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) solutions and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies for network migration. It highlights Huawei's innovations that facilitate broadband deployment over copper lines and fiber networks. These include vectoring, G.fast, and all-in-one outdoor cabinets. The document also outlines Huawei's N2510 network testing platform for accurate fault location, demarcation, and proactive network maintenance.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP specification releases that defined LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. It explains technologies like carrier aggregation and CoMP used in LTE-Advanced. Key physical layer aspects of LTE like resource allocation and scheduling are also summarized.
This document discusses the overall radio access network (RAN) architecture for LTE networks. It describes the key protocol layers including the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), and physical (PHY) layers. It then focuses on the physical layer, explaining how orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency-selective fading, thereby improving performance over single carrier transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to each OFDM symbol to eliminate ISI while selecting subcarriers spaced to avoid inter-carrier interference (ICI).
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 configuration guide-20100119-aWaheed Ali
The document provides configuration guidelines for the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002 microwave transmission network. It describes the types of radio links and services supported, and outlines the procedures and tasks for configuring radio links, TDM services, and Ethernet services on the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002, including creating network elements, protection groups, cross-connections, and other parameters.
This document provides an overview of fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network architectures including fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP), fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and fiber-to-the-node (FTTN). It describes the key components of a passive optical network (PON) including the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network termination (ONT). It also discusses approaches to deploying FTTx networks such as greenfield, overbuild, and using FTTN/FTTC as intermediate steps to eventually enabling FTTP directly to customer premises.
The document discusses GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) technology and implementation models. It provides information on:
- GPON standards and components like the OLT, ONU, and splitters
- Implementation models for retail/residential, enterprise/HRB, and mobile backhaul networks
- Considerations for ODN design and link budget calculations for different splitting scenarios
- Capabilities of OLTs, ONUs, and ONTs including interfaces, services supported, and functionalities
- Examples of residential ODN installation and network architectures for different use cases
TR-156 Monitoring features provides a complete, fast and reliable tool for GPON diagnosis. It describes network architectures and deployment scenarios for Ethernet-based GPON aggregation networks including:
- Fiber To The Home (FTTH), Fiber Into The Home (FITH), and Fiber To The Office (FTTO) deployments.
- Traffic control facilities in ONUs for upstream and downstream traffic including GEM ports, T-CONTs, and priority control.
- Residential N:1 VLAN tagging where traffic is single-tagged with an S-Tag throughout the aggregation network.
- An example residential N:1 VLAN configuration translating between C-VLAN and S-VLAN
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet networking standards over time. It begins with the original Ethernet created in 1976 and the IEEE 802 project launched in 1985 to set standards. Key standards discussed include Standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet to 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet. The standards define the data link and physical layers and underwent changes like bridging, switching, and full duplex to support higher speeds and larger networks while maintaining backward compatibility.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
New technologies options include WDM-PON, VDLS2 bonding, G.fast, and more. In addition, there are new compression techniques and noise mitigation that extend the life of existing networks.
Which approaches are practical, necessary and beneficial and what factors determine the best path to take?
Remco vermaat - Mixed Media Art - PortfolioRemco Vermaat
Remco Vermaat is a mixed media artist whose work includes the series Feeling Small, Urban Birds, That Way, Floating Stairs, Into the Wild, Watching Walking People, Looking Up, Infinite Structure, Eclipse, and Tables and a Bridge.
This document discusses public art and includes photos from an online gallery. It was edited by Lee Chang Sheng on July 28, 2009 in Taipei, Taiwan. The document marks the end of the discussion on public art.
Public art can take many forms, including sculptures, murals, and graffiti. It is often funded by governments and created by artists to be displayed in public spaces for educational purposes or to beautify an area. However, public art can also be controversial as not all viewers may appreciate or understand the artwork. It sometimes faces issues regarding its funding source or potential to cause disruption. While temporary or permanent, public art aims to expose more people to art outside of traditional galleries or museums.
The document provides information about a mural design project for a high school music wing. It discusses key concepts of mural design including understanding the project criteria, outcomes, and rubric. It also includes examples of different murals from around the world and through history for inspiration. The music wing makeover project challenges students to design murals that will be visually appealing, appropriate for the space, and reflective of the music program. The designs will be judged and selected by the music department. Students should consider themes, styles, elements, and principles when developing their designs.
Compiled and written by Karin Eaton, Executive Director, Mural Routes, and presented at 12th National Mural Symposium, Canada, in October 2009. A overview of the contemporary usage of mural and wall art, as submitted by the international mural art community and members of Mural Routes.
This document outlines a 4-week WebQuest for high school students to learn about public art by designing and planning a mural. Students are divided into groups of 3 and assigned roles of artist, designer, or planner. Over 4 weeks, they research their roles, collaborate on a mural design, and create a grant application and presentation for approval. The goal is for students to understand the full process of a public art project and importance of collaboration.
This document discusses new media and mixed media art. It covers several topics:
- Lev Manovich's five levels of analyzing new media, including numerical representation, modularity, automation, variability, and transcoding.
- Examples of new media like digital images, which are discrete, modular, compressed, and variable. Images can also function as interfaces and instruments.
- Hyperlinked images and databases of images as cultural units, which can reveal patterns of interaction and define niches. Collaborative storytelling is possible in databases.
- The shift to digital film, which combines various techniques and creates an "elastic reality." Future directions for digital film include non-linear and non-narrative forms.
- Games
GPON is a point-to-multipoint fiber access network standard that uses an optical line terminal connected via an optical distribution network to multiple optical network units. It supports high bandwidth up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream and long transmission distances of up to 40 km. GPON provides cost-effective access to voice, video, and data services for applications such as fiber to the home.
This document provides information on SkyWay-LTE products including eNodeB base stations, user equipment, evolved packet core, and a management server. The eNodeB uses multi-sector operation with multi-band support between 700MHz and 3.8GHz. The document also discusses LTE network elements, capacity advantages of inter-cell interference coordination, and compares SkyWay-LTE advantages over other solutions.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Lte training an introduction-to-lte-basicsSaurabh Verma
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was standardized by 3GPP in 2008 to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks. Key aspects of LTE include the use of OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for flexible bandwidths, and an evolved packet core network architecture. LTE aims to provide higher speeds, lower latency, and more efficient use of spectrum compared to previous 3G technologies.
1. The document provides guidelines for the end-to-end process of partnering with new businesses to promote Excitel Fiber, including identifying prospective partners, scoping the business and project, and signing partners up by completing the provisioning process.
2. It describes the scope of work which includes market planning, network planning and rollout, sales support, service delivery, and operation and management in partnership between Excitel and businesses.
3. The architecture provides guidelines for a sustainable and scalable fiber network using GPON and EPON technologies with components like OLTs, ONUs, and splitters to deliver fiber connectivity to customers.
introduction to lte 4g lte advanced bsnl training SumanPramanik7
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE-Advanced technologies including carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint operation, self-organizing networks, and inter-cell interference coordination. It discusses how carrier aggregation allows combining of multiple component carriers to increase channel bandwidth up to 100MHz. Coordinated multipoint operation helps improve cell edge performance through coordination between base stations. Self-organizing networks allow dynamic configuration and optimization of heterogeneous networks. Inter-cell interference coordination further improves performance through techniques like almost blank subframes.
Reprinted with permission of NCTA, from the 2014 Cable Connection Spring Technical Forum Conference Proceedings. For more information on Cisco solutions, visit: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/index.html
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
- IEEE 802.11n was a proposed amendment to the 802.11 wireless networking standard to improve network throughput and performance. It aimed to achieve speeds up to 540 Mbps.
- There were competing proposals for the standard from different industry groups that eventually merged into a single proposal.
- The standard was finalized in 2006 and added new technologies like MIMO and OFDM to existing 802.11 standards to boost speed and range of wireless networks.
- IEEE 802.11n was a proposed amendment to the 802.11 wireless networking standard to improve network throughput and performance. It aimed to achieve speeds up to 540 Mbps.
- There were competing proposals for the standard from different industry groups that eventually merged into a single proposal.
- The standard was finalized in 2006 and added new technologies like MIMO and OFDM to existing 802.11 standards to boost speed and range.
- IEEE 802.11n was a proposed amendment to the 802.11 wireless networking standard to improve network throughput and performance. It aimed to achieve speeds up to 540 Mbps.
- There were competing proposals for the standard from different industry groups that eventually merged into a single proposal.
- The standard was finalized in 2006 and added new technologies like MIMO and OFDM to existing 802.11 standards to significantly increase wireless network speeds and performance.
This white paper discusses Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) which allows for seamless handover of voice calls between LTE and circuit switched networks like UTRAN or GERAN. It describes the key challenges of delivering voice services over LTE networks and why SRVCC is an important solution. SRVCC uses IMS to anchor voice calls and switches them to use circuit switched networks when the user moves outside of LTE coverage, maintaining continuity of the voice call with only a single radio in the user equipment. The paper provides details on how SRVCC is implemented between LTE and UTRAN/GERAN networks using various 3GPP defined interfaces and reference points.
SONET is a standard for optical telecommunications that provides transmission over fiber optic networks. It establishes a synchronous multiplexing format to carry lower level digital signals and a synchronous structure that simplifies interfaces. SONET enables products from different vendors to connect through a set of generic standards and defines a flexible architecture to accommodate future applications. Wavelength-division multiplexing allows multiple optical carrier signals to be transmitted simultaneously on a single optical fiber by using different laser light wavelengths.
GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) is a fiber access technology for point-to-multipoint applications that provides high bandwidth. It consists of an OLT (Optical Line Terminal), ONUs (Optical Network Units), a passive optical splitter, and optical distribution networks. GEPON uses different wavelengths (1310nm and 1490nm) for upstream and downstream transmission over a single fiber between the OLT and multiple ONUs. It can provide symmetrical bandwidth up to 1Gbps over long transmission lengths of 10-20km while supporting data, voice, and video delivery. 2Fonet provides competitive GEPON products like their OLT3000 that can connect to 256
The document provides an overview of optical transport networks (OTNs) as defined by ITU-T G.709. It describes the OTN layers including optical channel (OCh), optical multiplex section (OMS), optical transmission section (OTS), and optical channel transport unit (OTU). The OTU layer introduces forward error correction and a digital wrapper with overhead to manage digital functions. Client signals are adapted at the optical channel payload unit (OPU) layer and then mapped into the optical channel data unit (ODU) for transport over the OTN.
Factors affecting lte throughput and calculation methodologyAbhijeet Kumar
This document discusses LTE throughput calculation and application in wireless rollout projects. It provides a history of LTE development and commercialization. It then explains factors that impact LTE throughput calculations including frequency bandwidth, resource blocks, modulation schemes, coding rates, UE categories, and MIMO capabilities. The document demonstrates calculations for theoretical peak throughput in different scenarios and factors that should be considered in LTE network planning and deployment projects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
21 An X10 based intelligent gateway for Process Control Applications - 7th Wo...Cristian Randieri PhD
An X10 based intelligent gateway for Process Control Applications - Accepted for the 7th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics SCI 2003, Orlando (Florida), 27-30 July 2003
di C. Randieri, V. Bellini, O. Mirabella
Abstract
In this paper we present a new device for a remote control system based on X10 protocol and Internet technologies. This device is used in experimental nuclear physics for the remote control of various kinds of apparatus like pumps, valve and other basic systems that do not necessarily need high-speed control systems. The solution described makes experiment handling more flexible, eliminating any problem which originates from the need for cabling new systems being controlled.
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
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Introduction to Mode Conditioning Patch CableJo Wang
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Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
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2. This Talk Will Cover:
(A Few) Drivers for the EPON Protocol
over a Coax (EPoC) PHY
Coaxial Network Types
EPoC Deployment Models
Coaxial Network Variability
Needed Flexibilities in the EPoC PHY
Closing Remarks.
3. (A Few) Drivers for EPoC
EPoC is the EPON Protocol over a Coax PHY. The
intent is that the EPON MAC is intended to be
common across EPoC and EPON.
Some operators have a strong desire for high line-rate
performance with features included in EPON (e.g. QoS
guarantees) where the drop to the subscriber happens
to be comprised (in full or in part) of coaxial cable.
Specific operator use cases include:
Operators that use EPON to backhaul other Ethernet over
Coax solutions which are used to reach subscribers over
coaxial cable within a Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU).
Operators with DOCSIS deployments who are also
deploying EPON for higher speed first mile access and are
interested in EPON-like performance over a CxDN with
DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoETM).
4. Coaxial Network Types
There are two general types of coaxial networks
The first is the “Passive” coaxial plant; one that does not
use line extenders, amplifiers, or other in-line powered
devices.
The second is the “Active” coaxial plant which uses
amplifiers to extend reach, distance, supported number of
splits on the coaxial plant.
The diagram below depicts two CxDNs with an
active plant (as evidenced by the triangle-amplifier
icons.)
5. EPoC Deployment Model1
In one case the deployment might involve some
Ethernet-Optical backhaul of the Coax Line Terminal
(CLT)
The CLT has EPoC PHYs operating the EPON protocol
on the Coax Distribution Network.
Operator would directly manage the in-building CLT.
In the example below two CxDNs are shown below,
analogous to Optical Distribution Networks (ODNs).
6. EPoC Deployment Model2
In another case, as depicted with a diagram depicting service to the
MDU, the deployment might involve an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in the
Central Office (CO) with an Optical-Coax Unit (OCU).
The OCU could operate as a layer-1 repeater / media converter to simply
convert optical to electrical and electrical to optical.
The OCU could operate as a layer-2 bridge which in addition to
converting between media types might provide other functions helpful
for aggregation, etc.
Operator would directly manage the service through the OLT in the CO.
The OLT would directly manage the Coaxial Network Units (CNUs)
through the OCUs. This model has some benefits in easing some service
management overhead (single MAC.)
7. EPoC Deployment Model3
This is similar to the previous deployment as
the OLT is centralized in the CO with an OCU
operating to perform the media conversion.
In this case, the OCU is deployed into an
active coaxial outside plant.
8. CxDN Variability1
The coaxial plant is widely variable from operator to
operator, within an operator’s networks from market to
market, even within the same market.
The coaxial plant where the EPoC PHY has to live may
be active or passive.
In active coaxial plants the amplified bands may be as high
as 1000MHz or may be lower like 600MHz.
This has implications W.R.T. how far amplifiers are spaced
apart.
For EPoC, a single CxDN may pass 1000 subscribers or
may pass a much smaller number like 20.
The coaxial plant distance may be small – 200 meters
or less, or large – ~2 kilometers.
Specific plant conditions, depending on how well the
coaxial plant is maintained, what kind of spurious
noise is generated into the plant, etc, vary from
deployment to deployment.
9. CxDN Variability2
In some deployments, the coaxial plant supports a single service
with all usable frequencies being allocate-able to the EPOC PHY for
a single CxDN.
In other deployments, the coaxial plant supports a multitude of
other services including:
Video services in 6MHz or 8 MHz channels – either digitally encoded or
legacy analog TV services.
Cable-modem (e.g. DOCSIS) services in multiple sets of channels with
channel widths between 800KHz and 8MHz channels.
Narrow-band service management and control channels.
These same services commonly occupy different frequency ranges
market by market.
Reference : MSO Topology Scenarios, IEEE802.3 EPoC SG 2012‐03‐13 Meeting
10. PHY Flexibility
To account for this physical layer variability, the EPoC
PHY will need to support:
Flexible (and configurable) Upstream and Downstream
frequency placement and frequency band widths.
Flexible (and configurable) bit-loading (bits per Hertz)
within a sub-carrier.
Flexible upstream and downstream MAC data rates.
Traversing in-line amplification, equalization as well as
“unimproved” (e.g. un-amplified) spectrum.
Compatibility with other services.
Robustness to survive in harsh (e.g. noisy) conditions even
if the MAC data rate must be reduced.
With the goal of supporting up to 1Gbps+ Upstream
and Downstream in some amount of spectrum.
11. Closing Remarks
There are many Ethernet over Coax technologies out there.
Often in-MDU EoCs that use EPON as the loop to the MDU have
two MACs – one for the EoC and a separate MAC for EPON.
This commonly means separate provisioning of both the optical
and coaxial network devices.
EPoC provides efficiency in a common MAC, shared with the
most widely deployed FTTX technology in EPON.
EPoC is expected to simplify forwarding, reduce protocol
conversion, and simplify provisioning (over other EoC+EPON
solutions).
And coax drops aren’t going away any time soon (largely due to
time and money constraints.)
The ultimate desire with EPoC is to be able to leverage the vast
EPON supplier market to hold down the costs of future EPoC
products.
And provisioning of EPON with specifications like DPoE to also
provision EPoC access is KEY.