This document provides an introduction to optical transmission in communications networks. It begins with definitions of transmission and an overview of how transmission fits within a telecommunications network. It then discusses the history and benefits of optical transmission over metal transmission. Key topics covered include transmission signal parameters, different types of transmission networks for metro and long-haul environments, an overview of multiplexing techniques like TDM and WDM, and different types of network elements like fixed point-to-point links versus flexible networks using cross-connects.
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
Fiber capabilities/WDM
Wavelengths can be time-division multiplexed into a series of aggregated connections
Sets of wavelengths can be spaced into wavebands
Switching can be done by wavebands or wavelengths
1 Cable can do multi terabits/sec
This document summarizes a research paper on the development of a prototype hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN). Key points:
1) Researchers at UC Davis built a WOBAN prototype combining an optical Ethernet PON backend with an IEEE 802.11g wireless mesh frontend to test the architecture.
2) The prototype has programmable wireless routers and OLT/ONU units to experiment with control, data, and management planes.
3) Experimental results show the prototype is able to support various applications like data, VoIP, and video streaming through the integrated wireless-optical network.
Bandwidth is Becoming Commodity :
Price per bit went down by 99% in the last 5 years on the optical side
This is one of the problems of the current telecom market
Optical Metro – cheap high bandwidth access
$1000 a month for 100FX (in major cities)
This is less than the cost of T1 several years ago
Optical Long-Haul and Metro access - change of the price point
Reasonable price drive more users (non residential)
Optical networks use fiber optic technologies and components to transmit data at high speeds. They employ network architectures like synchronous optical networks (SONET) and passive optical networks (PONs) to route data through the core transport network and provide access to customers. SONET uses time-division multiplexing and self-healing ring topologies to interconnect equipment from different vendors. PONs have a star topology and use different wavelengths to transmit data downstream and upstream without electronic regeneration between transmitters and receivers.
This document provides a seminar report on optical network architecture presented by Siddharth Singh at JSS Mahavidyapeetha. It begins with acknowledging those who helped and guided in completing the report. The abstract provides an overview of optical networks and how they provide high bandwidth through technologies like DWDM and routing/grooming at the wavelength level. It discusses network architectures like SONET, PONs, and topologies like bus, star and tree. The report is divided into chapters covering topics like DWDM systems, synchronous optical networking, PON history and elements, and network topologies.
This document summarizes key concepts in optical communication systems, including optical networks, transceivers, and time-division multiplexing. It discusses the architecture of fiber optic networks and common network topologies like bus, ring, and star. It also describes elements like optical multiplexers and amplifiers that are used to increase bandwidth in fiber networks using time-division multiplexing. Specifically, it explains how optical time-division multiplexing works by taking samples from different transmitters and assigning each sample a specific time slot at the receiver to recover the original signals and increase data rates beyond what a single fiber could support.
The goal of the carrier today is to offer manageable end-user data services with a measurable QoS (Quality-of-Service) at the minimum cost per bit, using the smallest footprint systems, with the simplest implementation that allows for service-level agreements, operational efficiency, and traffic scalability. This has lead to the emergence of two design principles: the lower the layer at which...
Optical networks are high-capacity telecommunications networks that use optical technologies and components to route, groom, and restore traffic at the wavelength level. They provide wavelength-based services and use fiber optic cables that can carry more information over longer distances than electrical or wireless signals. Optical networks are driven by increasing fiber capacity needs, restoration capabilities, cost reductions, and wavelength services. The main types are active and passive optical networks, and they are used in long haul, metro, and business access applications.
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
Fiber capabilities/WDM
Wavelengths can be time-division multiplexed into a series of aggregated connections
Sets of wavelengths can be spaced into wavebands
Switching can be done by wavebands or wavelengths
1 Cable can do multi terabits/sec
This document summarizes a research paper on the development of a prototype hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN). Key points:
1) Researchers at UC Davis built a WOBAN prototype combining an optical Ethernet PON backend with an IEEE 802.11g wireless mesh frontend to test the architecture.
2) The prototype has programmable wireless routers and OLT/ONU units to experiment with control, data, and management planes.
3) Experimental results show the prototype is able to support various applications like data, VoIP, and video streaming through the integrated wireless-optical network.
Bandwidth is Becoming Commodity :
Price per bit went down by 99% in the last 5 years on the optical side
This is one of the problems of the current telecom market
Optical Metro – cheap high bandwidth access
$1000 a month for 100FX (in major cities)
This is less than the cost of T1 several years ago
Optical Long-Haul and Metro access - change of the price point
Reasonable price drive more users (non residential)
Optical networks use fiber optic technologies and components to transmit data at high speeds. They employ network architectures like synchronous optical networks (SONET) and passive optical networks (PONs) to route data through the core transport network and provide access to customers. SONET uses time-division multiplexing and self-healing ring topologies to interconnect equipment from different vendors. PONs have a star topology and use different wavelengths to transmit data downstream and upstream without electronic regeneration between transmitters and receivers.
This document provides a seminar report on optical network architecture presented by Siddharth Singh at JSS Mahavidyapeetha. It begins with acknowledging those who helped and guided in completing the report. The abstract provides an overview of optical networks and how they provide high bandwidth through technologies like DWDM and routing/grooming at the wavelength level. It discusses network architectures like SONET, PONs, and topologies like bus, star and tree. The report is divided into chapters covering topics like DWDM systems, synchronous optical networking, PON history and elements, and network topologies.
This document summarizes key concepts in optical communication systems, including optical networks, transceivers, and time-division multiplexing. It discusses the architecture of fiber optic networks and common network topologies like bus, ring, and star. It also describes elements like optical multiplexers and amplifiers that are used to increase bandwidth in fiber networks using time-division multiplexing. Specifically, it explains how optical time-division multiplexing works by taking samples from different transmitters and assigning each sample a specific time slot at the receiver to recover the original signals and increase data rates beyond what a single fiber could support.
The goal of the carrier today is to offer manageable end-user data services with a measurable QoS (Quality-of-Service) at the minimum cost per bit, using the smallest footprint systems, with the simplest implementation that allows for service-level agreements, operational efficiency, and traffic scalability. This has lead to the emergence of two design principles: the lower the layer at which...
Optical networks are high-capacity telecommunications networks that use optical technologies and components to route, groom, and restore traffic at the wavelength level. They provide wavelength-based services and use fiber optic cables that can carry more information over longer distances than electrical or wireless signals. Optical networks are driven by increasing fiber capacity needs, restoration capabilities, cost reductions, and wavelength services. The main types are active and passive optical networks, and they are used in long haul, metro, and business access applications.
Thesis presentation on Visible light communicationশুভরাজ পাল
This document presents a visible light communication system for transferring text and text files between two computers. It begins with an introduction to visible light communication and why LEDs are used. It then shows the block diagram and process for transferring text data and a text file between two computers connected by an Arduino-based visible light communication system. It concludes that visible light communication could revolutionize consumer networking due to its efficiency and affordability.
The document summarizes the hybrid wireless-optical broadband-access network (WOBAN) architecture. It discusses how WOBAN combines the benefits of wireless and optical networks by using an optical network like a passive optical network (PON) at the back end connected to wireless base stations. This saves on network deployment costs compared to fully wired networks. The document then reviews challenges for WOBAN including algorithms for network setup and placement of optical network units, examining the network's routing properties, and designing fault-tolerant behavior. It provides context on industry efforts to deploy related broadband access solutions and municipal mesh networks.
Optical fiber communications networks use various topologies and protocols. A local area network interconnects users within a building, while metro and access networks connect between buildings and to homes. The physical layer refers to the transmission medium, while higher layers establish links and route data packets. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) standards define optical carrier (OC) rates and frame formats to interconnect transmission equipment. Networks can be configured in ring or mesh topologies with self-healing capabilities. Passive optical networks (PON) use passive splitters and no electronic regeneration between transmitters and receivers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The document discusses Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), which are standardized protocols for transmitting multiple digital signals over fiber optic cables. They were developed to replace older asynchronous systems and allow synchronized transport of data from different sources. Key features include high transmission rates up to 40Gbps, simple addition and removal of low-rate channels, high reliability through automatic backup mechanisms, and future compatibility with new services. The main differences between SONET and SDH are their standardized bit rates which were chosen to integrate existing network technologies.
1) Coherent optical receivers can meet the high bandwidth requirements of next generation optical fiber networks in an efficient hardware manner by digitally processing both the amplitude and phase of received optical signals.
2) Coherent receivers offer advantages over direct detection, including advanced digital signal processing capabilities to compensate for distortions and flexibility to support different modulation formats through software changes alone.
3) Coherent receiver technologies are necessary for next generation 100Gb/s optical transmission systems to meet future bandwidth demands and are being adopted by telecommunications providers like Sri Lanka Telecom to upgrade their transport networks.
Optical networking technologies provide high-speed, high-bandwidth data transmission over long distances using fiber optic cables. Key technologies include passive optical networks (PON) for access networks, SONET/SDH for metro networks, and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for long-haul transport networks. DWDM works by transmitting multiple optical signals simultaneously on different wavelengths over the same fiber, vastly increasing network capacity. Proper layer-2 encapsulation is required to transport layer-3 protocols like IP over DWDM.
Optical networking is evolving
Much more bandwidth
Agile reconfiguring of light path
Need to take advantage of this and tie it to applications and services
Need to define the glue and the interface between the applications and lower levels.
Can’t do computation in the optical core
Need to move the intelligence from the core to the edge.
This document provides an overview of visible light communications (VLC) using white LED lights. It discusses applications of VLC including indoor networking and discusses advantages like health safety, security, and lack of interference. It describes the VLC channel model and challenges like connectivity during movement, multi-user support, dimming control, and shadowing. Solutions to these challenges include handover techniques for mobility, time/code division multiple access for multi-user, and pulse width modulation or modified pulse position modulation for dimming control. Indoor VLC configurations and signal distribution methods are also summarized.
Optical multiplexers allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single optical fiber link. There are different optical multiplexing techniques, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical time division multiplexing (OTDM). WDM assigns each signal a unique wavelength, while OTDM separates signals in the time domain. Optical multiplexers and demultiplexers use passive optical filters to combine and separate the wavelength signals. This increases bandwidth utilization and reduces transmission costs.
This document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. It begins with introducing optical fibers and their components. It then discusses multiplexing techniques like time-division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). The document focuses on WDM, defining it as a technology that multiplexes multiple optical signals on a single fiber using different laser light wavelengths. It describes dense WDM (DWDM) and coarse WDM (CWDM), and compares their wavelength spacing and applications. The document also outlines optical amplifiers like erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and their uses. In conclusion, it states that WDM enables high-speed, high-capacity data transmission and
The document discusses optical network survivability, which refers to a network's ability to continue operating during failures. It outlines existing techniques for survivability, including predesigned protection which reserves backup resources in advance, and restoration which chooses backup resources in real-time. The document also compares approaches like shared path protection, traffic control, hybrid preplanned and real-time allocation, and dual homing. It proposes an algorithm for best-effort fast lightpath routing to improve survivability.
Visible light communication literature reviewAlwin Poulose
This document summarizes several research papers on visible light communication (VLC). It discusses VLC applications and challenges. Several papers analyze fundamental aspects of VLC systems using LED lights and indoor VLC environments. They examine parameters like data rates, receiver field of view, illumination distribution, and received signal waveforms. Simulation programs model indoor VLC channels and analyze metrics like RMS delay spread. Later papers implement real-time audio and video transmission over VLC and compare illumination distributions of different LED arrangements.
New Frontiers in Optical Communication Systems and NetworksBehnam Shariati
The document summarizes research conducted by Dr. Ioannis Tomkos and partners on new frontiers in optical communication systems and networks. It discusses their contributions over 150+ publications and participation in 25+ EU projects on architectures, transmission technologies, and technoeconomic studies applicable to backbone, metro, and datacenter networks. Recent focus areas discussed include elastic optical networking, spatial division multiplexing, and optical interconnects for datacenter interconnection.
Free-Space Optical Networking Using the Spectrum of Visible LightIJTET Journal
Radio frequency technology suffers from limited bandwidth and electromagnetic interference. The recent
developments in solid-state Light Emitting Diode (LED) materials and devices are driving resurgence into the use of Free-Space Optical (FSO) wireless communication. LED-based network transceivers have a variety of competitive advantages over RF
including high bandwidth density, security, energy consumption, and aesthetics. They also use a highly reusable unregulated part of the spectrum (visible light). Many opportunities exist to exploit low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units for widespread deployment of optical communication. The prime focus is to reducing cost, and for that, we have to make appropriate selection
of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding, filtering. The objective is to describe the viability of an optical free-space visible light transceiver as a basis for indoor wireless networking and to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system.
Applying The LED System instead Of The RFID System In Transportations TollEng_Ahmad
The document proposes replacing RFID technology with an LED-based optoelectronic system for toll collection. It describes the basic principles of LEDs, how they can function as both light emitters and sensors. Calculations are shown to determine system parameters like wavelength and beam divergence over the 5m distance between vehicles and road sensors. The proposed system would use a programmed LED on each vehicle to transmit a unique code to multiple photo-receivers at the toll point. This would allow toll collection without vehicles stopping. The system aims to reduce radiation risks compared to RFID and could integrate with vehicle systems to provide additional transportation data. In conclusion, the LED system design aims to successfully implement non-stop tolling using similar principles as remote
The document presents a panel presentation by Alwin Poulose on visible light communication. It discusses the objectives of analyzing and improving the performance of VLC systems in multi-reflection environments using Optisystem simulation tool. It investigates the relationship between data rate and RMS delay spread. The presentation includes an abstract, introduction covering VLC fundamentals, identified problems of data rate and reflections, literature review on VLC research, and explanations of simulation models for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation and results showing the input and output.
Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologiesMd.Bellal Hossain
The document discusses trends and research in optical networks and technologies. Key points include:
- Optical networks are becoming more important due to increasing bandwidth demands from services like the internet. Research aims to increase network capacity and intelligence while lowering costs.
- 40Gbit/s transmission systems are being developed to provide multi-terabit capacities over long distances. All-optical networking components like optical cross-connects and regenerators are also a focus.
- Optical networks are evolving from simple transmission to include wavelength routing, network protection at the optical layer, and potentially full IP-over-optics implementation.
- Components research focuses on higher performance devices for functions like switching, modulation, and amplification,
Optical switching technologies allow for more efficient routing of data in fiber optic networks. Spectral switching routes different wavelength channels to different output ports, while spatial switching routes light to different fiber locations. Few optical switching technologies have been widely deployed, but some successes include wavelength selective switches used in reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer nodes. Optical switching can benefit terrestrial networks, undersea cable systems, and networks supporting 5G/6G by enabling increased data transmission and more flexible routing of traffic. Data center interconnect networks also rely on high-speed optical fiber links with optical switching to share resources between data centers.
Thesis presentation on Visible light communicationশুভরাজ পাল
This document presents a visible light communication system for transferring text and text files between two computers. It begins with an introduction to visible light communication and why LEDs are used. It then shows the block diagram and process for transferring text data and a text file between two computers connected by an Arduino-based visible light communication system. It concludes that visible light communication could revolutionize consumer networking due to its efficiency and affordability.
The document summarizes the hybrid wireless-optical broadband-access network (WOBAN) architecture. It discusses how WOBAN combines the benefits of wireless and optical networks by using an optical network like a passive optical network (PON) at the back end connected to wireless base stations. This saves on network deployment costs compared to fully wired networks. The document then reviews challenges for WOBAN including algorithms for network setup and placement of optical network units, examining the network's routing properties, and designing fault-tolerant behavior. It provides context on industry efforts to deploy related broadband access solutions and municipal mesh networks.
Optical fiber communications networks use various topologies and protocols. A local area network interconnects users within a building, while metro and access networks connect between buildings and to homes. The physical layer refers to the transmission medium, while higher layers establish links and route data packets. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) standards define optical carrier (OC) rates and frame formats to interconnect transmission equipment. Networks can be configured in ring or mesh topologies with self-healing capabilities. Passive optical networks (PON) use passive splitters and no electronic regeneration between transmitters and receivers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The document discusses Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), which are standardized protocols for transmitting multiple digital signals over fiber optic cables. They were developed to replace older asynchronous systems and allow synchronized transport of data from different sources. Key features include high transmission rates up to 40Gbps, simple addition and removal of low-rate channels, high reliability through automatic backup mechanisms, and future compatibility with new services. The main differences between SONET and SDH are their standardized bit rates which were chosen to integrate existing network technologies.
1) Coherent optical receivers can meet the high bandwidth requirements of next generation optical fiber networks in an efficient hardware manner by digitally processing both the amplitude and phase of received optical signals.
2) Coherent receivers offer advantages over direct detection, including advanced digital signal processing capabilities to compensate for distortions and flexibility to support different modulation formats through software changes alone.
3) Coherent receiver technologies are necessary for next generation 100Gb/s optical transmission systems to meet future bandwidth demands and are being adopted by telecommunications providers like Sri Lanka Telecom to upgrade their transport networks.
Optical networking technologies provide high-speed, high-bandwidth data transmission over long distances using fiber optic cables. Key technologies include passive optical networks (PON) for access networks, SONET/SDH for metro networks, and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for long-haul transport networks. DWDM works by transmitting multiple optical signals simultaneously on different wavelengths over the same fiber, vastly increasing network capacity. Proper layer-2 encapsulation is required to transport layer-3 protocols like IP over DWDM.
Optical networking is evolving
Much more bandwidth
Agile reconfiguring of light path
Need to take advantage of this and tie it to applications and services
Need to define the glue and the interface between the applications and lower levels.
Can’t do computation in the optical core
Need to move the intelligence from the core to the edge.
This document provides an overview of visible light communications (VLC) using white LED lights. It discusses applications of VLC including indoor networking and discusses advantages like health safety, security, and lack of interference. It describes the VLC channel model and challenges like connectivity during movement, multi-user support, dimming control, and shadowing. Solutions to these challenges include handover techniques for mobility, time/code division multiple access for multi-user, and pulse width modulation or modified pulse position modulation for dimming control. Indoor VLC configurations and signal distribution methods are also summarized.
Optical multiplexers allow multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single optical fiber link. There are different optical multiplexing techniques, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical time division multiplexing (OTDM). WDM assigns each signal a unique wavelength, while OTDM separates signals in the time domain. Optical multiplexers and demultiplexers use passive optical filters to combine and separate the wavelength signals. This increases bandwidth utilization and reduces transmission costs.
This document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. It begins with introducing optical fibers and their components. It then discusses multiplexing techniques like time-division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). The document focuses on WDM, defining it as a technology that multiplexes multiple optical signals on a single fiber using different laser light wavelengths. It describes dense WDM (DWDM) and coarse WDM (CWDM), and compares their wavelength spacing and applications. The document also outlines optical amplifiers like erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and their uses. In conclusion, it states that WDM enables high-speed, high-capacity data transmission and
The document discusses optical network survivability, which refers to a network's ability to continue operating during failures. It outlines existing techniques for survivability, including predesigned protection which reserves backup resources in advance, and restoration which chooses backup resources in real-time. The document also compares approaches like shared path protection, traffic control, hybrid preplanned and real-time allocation, and dual homing. It proposes an algorithm for best-effort fast lightpath routing to improve survivability.
Visible light communication literature reviewAlwin Poulose
This document summarizes several research papers on visible light communication (VLC). It discusses VLC applications and challenges. Several papers analyze fundamental aspects of VLC systems using LED lights and indoor VLC environments. They examine parameters like data rates, receiver field of view, illumination distribution, and received signal waveforms. Simulation programs model indoor VLC channels and analyze metrics like RMS delay spread. Later papers implement real-time audio and video transmission over VLC and compare illumination distributions of different LED arrangements.
New Frontiers in Optical Communication Systems and NetworksBehnam Shariati
The document summarizes research conducted by Dr. Ioannis Tomkos and partners on new frontiers in optical communication systems and networks. It discusses their contributions over 150+ publications and participation in 25+ EU projects on architectures, transmission technologies, and technoeconomic studies applicable to backbone, metro, and datacenter networks. Recent focus areas discussed include elastic optical networking, spatial division multiplexing, and optical interconnects for datacenter interconnection.
Free-Space Optical Networking Using the Spectrum of Visible LightIJTET Journal
Radio frequency technology suffers from limited bandwidth and electromagnetic interference. The recent
developments in solid-state Light Emitting Diode (LED) materials and devices are driving resurgence into the use of Free-Space Optical (FSO) wireless communication. LED-based network transceivers have a variety of competitive advantages over RF
including high bandwidth density, security, energy consumption, and aesthetics. They also use a highly reusable unregulated part of the spectrum (visible light). Many opportunities exist to exploit low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units for widespread deployment of optical communication. The prime focus is to reducing cost, and for that, we have to make appropriate selection
of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding, filtering. The objective is to describe the viability of an optical free-space visible light transceiver as a basis for indoor wireless networking and to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system.
Applying The LED System instead Of The RFID System In Transportations TollEng_Ahmad
The document proposes replacing RFID technology with an LED-based optoelectronic system for toll collection. It describes the basic principles of LEDs, how they can function as both light emitters and sensors. Calculations are shown to determine system parameters like wavelength and beam divergence over the 5m distance between vehicles and road sensors. The proposed system would use a programmed LED on each vehicle to transmit a unique code to multiple photo-receivers at the toll point. This would allow toll collection without vehicles stopping. The system aims to reduce radiation risks compared to RFID and could integrate with vehicle systems to provide additional transportation data. In conclusion, the LED system design aims to successfully implement non-stop tolling using similar principles as remote
The document presents a panel presentation by Alwin Poulose on visible light communication. It discusses the objectives of analyzing and improving the performance of VLC systems in multi-reflection environments using Optisystem simulation tool. It investigates the relationship between data rate and RMS delay spread. The presentation includes an abstract, introduction covering VLC fundamentals, identified problems of data rate and reflections, literature review on VLC research, and explanations of simulation models for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation and results showing the input and output.
Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologiesMd.Bellal Hossain
The document discusses trends and research in optical networks and technologies. Key points include:
- Optical networks are becoming more important due to increasing bandwidth demands from services like the internet. Research aims to increase network capacity and intelligence while lowering costs.
- 40Gbit/s transmission systems are being developed to provide multi-terabit capacities over long distances. All-optical networking components like optical cross-connects and regenerators are also a focus.
- Optical networks are evolving from simple transmission to include wavelength routing, network protection at the optical layer, and potentially full IP-over-optics implementation.
- Components research focuses on higher performance devices for functions like switching, modulation, and amplification,
Optical switching technologies allow for more efficient routing of data in fiber optic networks. Spectral switching routes different wavelength channels to different output ports, while spatial switching routes light to different fiber locations. Few optical switching technologies have been widely deployed, but some successes include wavelength selective switches used in reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer nodes. Optical switching can benefit terrestrial networks, undersea cable systems, and networks supporting 5G/6G by enabling increased data transmission and more flexible routing of traffic. Data center interconnect networks also rely on high-speed optical fiber links with optical switching to share resources between data centers.
This document is a seminar report submitted by K. Pradeep Kumar to partially fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. The report discusses light trees in wavelength-routed optical networks. It provides background on light paths, defines light trees as point-to-multipoint extensions of light paths, and describes their advantages over light path solutions. The report also covers multicast-capable wavelength routing switches, different switch architectures, and applications of unicast, multicast and broadcast traffic in optical networks.
The document provides an overview of optical fiber communication systems and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks. It discusses the advantages of optical fiber over traditional communication mediums, including higher bandwidth and lower attenuation. It also outlines the history of optical communication networks, from early generations with limitations like dispersion and lower bit rates, to current networks that use single-mode fiber and technologies like SDH to achieve multi-gigabit transmission over long distances with minimal losses. The objectives are to understand SDH concepts, network applications, architectures, and other aspects relevant to designing and operating efficient SDH transmission networks.
This document provides an overview of communication networks, including:
1. Communication networks are composed of nodes and branches to facilitate the movement of information. Nodes are connection points and branches are transmission mediums like wires or radio channels.
2. There are different types of communication networks including telephone networks, computer networks, broadcast networks, and integrated networks. Telephone networks traditionally used circuit switching while computer networks use packet switching.
3. Communication networks are organized hierarchically, with the core network carrying the most traffic and access networks connecting individual users. The core network uses high-capacity optical fiber transmission.
Optical Ethernet extends Ethernet beyond local area networks into metropolitan and wide area networks. It combines the flexibility, simplicity and cost-effectiveness of Ethernet with the reliability, speed and reach of optical networking. Key components are the ability to segregate different user traffic and deliver customized service levels. Optical Ethernet technologies provide the longest spans and greatest speeds for local area networks today and will continue to advance Ethernet transport capabilities.
This document provides information about various networking hardware components used in computer networks. It discusses network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, modems, and fiber optic cabling infrastructure. Network interface cards connect devices to the network. Hubs and switches connect multiple devices but switches are more intelligent and efficient. Bridges and routers connect different network segments. Gateways connect different network types. Modems convert digital to analog signals for telephone line transmission. Fiber optic infrastructure provides high bandwidth communication over long distances.
Chapter 4 Data Communications and Networking 1 of 40 .docxwalterl4
Chapter 4: Data Communications and Networking
1 of 40
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: A DATABASE APPROACH
by: Uday S. Murthy, Ph.D., ACA and S. Michael Groomer, Ph.D., CPA, CISA
Data Communications and Networking
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
• identify the five components of a telecommunications network,
• distinguish between terminals and workstations,
• explain the various types of transmission links, including physical and “through
the air” links,
• differentiate between alternative transmission methods such as analog and digital
transmission, circuit switching and packet switching,
• describe in general terms the functioning of line sharing devices and switches,
• explain the role of network architecture and standards,
• explain the OSI telecommunications model,
• distinguish between local area networks and wide area networks,
• describe alternative computer network configurations including ring, star, and bus
networks,
• understand the various types of wide area networks, including the options for
centralized data processing networks and distributed data processing networks,
• explain the concept of a client/server system,
• understand the architecture and functioning of the Internet,
• distinguish between the Internet and Intranets,
• describe the operation of electronic data interchange arrangements between
organizations,
• explain the concept of e-business and its emerging importance in the global
economy.
The dramatic technological advances that swept the computer industry in the seventies
and eighties resulted in the development of extremely fast and powerful personal
Chapter 4: Data Communications and Networking
2 of 40
computers. These personal computers made it possible to maximize individual
productivity. However, most current hardware and software technological developments
have been aimed at maximizing group productivity. Increasingly, personal computers
are networked together to enable communication between users and to facilitate
sharing of data and resources. This chapter is aimed at providing a basic understanding
of a range of telecommunications concepts including local area and wide area networks.
We also discuss some recent communications technologies affecting business such as
client/server systems, the Internet, and electronic data interchange. Almost all
computer systems in organizations today are networked, and these networked
computer systems invariably house a wealth of accounting information. It is therefore
important for accountants to have a working knowledge of data communications and
networking concepts.
Telecommunications concepts
Telecommunications refers to the electronic transmission of information from a point of
origin to a point of destination. A telecommunications network is composed of five
components: (1) terminals and workstations, (2) transmission links, (3) tra.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including network topologies, physical transmission mediums like twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber, wireless transmission methods like radio waves and infrared, networking devices, internet protocols, and the growth and structure of the internet. It provides information on common network architectures, technologies, and software used to connect devices globally.
Information Systems Ind. Assignment 3 (1).pdfDiogoHansen1
This document provides an overview of telecommunications, networks, and internet technologies. It discusses analog and digital signals, communication channels such as wired, wireless, and fiber optic networks. It also covers network topologies including point-to-point, bus, star, and mesh configurations. Additional sections explore electronic commerce, enterprise networking, standards for integration, internet services, and tools for searching information online.
This document provides an overview of optical multiplexing and demultiplexing in optical telecommunication networks. It discusses how multiplexing combines multiple input signals into a single transmission line and demultiplexing separates the combined signals at the receiver. The document outlines different optical multiplexing techniques including wavelength division multiplexing and describes the components used like filters, splitters and combiners. It also discusses applications in increasing bandwidth utilization and throughput, as well as shortcomings and areas for future work like reducing optical to electrical conversions.
Optical fibers have many applications in biomedical fields and daily life. They can transmit light signals over long distances with low loss and are immune to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are used for fiber-optic communication networks, illumination, imaging in confined spaces, and fiber optic sensors. Fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a cladding material with a lower refractive index to guide light through total internal reflection. Fibers that support many propagation paths are called multi-mode, while those that only support a single mode are called single-mode fibers. Optical fibers enable high-speed data transmission and have advantages over electrical cables such as huge data capacity, low signal loss, and lightweight design.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication networks, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, as well as unguided or wireless media. It describes the key characteristics of each medium, such as how they transmit signals, their bandwidth capabilities, and advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers switching methods used in networks, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching, explaining how circuit-switched networks establish dedicated connections between nodes using time- or frequency-division multiplexing.
This document discusses different types of network media used to transmit data in computer networks. It describes guided (wired) media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also describes unguided (wireless) media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. The key differences between guided and unguided media are that guided media uses a physical conductor to transmit signals while unguided media broadcasts signals through the air.
Hybrid optical switching in optical code division multiplexing networkseSAT Journals
This document discusses hybrid optical switching (HOS) in optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) networks. It begins with background on the increasing internet traffic and need for faster transmission technologies. It then describes three optical switching techniques - optical circuit switching, optical packet switching, and optical burst switching. The document proposes a HOS network that combines these techniques and extends WDM to OCDM to increase granularity. It evaluates quality of service parameters like delay and loss rates for different traffic units in simple WDM and WDM/OCDM HOS networks via simulation. The results show OCDM networks experience lower delay and loss rates, indicating they are better than WDM-only networks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of free-space optical (FSO) communication. It begins with an introduction to FSO and its advantages over radio frequency and fiber optic communication. These include large unregulated spectrum, high security, and lower costs of deployment. The document then discusses the basics of FSO including components of transmitters and receivers. It outlines some key challenges of FSO such as misalignment, attenuation from weather, and atmospheric turbulence. Applications of FSO discussed include wireless local and personal area networks, underwater networks, and airborne networks. The document concludes by noting that FSO is a promising alternative to RF technology that can help redefine mobile networks.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunication systems and transmission. It begins with definitions of telecommunication networks and the basic purpose of transmitting information from one user to another. It then discusses different types of transmission media that can be used including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics. The document also covers elements of transmission systems including modulation, line coding, and conversion of voice signals to digital. It introduces concepts of PDH and SDH digital carrier systems, including E1 and STM-1 frame structures. In summary, the document provides foundational information on telecommunication networks, transmission media, and digital signal transmission standards.
This document discusses fiber optic communication systems. It begins by introducing fiber optics as a major component of telecommunication infrastructure due to its high bandwidth capabilities and low signal attenuation. It then covers the basic building blocks of a fiber optic system including light sources, detectors, couplers and multiplexers. The document discusses the advantages of fiber optic systems such as long signal transmission distances, large bandwidth and small cable size. It also covers transmission windows, loss calculations and provides examples. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key concepts and components of fiber optic communication systems.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Introduction to optic fibre
1. Introduction to Optical Transmission
in a Communications Network
Definition
In a telecommunications network, one begins at the terminal site at the customer
premises; the access part of the process is the first mile. In essence, it is the part
that connects the end user to the first piece of equipment in the network. Next
comes the equipment that performs the connection of data or voice from one side
to another, and then, finally, transmission may occur. Transmission is really the
part of the process people take for granted when they casually draw a line to
connect all of the pieces of equipment in the network.
Overview
This tutorial introduces key topics and new terminology with regard to
transmission, focusing on the basic concepts necessary to study synchronous and
optical transmission further. It will provide a more complete view of a
telecommunications network, illustrating the access, switching, packet
multiservice, synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)/synchronous optic al network
(SONET), and optical layers. It will clarify the function performed by the
SDH/SONET layer and what happens further down in the optical layer.
Topics
1. History of Transmission
2. Why Optical Transmission?
3. Transmission Signal Parameters
4. Types of Transmission Networks
5. Overview of Multiplexing
6. WDM and TDM
7. Types of Network Elements
Self- Test
Correct Answers
Glossary