This document discusses demography and family planning. It begins with introducing demography as the scientific study of human populations and tracing the history and development of demography as a field. It then outlines the demographic cycle that describes 5 stages of population growth that nations typically progress through. The document also summarizes current world population trends, including historical population milestones, projected future growth, and differences in birth and death rates and growth rates globally. In addition, it reviews key demographic indicators and trends in India, including population size, composition, density, vital rates like birth and death rates, and policy interventions. The document aims to provide an overview of demography and population dynamics globally and nationally.

1. DEMOGRAPHY AND
FAMILY PLANNING
16-02-2023 1
BY
DR. SOUMA SHANKAR MUKHERJEE

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
• WORLD POPULATION TRENDS
• DEMOGRAPHY OF INDIA
• FAMILY PLANNING
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
16-02-2023 2

3. N
• The word demography comes from two ancient greek words, demos,
meaning "the people," and graphy, meaning "writing about or
recording something“
• Demography means "writing about the people."
• Like many branches of the sciences, demography began in the 19th
century, when the general craze for cataloging information about the
world really took off.
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4. N
• In its simplest definition, demography is the
scientific study of human populations.
• Belgian statistician Achille Guillard in his 1855
publication: ELÉMENTS DE STATISTIQUE
HUMAINE, OU DÉMOGRAPHIE COMPARÉE.
• NATURAL AND POLITICAL OBSERVATIONS
MENTIONED IN A FOLLOWING INDEX, AND MADE
UPON THE BILLS OF MORTALITY, published in
1662 in London.
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5. N
• Usefulness of compilations of information
relating to the population of London by
presenting statistics on a wide range of
characteristics such as
• Employment
• Age and sex composition
• Health
• Environment.
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6. N
• Graunt also published an early version of the life
table which, having been further developed by
Edmund Halley and Joshua Milne, led to the
publication in 1840 of the first official life table
by William Farr, compiler of scientific abstracts in
the general register office for England and Wales.
• The statistical concepts of the life table remain
today the fundamental elements of demographic
methods.
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7. N
• Demography relates to explanation of why and
when events occur to people.
• For example, Demography addresses questions
such as:
What explains long life?
What explains teenage pregnancy?
What explains early school drop-out?
What explains contracting a disease such as
hiv/aids?
What explains how long people live after
contracting a particular disease?
Why do people move from rural to urban areas? 16-02-2023 7

8. N
• Demography draws upon knowledge in other
disciplines to develop its theory.
• The main disciplines that contribute to
demographic theory are
Economics
Sociology
Anthropology
Epidemiology
Geography
Public health
Biology
Ecology and
Eenvironmental science.
16-02-2023 8

9. N
• Theory in demography is established very largely
through comparative analysis:
• Comparisons across space and time and across
different sub-groups of the population.
• In this regard, demography is inherently
comparative.
16-02-2023 9

10. N
Demography, as understood today, is the scientific study of human
population. it focuses its attention on three readily observable human
phenomena :
(a) changes in population size
(b) the composition of the population
(c) the distribution of population in space.
16-02-2023 10

11. N
It deals with five "demographic processes“ namely:
Fertility
Mortality
Marriage
Migration
Social mobility.
These five processes are continuously at work within a population
determining size, composition and distribution.
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12. N
Dynamic relationship between:
• The numbers of people
• The space which they occupy
• The skill that they have acquired in providing for their needs.
16-02-2023 12

13. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
The history of world population since 1650 suggests that there is a
demographic cycle of 5 stages through which a nation passes:
(1) FIRST STAGE (HIGH STATIONARY)
(2) SECOND STAGE (EARLY EXPANDING)
(3) THIRD STAGE (LATE EXPANDING)
(4) FOURTH STAGE (LOW STATIONARY)
(5) FIFTH STAGE (DECLINING)
16-02-2023 13

14. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
(1) FIRST STAGE (HIGH STATIONARY)
This stage is characterized by a high birth
rate and a high death rate which cancel
each other and the population remains
stationary.
India was in this stage till 1920.
16-02-2023 14

15. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
(2) SECOND STAGE (EARLY EXPANDING)
• The death rate begins to decline, while
the birth rate remains unchanged
• Many countries in south asia, and africa
are in this phase.
16-02-2023 15

16. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
(3) THIRD STAGE (LATE EXPANDING)
• The death rate declines still further,
and the birth rate tends to fall.
• The population continues to grow
because births exceed deaths.
• India has entered this phase.
• In a number of developing countries
(e.g., china, singapore) birth rates have
declined rapidly.
16-02-2023 16

17. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
(4) FOURTH STAGE (LOW STATIONARY)
• This stage is characterized by a low
birth and low death rate with the result
that the population becomes stationary.
• Zero population growth has already
been recorded in Austria during 1980-
85.
16-02-2023 17

18. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
(4) FOURTH STAGE (LOW STATIONARY)
• Growth rates as little as 0.1 were
recorded in UK, Denmark, Sweden and
Belgium during 1980-85.
• Most industrialized countries have
undergone a demographic transition
shifting from a high birth and high
death rates to low birth and low death
rates.
16-02-2023 18

19. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
(5) FIFTH STAGE : (DECLINING)
• The population begins to decline
because birth rate is lower than the
death rate.
• Some east european countries, notably
Germany and Hungary are experiencing
this stage
16-02-2023 19

20. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 20

21. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 21

22. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 22

23. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 23

24. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 24

25. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 25

26. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 26

27. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 27

28. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 28

29. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 29

30. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 30

31. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 31

32. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 32

33. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 33

34. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
16-02-2023 34

35. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
• At the beginning of the Christian Era,
world population was estimated to be
around 250 million.
• Subsequent estimates of the world
population
16-02-2023 35

36. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
• It required all the human history up to the year 1800 for the
world population to reach one billion.
• The second billion came in 130 years (around 1930)
• The third billion in 30 years (around 1960)
• The fourth billion in 15 years (in 1974)
• Tthe fifth billion in 12 years (in 1987)
• The sixth billion in 12 years (1999). On October 12th 1999
world population became 6 billion.
• The 7th billion came in 2014 (after 15 years).
• It is expected to reach 8 billion by 2025 .
16-02-2023 36

37. TRENDS
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population
Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
16-02-2023 37

38. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
• The United Nations estimated that the world’s population
will reach 8 billion on Nov. 15.
• India will replace China as the world’s most populous
nation next year.
• The world’s population could grow to around 8.5 billion in
2030, 9.7 billion in 2050 and a peak of around 10.4
billion during the 2080s. It is forecast to remain at that
level until 2100.
• The report says more than half the projected increase in
population up to 2050 will be concentrated in just eight
countries: Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria,
Pakistan, the Philippines and Tanzania. 16-02-2023 38

39. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population
Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
16-02-2023 39

40. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
• About three fourths of the world's population lives
in the developing countries.
• Although, in terms of population USA ranks third in
the world after India, there is a yawning gap of
1032 million between the population of these two
countries.
• The United Nations has estimated that world's
population grew at an annual rate of 1.23 per cent
during 2000-2010.
• China registered a much lower annual growth rate
of
(0.6 per cent) during 2002-2012, as compared to
India (1.4 per cent).
16-02-2023 40

41. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population
Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
16-02-2023 41

42. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
• Three countries of SEAR, i.e. India (1359 million),
Indonesia (267 million) and Bangladesh (167
million) are among the most populous ten countries
of the world.
• At present India's population is second to that of
China.
• According to UN projections India's population will
reach 1.53 billion by the year 2050, and will be the
highest population country in the world.
16-02-2023 42

43. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population
Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
16-02-2023 43

44. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
16-02-2023 44

45. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
• The world's birth rate fell below 30 for the first time around 1975
and had declined to about 19 during mid 2018.
• In most of the world the decline reflected falling birth rates and a
global trend towards smaller families.
• The outstanding examples are Singapore and Thailand.
• In Singapore, in 40 years, the birth rate fell from 23 per thousand
in 1970 to 12 in 2018
• In Thailand from 37 to 11 during the same period.
16-02-2023 45

46. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
16-02-2023 46

47. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
• In countries with a relative young population, crude death
rates are mainly affected by infant and child mortality.
• With improvement in maternal and child health services,
successful implementation of the expanded programme on
immunization, diarrhoeal disease and acute respiratory
infection control programmes.
16-02-2023 47

48. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
GROWTH RATES
• When the crude death rate
is substracted from the
crude birth rate, the net
residual is the current
annual growth rate,
exclusive of migration.
16-02-2023 48

49. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
GROWTH RATES
• The world population growth rate was at, or near its peak, around
1970, when the human population grew by an estimated 1.92 per
cent.
• The most recent data show a slight decline since then to 1.2 per cent
in 2018.
16-02-2023 49

50. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
GROWTH RATES
• The growth rate is not uniform in the world.
• There are many countries in the world where the growth rate is less
than 0.3 per cent per year.
• In developing countries, the growth rates are excessive - it is around
2.6 per cent in Africa, 1.1 per cent in Latin America, 0.3 per cent in
Europe and industrialized countries, and 1.3 per cent in Asia.
• A population growing at 0.5 per cent per year will double in about 140
years, a population growing at 3 per cent per year will double in about
20- 25 years These differences in growth rates are largely the result
of fertility and mortality patterns.
16-02-2023 50

51. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
GROWTH RATES
16-02-2023 51

52. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
GROWTH RATES
The salient features of population growth at a glance are as follows:
• Approximately 95 per cent of this growth is occurring in the
developing countries.
• Currently, one-third of the world's population is under the age of 15,
and will soon enter the reproductive bracket, giving more potential for
population growth.
• The UNFPA estimates that world population is most likely to reach 10
billion people by 2050, and 20. 7 billion a century later. 16-02-2023 52

53. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
GROWTH RATES
The expected number of births per women, at current fertility rates is :
• For industrialized countries 1.6
• Developing countries 2.8
• Least developed countries 4.2.
The global total fertility rate is 2.4.
16-02-2023 53

54. WORLD POPULATION
TRENDS
CONCLUSION
16-02-2023 54
• There are uncertainties in future population growth, not only because there are
uncertainties in the future trends in fertility, mortality, and migration, but also
because there are many other factors that could affect these trajectories.
• International consensus on climate change and ecosystem protections may trigger
population control policies, and the ongoing pandemic is likely to have some
impact on mortality, migration, or even fertility.

55. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 55
• Population size
• Composition
• Territorial distribution
• Nativity
• Mortality
• Social mobility.

56. DEMOGRAPHY AND
FAMILY PLANNING
16-02-2023 56
BY
DR. SOUMA SHANKAR MUKHERJEE

57. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
• WORLD POPULATION TRENDS
• DEMOGRAPHY OF INDIA
• FAMILY PLANNING
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
16-02-2023 57

58. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 58
• POPULATION STATISTICS
• VITAL STATISTICS.

59. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 59
 POPULATION STATISTICS-
 Population size
 Sex ratio
 Density
 Dependency ratio.

60. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 60
 VITAL STATISTICS-
 Birth rate
 Death rate
 Natural growth rate
 Life expectancy at birth
 Mortality
 Fertility rates.

61. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 61
• Policy and programmed interventions
• Setting near and far-term goals
• Deciding priorities

62. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 62

63. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 63
• India's population has been steadily
increasing since 1921.
• The year 1921 is called the "big divide“
• India's population is currently
increasing at the rate of 16 million
each year.

64. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 64
• India's population numbered 238
million in 1901
• Doubled in 60 years to 439 million
(1961)
• Doubled again, this time in only 30
years to reach 846 million by 1991.
• It crossed 1 billion mark on 11 May
2000
• Projected to reach 1.53 billion by the

65. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 65
• The ten most populous states in the
country by rank.
• Uttar Pradesh comes first with about
199.581 million people
• Maharashtra comes second with
112.372 million people
• Bihar comes third with 103.804 million
people.
• These ten states account for about 71
per cent of the total population of

66. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 66
• There is a substantial difference in
total fertility rate in between and
within states.
• Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh with total fertility rate
at or below replacement levels.
• Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Uttarakhand, Rajasthan. Jharkhand,
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, with
an estimated total fertility rate of more
than 2.2.

67. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 67
• Categorized states according to total
fertility rate (TFR) level into
1. Very high focus (more than or equal to
3.0)
2. High-focus (more than 2.1 and less
than 3.0)
3. Non-high focus (less than or equal to
2.1) categories.

68. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 68
• TFR 2.2-3.0 -
Assam - 2.3, .Dadra & Nagar Haveli - 2
.3 , Mizoram - 2.3, Chhattisgarh - 2.5,
Jharkhand-2.6. Manipur-2.6, Rajasthan-
2.7, Nagaland-2.7, Madhya Pradesh -
2.8
• TFR more than –
Bihar-3.3, Uttar Pradesh - 3 .1,
Meghalaya-3 .0

69. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 69
• It is matter of concern that these states will delay the attainment of
replacement level of fertility in India.
• These high fertility states are anticipated to contribute about 50 per cent
to the nation-wide increase in population.
• Demographic outcomes in these states will determine the timing and size
of population at which India achieves population stabilization.

70. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 70

71. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 71
Age and sex composition
• 0-14 years male population is about
0.4 per cent more than female
• The age group 60 +, percentage of
female population is 0. 7 per cent more
than male population.
• The proportion of population in the age
group 0-14 years is higher in rural
areas (28.6 per cent) than in urban
areas (23.6 per cent), for both male and
female population

72. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 72
Age and sex composition
• The proportion of population below 14
years of age is showing decline
• Whereas the proportion of elderly in the
country is increasing.
• This trend is to continue in the time to
come.
• The increase in the elderly population
will impose a greater burden on the
already outstretched health services in

73. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 73
Age and sex composition

74. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 74
Age pyramids

75. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 75
Age pyramids
• Such a representation is called an "Age
Pyramid".
• A vivid contrast may be seen in the age
distribution of men and women in India
and in Switzerland.
• The age pyramid of India is typical of
developing countries, with a broad base
and a tapering top.
• In the developed countries, as in
Switzerland, the pyramid generally
shows a bulge in the middle , and has a
narrower base.

76. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 76
Sex Ratio
• "the number of females per 1000
males".
• The sex composition of the population
is affected by the
 Differentials in mortality conditions of
males and females
 Sex selective migration
 Sex ratio at birth.

77. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 77
Sex Ratio
A low sex ratio indicates
• Strong male-child preference and consequent gender inequities
• Neglect of the girl child resulting in higher mortality at younger age
• Female infanticide
• Female foeticide
• Higher maternal mortality and male bias in enumeration of population.

78. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 78
Sex Ratio
• The sex ratio in India has been
generally adverse to women.
• Apart from being adverse to
women, the sex ratio has also
declined over the decades.

79. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 79
Sex ratio at birth
• The sex ratio at birth for India for the year
2014-2016 has been estimated at 898.
• It varies from 902 in rural areas to 888 in
urban areas.
• 963 in Chhattisgarh to 832 in Haryana.
• Chhattisgarh (995) and Haryana (835)
respectively.
• The sex ratio in urban areas varies from 957
in Madhya Pradesh to 820 in Gujarat.

80. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 80
Sex ratio at birth

81. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 81
Child sex ratio (0- 6 years) :
• Census 2011 marks a considerable fall in child sex ratio in the age
group of 0- 6 years and has reached an all time low of 914 since
1961.
• The fall has been 13 points from 927 to 914 for the country during
2001 to 2011 .
• In rural areas, the fall has been significant - 15 points from 934 to
919
• In urban areas it has been 4 points from 906 to 902 over the decade

82. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 82
Dependency ratio
• The proportion of persons above
65 years of age and children
below 15 years of age are
considered to be dependent on
the economically productive age
group (15-64 years).
• The ratio of the combined age
groups 0- 14 years plus 65 years
and above to the 15- 65 years age
group is referred to as the total
dependency ratio. The young age dependency ratio is 41.115 per cent, and
old age dependency ratio is 9.386 per cent for the year Jan

83. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 83
Dependency ratio
• The total dependency ratio tends
to decrease in the earlier stages
of development when rapid
decline in fertility reduces the
child population more than the
increase in the older persons
• But subsequently the increase in
older persons far out-weighs the
decline in the child population.
There is a shift from child
dependency to old age
dependency, as fertility declines
and life expectancy increases.

84. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 84
Dependency ratio
• The rapid decline in dependency
ratios, especially the child
dependency ratio, has been
identified to be a key factor
underlying rapid economic
development.
• This period depends on the pace
of decline in fertility level of a
population.
• If the switch to small families is
fast, the demographic bonus can
give a considerable push to
Age dependency ratio in
India was reported
at 48.27 % in 2021,
according to the World
Bank collection of
development indicators.

85. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 85
Dependency ratio
• The term "demographic burden" is
used to connote the increase in
the total dependency ratio during
any period of time, mostly caused
by increased old age dependency
ratio.
• This is an inevitable consequence
of demographic transition, and
the country has to face this
problem sooner or later.

86. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 86
Density of population
• It is the ratio between (total)
population and surface (land)
area.
• This ratio can be calculated for
any territorial unit for any point in
time, depending on the source of
the population data.
• In the Indian census, density is
defined as the number of persons,
living per square kilometre.
• For the year 2016 (July) the
density of population per sq. km.
in India was 401.4.

87. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 87
Density of population
The current population density of
India in 2022 is 431.11 people
per square kilometer, a 0.68%
increase from 2021. The
population density of India in
2021 was 428.19 people per
square kilometer, a 0.8% increase
from 2020.

88. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 88
Urbanization
• The number of persons residing
in urban localities.
• "Towns (places with municipal
corporation, municipal area
committee, town committee,
notified area committee or
cantonment board); also, all
places having 5,000 or more
inhabitants, a density of not less
than 1,000 persons per square
mile or 390 per square kilometre,
pronounced urban characteristics
and at least three fourths of the
adult male population employed

89. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 89
Urbanization
• As per population totals of Census - 2011 , the rural population
stands at 833.1 million (68.84 per cent) and urban population at 377.1
million (31.80 per cent), an increase of 3.35 per cent in urban
population.
• Rural population has increased by 90.47 million and urban population
by 91.00 million in the last decade.
• Uttar Pradesh has the largest rural population of 155.11 million i.e.
18.62 per cent of country's rural population
• Whereas Maharashtra has the highest urban population of 50.83

90. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 90
Urbanization

91. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 91
Urbanization
• Employment opportunities, attraction of
better living conditions and availability of
social services such as education, health,
transport, entertainment etc.
• The continuous migration of people from
country side to urban areas in India
constitute a social crisis
• The ramification the ramification of which
may eventually impair the quality of life

92. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 92
Family size
• Family size means the total number of
children a woman has borne at a point in
time.
• The completed family size indicates the
total number of children borne by a
woman during her child-bearing age.
• The family planning programme's
campaign is currently based on the theme
of a "two-child'' family norm, with a view
to reach the long-term demographic goal
of NRR = 1.

93. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 93
Literacy and education
• A person is deemed as literate if he or she
can read and write with understanding in
any language.
• Crude literacy rate
• Effective literacy rate

94. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 94
Literacy and education
• Total number of illiterates has come down
from 304.1 million in 2001 to 272.9
million in 2011 showing a decline of 31.1
million.
• The decadal increase in the number of
literates among males is of 31.9 per cent
points and the corresponding increase
among females is of 49 .1 per cent points

95. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 95
Literacy and education
The national percentage of
literates in the population above
7 years of age is about 74.04 with
literate males about 82. 14 per
cent and females lagging behind
with about 65.46 per cent.

96. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 96
Literacy and education
• Kerala continues to occupy the top rank in the
country with about 93.91 per cent literates.
• Mizoram (91.58 per cent, and lakshadweep
(92.28 per cent) closely follow Kerala.
• Bihar and Arunachal Pradesh with literacy rate
of only 63.82 and 66.9 per cent respectively.
• The states which have literacy rates below the
national average are Arunachal Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, Jammu &
Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan and Odisha

97. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 97
Life expectancy
• Life expectancy - or expectation of life - at
a given age is the average number of years
which a person of that age may expect to
live, according to the mortality pattern
prevalent in that country.
• Japan leads in life expectancy for both
males and females, 81 and 87 years
respectively for the year 2017

98. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
16-02-2023 98
Life expectancy

99. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 99
• By fertility is meant the actual bearing of
children.
• A woman's reproductive period is roughly
from 15 to 45 years - a period of 30
years.
• A woman married at 15 and living till 45
with her husband is exposed to the risk of
pregnancy for 30 years, and may give birth
to 15 children. but this maximum is rarely
achieved.

100. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 100
• Fertility depends upon several factors. The
higher fertility in India is attributed to
1. Universality Of Marriage
2. Lower Age At Marriage
3. Low Level Of Literacy
4. Poor Level Of Living
5. Limited Use Of Contraceptives
6. Traditional Ways Of Life.

101. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 101
• Some of the factors which have engaged
attention of demographers since long are
discussed below.
1. Age at marriage
2. Duration of married life
3. Spacing of children
4. Education
5. Economic status
6. Caste and religion
7. Nutrition
8. Family planning

102. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 102
1. Age at marriage
• The Registrar General of India collected data on
fertility on a national scale and found that
females who marry before the age of 18 gave
birth to a larger number of children than those
who married after.
• In India some demographers have estimated
that if marriages were postponed from the age
of 16 to 20-21. the number of births would
decrease by 20- 30 per cent

103. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 103
1. Age at marriage
• As early as 1929, the Sarada Act was enacted
forbidding the practice of child marriage.
• The census data reveals that prior to 1951 , the
average age at marriage for girls in India was
13 years.
• The Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1978 raises
the legal age at marriage from 15 to 18 years
for girls, and from 18 to 21 years for boys.

104. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 104
1. Age at marriage
• Studies indicate that in many States, the mean
age at marriage for girls has already moved
upto 20 years in 2006, and many others are
very close to this.
• For the year 2016, the national average for
effective marriage is 22.3 years.
• The exceptions are the rural areas, where a
substantial proportion of marriages continue to
take place when the girl is around 16 years of
age

105. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 105
2 . Duration of married life
• Studies indicate that 10-25 per cent of all
births occur within 1- 5 years of married life
• 50-55 per cent of all births within 5-15 years
of married life.
• Births after 25 years of married life are very
few.
• This suggests that family planning efforts
should be concentrated in the first few years of
married life in order to achieve tangible results.

106. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 106
3 . Spacing of children
• Studies have shown that when all births are
postponed by one year, in each age group,
there was a decline in total fertility.
• It follows that spacing of children may have a
significant impact on the general reduction in
the fertility rates.

107. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 107
4 . Education
• There is an inverse association between fertility
and educational status.
• The National Family Health Survey- 4 shows
that the total fertility rate is 1.07 children
higher for illiterate women than for women with
at least a high school education

108. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 108
5 . Economic status
• Operational Research studies support the hypothesis that
economic status bears an inverse relationship with fertility.
• The total number of children born declines with an increase
in per capita expenditure of the household.
• The World Population Conference at Bucharest in fact
stressed that economic development is the best
contraceptive.
• It will take care of population growth and bring about
reductions in fertility.

109. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 109
6 . Caste and religion
• Muslims have a higher fertility than Hindus.
• The National Family Health Survey- 4 reported a total
fertility rate of 2.61 among Muslims as compared to 2.13
among Hindus.
• The total fertility rate among Christians was found to be
1.99.
• Among Hindus, the lower castes seem to have a higher
fertility rate than the higher castes

110. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 110
7 . Nutrition
• There appears to be some relationship between nutritional
status and fertility levels.
• Virtually, all well-fed societies have low fertility, and
poorly-fed societies high fertility.
• The effect of nutrition on fertility is largely indirect.

111. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY
16-02-2023 111
8. Family planning
• Family planning is another important factor in fertility
reduction.
• In a number of developing countries, family planning has
been a key factor in declining fertility.
• Family planning programmes can be initiated rapidly and
require only limited resources, as compared to other
factors.

112. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 112
Fertility may be measured by a number of
indicators, as given below.
1. Birth Rate
2 . General Fertility Rate (GFR)
3. General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)
4. Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
5. Age-specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)
6. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
7. Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR)
8. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
9. Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
10. Child-woman Ratio
11. Pregnancy Rate
12. Abortion Rate

113. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 113
1.Birth Rate
• Birth rate is the simplest indicator of
fertility and is defined as "the number of
live births per 1000 estimated mid-year
population, in a given year". It is given by
the formula :
• The birth rate is an unsatisfactory
measure of fe rtility because the total
population is not exposed to child
bearing. Therefore it does not give a true
idea of the fertility of a population.

114. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 114
2 . General Fertility Rate (GFR)
• It is the "number of live births per 1000
women in the reproductive age-group
(15- 44 or 49 years) in a given year".
• General fertility rate is a be tter measure
of fertility than the crude birth rate
because the denominator is restricted to
the number of women in the child-
bearing age, rather than the whole
population.
• The major weakness of this rate is that
not all women in the denominator a re
exposed to the risk of childbirth.

115. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 115
3. General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)
• It is the "number of live births pe r 1000
married women in the reproductive age
group (15-44 or 49) in a given year" .

116. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 116
4. Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
• A more precise measure of fertility is
age-specific fertility rate, defined as the
"number of live births in a year to 1000
women in any specified age-group".
• The age-specific fertility rates throw
light on the fertility pattern.
• They are also sensitive indicators of
family planning achievement.

117. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 117
5. Age-specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)
• It is the number of live births in a year to
1000 married women in any specified
age group.

118. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 118
6. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
• Total fertility rate represents the average
number of children a woman would have
if she were to pass through her
reproductive years bearing children at
the same rates as the women now in
each age group.
• It is computed by summing the age-
specific fertility rates for all ages; if 5-
year age groups are used, the sum of the
rates is multiplied by 5.
• This measure gives the approximate

119. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 119
7. Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR)
• Average number o( children that would
be born to a married woman if she
experiences the current fertility pattern
throughout her reproductive span.

120. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 120
8. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
• Average number of girls that would be
born to a woman if she experiences the
current fertility pattern throughout her
reproductive span (15-44 or 49 years),
assuming no mortality.

121. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
INDIA
FERTILITY- RELATED
STATISTICS
16-02-2023 121
10. Child-woman Ratio
• It is the number of children 0-4 years of
age per 1000 women of child-bearing
age, usually defined as 15-44 or 49
years of age.
• This ratio is used where birth registration
statistics either do not exist or are
inadequate.
• It is estimated through data derived from
censuses

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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN
INDIA

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INDIA

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INDIA

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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN
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131. 16-02-2023 131
CONCLUSION
• Sex ratio at birth
• Demographic Gift
• Demographic Burden
• Awareness

132. 16-02-2023 132
REFERENCES
• Park JE. Textbook of preventive and social medicine.(A treatise on community health.).
Textbook of preventive and social medicine.(A treatise on community health.).. 1970.
• Ram U, Ram F. Demographic transition in India: Insights into population growth,
composition, and its major drivers. InOxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public
Health 2021 Apr 26.
• Population projection report 2011 2036 (MOHFW)

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