The document describes the demographic transition model which outlines 4 stages that populations experience as they industrialize and urbanize. Stage 1 involves high birth and death rates resulting in low population growth. Stage 2 sees declining death rates but sustained high birth rates leading to higher population growth. Stage 3 witnesses falling birth rates in addition to declining death rates, resulting in slower population growth. Stage 4 is characterized by low birth and death rates and stable population growth. The model explains how socioeconomic development drives this transition from high to low fertility and mortality rates.

1. The Demographic
Transition - REDUX

2. Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
RNI = Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – Crude Death Rate (CDR)

4. Stage 1
Preindustrial
•High birth and death
rates
•Low rate of natural
increase (RNI)
•Socioeconomic factors:
• Short life expectancy
•People have more
kids to increase
survival of some
children

5. Stage 2
Early Industrial
•High birth rate; death rate
starts declining
•High rate of natural
increase (RNI)
•Socioeconomic factors:
• Increasing life
expectancy as death
rate declines
•Medical advances,
sanitation
improvements, access
to food and clean water

6. Stage 3
Late Industrial
•Birth rate starts declining;
death rate continues to
decline
•Declining rate of natural
increase (RNI)
•Socioeconomic factors:
• Social changes as
people realize don’t
need large families
•Population growth
starts to decline as
result

7. Stage 4
Post Industrial
•Birth rates and death
rates both low
•Low rate of natural
increase (RNI)
•Socioeconomic factors:
• Access of education
and employment for
women is associated
with low birth rates,
as is a higher standard
of living.

8. Rate of Natural
Increase

9. The Result
 The country will transition from high birth and death rates
to low birth and death rates.
 The RNI transitions from low, high, declining, to low.
 The population of a country transitions from low at the
start of the demographic transition to high at the end.

10. Summary
 The demographic transition explains the transition of a
population from high birth and death rates to low birth
and death rates.
 The changes we see are a result of urbanization and
industrialization.
 The two big socioeconomic changes are:
 Technological advances – drops in death rates showing
everywhere.
 Changes in social customs resulting in declining birth
rates…still waiting.