Democracy contributes to the economic and social wealth as well as nurturing a culture of solidarity, social justice and quality of collaborative work in children's education and civic life
Political institutions are universal social structures that maintain order through systems of power, authority, and rulemaking. They distribute power and set societal agendas. A political institution defines norms and rules to exercise control, compel conformity, and enable legal changes. The core elements of the political institution of a state are an independent organization, a population living within a fixed geographical area. Key functions of states and governments are institutionalizing norms, resolving conflicts, enforcing norms, and defending societies. Citizens have both rights and duties in relation to the state, including voting, movement, expression, religion, education, taxation, laws, defense, and cooperation with policies. Political institutions regulate relationships and perform welfare, defense, legislation, law implementation, and international relations
Political socialization is the process by which people acquire political attitudes and behaviors through agents like family, school, media, religion, and political parties. It shapes political stances and impacts political culture and participation. Political culture refers to the attitudes and values that characterize a political system, while political socialization deals with individuals. Factors like social status, demographics, and family relationships influence political socialization and how people engage with politics. The political socialization process in Bangladesh has been impacted by its history of autocracy, centralized wealth, and double-faced political parties.
The document discusses the importance of citizenship education for promoting democracy. It outlines six key dimensions of democratic citizenship that should be taught starting in kindergarten: deliberation, voting and elections, community service and action, citizenship knowledge, democratic values, and democratic dispositions. Citizenship education aims to develop thoughtful, informed, and responsible citizens who can participate in the ongoing reinvention of democracy through civic duties like voting, community involvement, and protecting civil liberties and minority rights for the common good.
Politics refers to the processes of decision making and governance within groups. Institutions are stable patterns of behavior that define and govern social order. Political power is the ability to control the actions of others through various means. In the Philippines, politics is democratic in nature and power is legitimized through voting, political counseling, patronage, public opinion formation, and referendums. The local government is composed of provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays, each with defined roles in governance.
Autonomy, self-determination, and related concepts are discussed over 13 pages. Autonomy refers to an individual's capacity for self-governance and independence, while self-determination is the right of a people or group to choose their political status and path of development. The document traces the philosophical and legal development of these concepts from ancient Greece to current international law. It also discusses debates around applying self-determination to individuals versus groups, and whether it incorporates democratic governance rights or indigenous group rights.
Citizenship has evolved over time from ancient concepts to modern democratic societies. In ancient Greece, citizenship was granted by birth and affirmed by the mother and assembly. It defined one's ability to participate in government. Romans further developed citizenship to distinguish original citizens from conquered peoples, granting rights to those born to Roman fathers. Modern democratic citizenship is based on popular sovereignty and consent of the governed. It entails both rights and responsibilities of citizens to participate in and support their political system through actions like voting, military service, obeying laws, and constructive civic participation and criticism. Education seeks to develop participatory skills and civic virtues in students to strengthen responsible democratic citizenship.
Political institutions are universal social structures that maintain order through systems of power, authority, and rulemaking. They distribute power and set societal agendas. A political institution defines norms and rules to exercise control, compel conformity, and enable legal changes. The core elements of the political institution of a state are an independent organization, a population living within a fixed geographical area. Key functions of states and governments are institutionalizing norms, resolving conflicts, enforcing norms, and defending societies. Citizens have both rights and duties in relation to the state, including voting, movement, expression, religion, education, taxation, laws, defense, and cooperation with policies. Political institutions regulate relationships and perform welfare, defense, legislation, law implementation, and international relations
Political socialization is the process by which people acquire political attitudes and behaviors through agents like family, school, media, religion, and political parties. It shapes political stances and impacts political culture and participation. Political culture refers to the attitudes and values that characterize a political system, while political socialization deals with individuals. Factors like social status, demographics, and family relationships influence political socialization and how people engage with politics. The political socialization process in Bangladesh has been impacted by its history of autocracy, centralized wealth, and double-faced political parties.
The document discusses the importance of citizenship education for promoting democracy. It outlines six key dimensions of democratic citizenship that should be taught starting in kindergarten: deliberation, voting and elections, community service and action, citizenship knowledge, democratic values, and democratic dispositions. Citizenship education aims to develop thoughtful, informed, and responsible citizens who can participate in the ongoing reinvention of democracy through civic duties like voting, community involvement, and protecting civil liberties and minority rights for the common good.
Politics refers to the processes of decision making and governance within groups. Institutions are stable patterns of behavior that define and govern social order. Political power is the ability to control the actions of others through various means. In the Philippines, politics is democratic in nature and power is legitimized through voting, political counseling, patronage, public opinion formation, and referendums. The local government is composed of provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays, each with defined roles in governance.
Autonomy, self-determination, and related concepts are discussed over 13 pages. Autonomy refers to an individual's capacity for self-governance and independence, while self-determination is the right of a people or group to choose their political status and path of development. The document traces the philosophical and legal development of these concepts from ancient Greece to current international law. It also discusses debates around applying self-determination to individuals versus groups, and whether it incorporates democratic governance rights or indigenous group rights.
Citizenship has evolved over time from ancient concepts to modern democratic societies. In ancient Greece, citizenship was granted by birth and affirmed by the mother and assembly. It defined one's ability to participate in government. Romans further developed citizenship to distinguish original citizens from conquered peoples, granting rights to those born to Roman fathers. Modern democratic citizenship is based on popular sovereignty and consent of the governed. It entails both rights and responsibilities of citizens to participate in and support their political system through actions like voting, military service, obeying laws, and constructive civic participation and criticism. Education seeks to develop participatory skills and civic virtues in students to strengthen responsible democratic citizenship.
Access to intellectual resources without barriers means to give everyone the opportunity to partecipate in every type of environment (phisycal and learning)
This document discusses different views on the concept of politics from several influential thinkers throughout history. Plato viewed politics as governing the affairs of the polis or city-state. Aristotle believed the end of politics is to cultivate virtue in citizens. Thomas Aquinas acknowledged politics as a natural phenomenon but emphasized one's fullness comes from God. Machiavelli asserted leaders may need to act unvirtuously to maintain stability. The document concludes that politics involves power relationships that shape society and advance welfare, though not solely through governance.
This document discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and citizen groups in politics and governance. It argues that politics involves not just formal government structures, but also the actions of social groups and their interactions with government. NGOs and citizen groups can play an important role by organizing communities, advocating for people's interests, linking the powerful and disempowered, and providing alternative mechanisms for delivering social services. They can help facilitate greater citizen participation in policymaking and enhance democracy.
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
The document outlines several different political ideologies:
1) Liberalism stresses individual rights, decentralized government, personal freedom, and reducing inequities. John Locke and John Stuart Mill believed in equal and independent humans with inalienable rights.
2) Conservatism believes in respecting past traditions and gradual reforms. Edmund Burke believed in a hierarchical society with leadership given to those most qualified.
3) Socialism and Marxism are based on class struggle and public ownership over resources for the benefit of all. Karl Marx believed capitalism could only be overthrown through class struggle leading to a classless society.
This document provides an overview of a political science and government course. It describes the course content which includes basic concepts of political science and how they apply to the Philippines. It covers the study of the Philippine government, citizens' rights and responsibilities, and the three branches of government. The objectives are for students to understand citizens' rights and roles, the government's role in nation-building, and knowledge of the Philippine constitution. Key topics covered include politics, the state, law, citizenship and suffrage.
The document defines suffrage and elections in the context of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It states that suffrage is the right to vote enjoyed by citizens, which allows them to participate in establishing and administering government through elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives and recalls. It further outlines the qualifications to vote, types of suffrage (e.g. universal, woman), rules governing elections, and the Philippine electoral system.
This document defines democracy as a political system where power is held by citizens who can choose their leaders through elections. It discusses the origins of democracy in ancient Athens, where only male citizens could vote. While Athenian democracy ended with Roman conquest, elements of democracy continued in other places during the Middle Ages, though most populations still could not participate. Modern representative democracy emerged in the 18th century with the American and French Revolutions. Key characteristics of democracy include citizen rule through voting, protection of individual and minority rights, free and fair elections, citizen participation, and cooperation/compromise.
The document discusses various aspects of elections and democracy. It defines elections as the selection of public officials by citizens, and notes that sovereignty resides with the people. It outlines qualifications for electors, including citizenship, age, residence and not being disqualified by law. The document also distinguishes between direct elections, where citizens vote directly for candidates, and indirect elections, where citizens first select representatives who then choose officials. It discusses political parties, campaign periods, and methods for nominating candidates such as primaries, conventions and petitions.
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCEjundumaug1
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Presentation on political institution (polity)BhupendraPaudel
This presentation discusses different types of political systems. It begins by defining political institutions and introducing various types proposed by Aristotle and Max Weber, including monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational systems. Major contemporary systems are then examined like democracy, republic, monarchy, communism, and dictatorship. The conclusion emphasizes that political institutions encompass government structures and relationships, and that welfare states and democracies are the most widely accepted systems globally.
This document discusses active citizenship. It defines active citizenship as being engaged in energetic work and participation within a society with both rights and responsibilities. Some key aspects of active citizenship include respect, honoring duties, being informed, compassion, active involvement, working together, sustainable solutions, self-development, and maintaining a safe, stable, and clean environment. The document notes that active citizenship is not the same as being charitable, just voting, just protesting, or having civic membership. It also discusses some drivers of active citizenship like innovation, entrepreneurship, productivity, and social involvement.
Ideologies are sets of basic beliefs about political, economic, social and cultural affairs held by members of a society that guide the formation of political patterns over time. Political ideologies generally refer to a set of ideals and principles that explain how society should work and offer a blueprint for social order, with goals for how society should be organized and methods for achieving those goals. Common ideologies include anti-government ideologies like anarchism that want to abolish government, right-wing ideologies that oppose change and promote order, left-wing ideologies like socialism and communism that promote social equality, and liberalism which supports individual freedom and a system of rules and laws.
PowerPoint developed for lectures on Political Theory and Ideology and delivered to PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007 by Dr. Christopher s. Rice, Instructor.
The following topics will be discussed in the presentation:
1. Politics
2. Governance
3. Types of Governance
4. Requirements for Good Governance
5. Forms of Government
6.
The document discusses key concepts related to communication theory, diversity vocabulary, and advocacy. It defines social justice as promoting a just society by challenging injustice and valuing diversity. It also discusses fairness, discrimination, advocacy, and allocating resources equitably without prejudicing groups based on attributes such as gender, religion, or race. Advocacy is defined as speaking on behalf of and taking action to protect the rights of others.
This document defines political culture and discusses theories of political culture in liberal democracies and authoritarian countries. It summarizes Almond and Verba's theory of civic culture, which identifies three types of political cultures (parochial, subject, participant) and argues a stable democracy requires a blending of these, especially a majority of participants. It also discusses theories of political trust, social capital, and post-materialism and how governments may respond to political culture.
This document defines political ideology as a coherent set of ideas that direct or organize political action. It states that a political ideology is a belief system containing action-oriented ideas that can embody social class views and generate a sense of collective belonging. The document also lists 10 major political ideologies: liberalism, conservatism, socialism, Marxism, social democracy, fascism, anarchism, feminism, ecologism, and cosmopolitanism.
This document discusses the concept of power through defining it, examining its various sources and types. It defines power as the ability to influence or control the behavior of others. Power can come from formal positions of authority, the ability to reward or punish others, expertise or knowledge, personality traits, or charisma. The document outlines several types of power including political power derived from government institutions, economic power from wealth and resources, ideological power through shaping beliefs, and military power through armed forces.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
The document discusses key aspects of democratic citizenship. It defines democracy as rule by the people through elections and majority rule. Citizens in a democracy have both rights like free speech and religion, as well as responsibilities to stay informed, vote, and help their community. The document also discusses how citizens can get more directly involved in lawmaking through voter initiatives and reclaiming public airwaves. It emphasizes that democracy requires active participation from citizens to function properly.
Citizenship refers to membership in a political community that is personal and permanent. Citizenship implies a duty of allegiance to the state from the citizen and a duty of protection from the state. A citizen enjoys full civil and political rights within a democratic community, while an alien residing in a country is entitled to some protections but not full citizenship rights. There are two primary modes of acquiring citizenship - jus sanguinis, based on a blood relationship to a citizen parent, and jus solis, based on one's place of birth. Naturalization involves adopting an alien as a citizen. The Philippines follows both jus sanguinis and naturalization for citizenship.
Access to intellectual resources without barriers means to give everyone the opportunity to partecipate in every type of environment (phisycal and learning)
This document discusses different views on the concept of politics from several influential thinkers throughout history. Plato viewed politics as governing the affairs of the polis or city-state. Aristotle believed the end of politics is to cultivate virtue in citizens. Thomas Aquinas acknowledged politics as a natural phenomenon but emphasized one's fullness comes from God. Machiavelli asserted leaders may need to act unvirtuously to maintain stability. The document concludes that politics involves power relationships that shape society and advance welfare, though not solely through governance.
This document discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and citizen groups in politics and governance. It argues that politics involves not just formal government structures, but also the actions of social groups and their interactions with government. NGOs and citizen groups can play an important role by organizing communities, advocating for people's interests, linking the powerful and disempowered, and providing alternative mechanisms for delivering social services. They can help facilitate greater citizen participation in policymaking and enhance democracy.
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
The document outlines several different political ideologies:
1) Liberalism stresses individual rights, decentralized government, personal freedom, and reducing inequities. John Locke and John Stuart Mill believed in equal and independent humans with inalienable rights.
2) Conservatism believes in respecting past traditions and gradual reforms. Edmund Burke believed in a hierarchical society with leadership given to those most qualified.
3) Socialism and Marxism are based on class struggle and public ownership over resources for the benefit of all. Karl Marx believed capitalism could only be overthrown through class struggle leading to a classless society.
This document provides an overview of a political science and government course. It describes the course content which includes basic concepts of political science and how they apply to the Philippines. It covers the study of the Philippine government, citizens' rights and responsibilities, and the three branches of government. The objectives are for students to understand citizens' rights and roles, the government's role in nation-building, and knowledge of the Philippine constitution. Key topics covered include politics, the state, law, citizenship and suffrage.
The document defines suffrage and elections in the context of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It states that suffrage is the right to vote enjoyed by citizens, which allows them to participate in establishing and administering government through elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives and recalls. It further outlines the qualifications to vote, types of suffrage (e.g. universal, woman), rules governing elections, and the Philippine electoral system.
This document defines democracy as a political system where power is held by citizens who can choose their leaders through elections. It discusses the origins of democracy in ancient Athens, where only male citizens could vote. While Athenian democracy ended with Roman conquest, elements of democracy continued in other places during the Middle Ages, though most populations still could not participate. Modern representative democracy emerged in the 18th century with the American and French Revolutions. Key characteristics of democracy include citizen rule through voting, protection of individual and minority rights, free and fair elections, citizen participation, and cooperation/compromise.
The document discusses various aspects of elections and democracy. It defines elections as the selection of public officials by citizens, and notes that sovereignty resides with the people. It outlines qualifications for electors, including citizenship, age, residence and not being disqualified by law. The document also distinguishes between direct elections, where citizens vote directly for candidates, and indirect elections, where citizens first select representatives who then choose officials. It discusses political parties, campaign periods, and methods for nominating candidates such as primaries, conventions and petitions.
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCEjundumaug1
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Presentation on political institution (polity)BhupendraPaudel
This presentation discusses different types of political systems. It begins by defining political institutions and introducing various types proposed by Aristotle and Max Weber, including monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational systems. Major contemporary systems are then examined like democracy, republic, monarchy, communism, and dictatorship. The conclusion emphasizes that political institutions encompass government structures and relationships, and that welfare states and democracies are the most widely accepted systems globally.
This document discusses active citizenship. It defines active citizenship as being engaged in energetic work and participation within a society with both rights and responsibilities. Some key aspects of active citizenship include respect, honoring duties, being informed, compassion, active involvement, working together, sustainable solutions, self-development, and maintaining a safe, stable, and clean environment. The document notes that active citizenship is not the same as being charitable, just voting, just protesting, or having civic membership. It also discusses some drivers of active citizenship like innovation, entrepreneurship, productivity, and social involvement.
Ideologies are sets of basic beliefs about political, economic, social and cultural affairs held by members of a society that guide the formation of political patterns over time. Political ideologies generally refer to a set of ideals and principles that explain how society should work and offer a blueprint for social order, with goals for how society should be organized and methods for achieving those goals. Common ideologies include anti-government ideologies like anarchism that want to abolish government, right-wing ideologies that oppose change and promote order, left-wing ideologies like socialism and communism that promote social equality, and liberalism which supports individual freedom and a system of rules and laws.
PowerPoint developed for lectures on Political Theory and Ideology and delivered to PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007 by Dr. Christopher s. Rice, Instructor.
The following topics will be discussed in the presentation:
1. Politics
2. Governance
3. Types of Governance
4. Requirements for Good Governance
5. Forms of Government
6.
The document discusses key concepts related to communication theory, diversity vocabulary, and advocacy. It defines social justice as promoting a just society by challenging injustice and valuing diversity. It also discusses fairness, discrimination, advocacy, and allocating resources equitably without prejudicing groups based on attributes such as gender, religion, or race. Advocacy is defined as speaking on behalf of and taking action to protect the rights of others.
This document defines political culture and discusses theories of political culture in liberal democracies and authoritarian countries. It summarizes Almond and Verba's theory of civic culture, which identifies three types of political cultures (parochial, subject, participant) and argues a stable democracy requires a blending of these, especially a majority of participants. It also discusses theories of political trust, social capital, and post-materialism and how governments may respond to political culture.
This document defines political ideology as a coherent set of ideas that direct or organize political action. It states that a political ideology is a belief system containing action-oriented ideas that can embody social class views and generate a sense of collective belonging. The document also lists 10 major political ideologies: liberalism, conservatism, socialism, Marxism, social democracy, fascism, anarchism, feminism, ecologism, and cosmopolitanism.
This document discusses the concept of power through defining it, examining its various sources and types. It defines power as the ability to influence or control the behavior of others. Power can come from formal positions of authority, the ability to reward or punish others, expertise or knowledge, personality traits, or charisma. The document outlines several types of power including political power derived from government institutions, economic power from wealth and resources, ideological power through shaping beliefs, and military power through armed forces.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
The document discusses key aspects of democratic citizenship. It defines democracy as rule by the people through elections and majority rule. Citizens in a democracy have both rights like free speech and religion, as well as responsibilities to stay informed, vote, and help their community. The document also discusses how citizens can get more directly involved in lawmaking through voter initiatives and reclaiming public airwaves. It emphasizes that democracy requires active participation from citizens to function properly.
Citizenship refers to membership in a political community that is personal and permanent. Citizenship implies a duty of allegiance to the state from the citizen and a duty of protection from the state. A citizen enjoys full civil and political rights within a democratic community, while an alien residing in a country is entitled to some protections but not full citizenship rights. There are two primary modes of acquiring citizenship - jus sanguinis, based on a blood relationship to a citizen parent, and jus solis, based on one's place of birth. Naturalization involves adopting an alien as a citizen. The Philippines follows both jus sanguinis and naturalization for citizenship.
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Democratic Theory and American Political Culture for PS 101 American Government (Fall 2007) at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Democracy and human rights are interdependent. True democracy requires the protection of individual dignity through human rights. Constitutional democracies protect both democratic principles and individual rights through separation of powers, an independent judiciary, and the protection of civil liberties and minority rights in the constitution. However, an excess of constitutional rights can weaken democracy by limiting the room for public debate and policymaking. Illiberal and populist democracies undermine separation of powers and civil liberties in the name of majority rule. E-democracy uses digital technologies to enhance citizen participation in political processes at various levels of government.
This document discusses the rights and duties of Filipino citizens. It begins by having the reader visit their home and heart to reflect on their role and responsibilities in the family. It then defines key concepts like rights, privileges, and duties. The document outlines several rights that Filipino citizens possess, such as freedom of speech, religion, privacy and access to legal assistance. It also details the duties of citizens, including defending the state, obeying laws, working, and voting. It emphasizes that upholding both rights and duties creates a just society and prosperous country.
The document discusses the relationship between democracy and education. It states that in a democracy, the development and promotion of democratic citizenship should be education's primary concern. It then defines democracy as a system of government where power belongs to the people. Finally, it concludes that democracy and education are mutually necessary - democracy requires an educated populace that can make wise decisions, and education is needed to understand the meaning and applications of democracy.
Debate on Future Democracy and Corruption, in the Digital Age (from Theory to...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This article is a reflection on the future of humanity, especially for young people. In my opinion, this
model of World Society, where inequalities are increasing, where there are men who send other men to war, where men order
men to be killed for political differences and or economic interests, where Corruption reigns. We need to change the
paradigm. But the change will be long.
Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens, in the enjoyment of their Human and Political Rights, participate in
the choice of the governance model for the country and/or region, who in their activity create the laws and implement them,
exercising the power of governance, through universal suffrage. It encompasses the social, political, economic and cultural
conditions that allow the exercise of power, free and equal, in political self-determination.
Democracy is both a normative ideal and a set of true world institutions. We have competing ideals of what democracy
should be, and there are many institutional forms of democracy around the world. Both as an idea and as an institutional
form, democracy has evolved over time, as changing circumstances make it possible to modify and solidify some of the
democratic institutions, sometimes for the benefit of democracy and sometimes not. One of the reasons democracy has
evolved, as an idea or institutionally, is people's disappointment with existing democratic institutions.
KEYWORDS: Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Corruption, Bribery, Systemic Corruption, Political
Corruption.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
This document outlines a lesson plan on democracy and democratic participation. It discusses key concepts like majority rule, minority rights, free elections, and citizen participation. Students will analyze pictures showing democratic practices, compare democratic and non-democratic governments, define democracy and its various forms. They will discuss the importance of voting, constitutions, and balancing majority rule with minority rights. The lesson aims to explain the benefits of democratic participation and citizenship.
The document discusses democracy and provides definitions from various scholars. It notes that democracy refers to a system where the government is formed by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It also outlines key principles of democracy like free elections, majority rule, and protection of rights and freedoms. The document then discusses some challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism.
The document discusses some key challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism. It notes that while India has successfully established a democratic system with elections and civil liberties, corruption is widespread in politics, business, and bureaucracy. Casteism continues to create inequalities and is sometimes exploited for political gain. Communalism and religious fundamentalism also threaten secular ideals. Regional disparities in development have led to separatist movements in some areas seeking more autonomy or secession. Overcoming these challenges is important for strengthening India's democratic system.
Gore clearly shows the evidence that the increase in global temperature over the last 100 years is, to a large extent, due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activity. He then presents the three ‘causes’: population, technology and barriers to new thinking
Democracy is defined as a form of government where supreme power is held by the people, who exercise their power directly or through elected representatives. Key aspects of democracy include periodic free elections, political equality, participation in decision making, protection of civil liberties, and majority rule balanced by protection of minority rights. However, Indian democracy faces ongoing challenges from issues like corruption, casteism, and communalism that can undermine its principles if not adequately addressed.
Debate on the Democracy of the Future, in the Digital Era (from Theory to Pra...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This article addresses the Democracy of the Future in a context of dynamic change in the reality
of people's lives in the Digital Age. Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens in the enjoyment of
their political rights also participate — directly or through elected representatives — in choosing the model of
governance for the country and or region, in its development and in the creation of laws, exercising the power
of governance through universal suffrage . It covers the social, economic and cultural conditions that allow the
exercise of power, free and equal to political self-determination.
Effective and efficient political leadership in representative democracy poses new challenges to political
powers. Traditional theoretical and practical political leadership needs a new systematic approach to seeking a
holistic vision for the constant improvement of meeting the social and economic needs of populations.
The greatest challenge that theory and practice face is the identification of effective
instruments for democracy of the future and deliberative practices so that the decisions
taken are considered rational, transparent, legitimate, in Freedom and protect the human
rights of all citizens and that they feel respected, represented and committed to their
implementation.
KEYWORDS: Information , Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Digital Age.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a module on democracy, elections, and good governance that is being implemented at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, India. The module will cover dimensions of democracy including social, economic, and political aspects. It will also examine elections for local self-government bodies and good governance initiatives in India. The rationale for the module is to educate students on the importance of democracy and encourage participation in the electoral and political process.
People's Forum - a decentralized participatory democratic model for IndiaJos Conil
The document proposes establishing a "People's Forum" as a fourth pillar of Indian democracy to strengthen participatory governance. It would consist of a Social Service League and Citizen's Ombudsman at national, state, and local levels. The key aspects include: 1) Mandating government to publish all bills and budgets for public feedback; 2) Empowering citizens to initiate referendums on laws and policies; 3) Giving citizens oversight of all government projects and institutions; 4) Allowing citizens to dismiss underperforming governments via referendum; 5) Establishing an Ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials. The aim is to make the government more answerable and responsive to the
1. The document discusses various classifications and forms of government proposed by political scientists, focusing on Leacock's classification system.
2. Leacock classified governments based on where sovereign power is located (dictatorship vs democracy), how the head of state acquires power (constitutional monarchy vs republic), the relationship between executive and legislative branches (parliamentary vs presidential), and how power is distributed between central and local governments (unitary vs federal).
3. The summary then examines some key features of dictatorship, democracy, constitutional monarchy, republic, parliamentary, and presidential forms of government.
This document discusses democracy and representative democracy. It defines democracy as rule by the people, where citizens have the right to elect their government and participate politically. Representative democracy is presented as an indirect form of democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf. While representative democracy aims to promote freedom and equality, issues can arise regarding the relationship between representatives and citizens, and whether representatives uphold citizens' interests. Electing poor representatives is also a risk due to complex voting systems, potential for corruption, and media influences that can mislead citizens.
Democracy is a form of government in which all citizens have an equal say in ...karo636
Democracy is a form of government where all citizens have an equal say in decisions that affect their lives through equal participation in making laws. It involves both political and social conditions that allow people to freely determine their leadership. The term comes from ancient Greek and refers to rule by the people. While there is no universal definition, key aspects of democracy include equality before the law, freedom, and citizens having equal access and weight in the political process. There are different varieties of democracy that provide more or less representation and freedom.
This document provides an introduction to democracy by summarizing its origins in ancient Athens and distinguishing it from modern democracy. It begins by explaining that democracy first emerged in ancient Greece as rule by the people through direct citizen participation. However, citizenship was limited to free male landowners. Modern democracy involves indirect rule through elected representatives and protects minority rights, unlike ancient democracies which sometimes formed tyrannies of the majority. It then outlines the key criteria for distinguishing democracies today, including free elections, civil liberties, and constitutional limits on government power. The document concludes by explaining democracy faces a universal tension between liberty and order that constitutions aim to balance.
Democracy has many definitions but generally involves principles of equality before the law, political freedom, and rule of law. Historically, democracies were rare and small in size due to concerns over despotism in large units and vulnerability of small units to conquest. Modern representative democracies address this through systems of checks and balances like in the US. There are various ways to measure and classify democracies based on factors like distribution of legislative seats, corruption safeguards, and forms of government that provide different levels of representation and freedom. Non-governmental groups also use democratic principles in decision making structures.
This document provides an overview of a study on democratic governance. It discusses democracy from theoretical, research, and application perspectives. The objectives are to examine democratic governance and discuss democracy theoretically, review contemporary research, and analyze applications. It aims to create a knowledge area module on theories of democratic governance and research.
This document discusses different models and aspects of democracy. It begins by defining democracy and its key principles like rule by the people and citizens having the right to make decisions. It then outlines three main models of democracy - participatory, direct, and representative. Participatory democracy involves collective discussion, direct democracy involves citizens deciding issues together, and representative democracy involves electing representatives. The document also discusses important aspects of democracy like protection of civil liberties, political competition, popular support for government, alternation of power, and more. It provides examples to illustrate each concept. In the end, it outlines an activity for students to identify a best democratic practice in another country and a worst undemocratic practice in the Philippines, and compare the two.
What is the Democratic Is democracy a universal Or is.docxwrite5
1. The document discusses whether democracy is a universal value or a Western construct only applicable in Western societies.
2. It examines different definitions and conceptions of democracy, ranging from thin to thick definitions. A thin definition focuses only on competitive elections, while a thick definition incorporates additional factors like civil liberties and minority rights.
3. The document explores challenges in determining whether a country is democratic, pseudodemocratic, or nondemocratic. Even well-established democracies have uneven playing fields and flaws in their electoral systems. Strict definitions may classify too many countries as nondemocratic.
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Periode de changement pendant la puberte des adolescents
Des changements émotionnels se produisent
Les corps des garçons et des filles se développent et deviennent fertiles
Discuter des moyens de comprendre avec les enfants dans le cadre des systèmes familiaux et d'éviter les traumatismes psychologiques, la négligence et l'interruption de l'attachement. L'importance de comprendre et de protéger les sentiments de l'enfant contribue à améliorer ses capacités mentales et ses compétences comportementales.
De plus, réduire les comportements qui entrent en conflit avec la sécurité ou la qualité de vie de l'enfant contribue à augmenter les facteurs de motivation et à améliorer ses réponses à ses parents. Le processus de soins appropriés pour un enfant lui donne une "autorégulation", ou apprend à reconnaître et à contrôler les émotions qui peuvent conduire à une variété de comportements
تسليط الضوء على العمل الاجتماعي ,و تأثير النساء على السكان النشطين، من فئة الشباب و الفتيات
مرافقة المرأة في ممارسة حقها في المواطنة منها;
تشجيع تعليم الفتيات ومنع التسرب من المدارس زيادة إحساس المرأة بالأمان.
تلبية احتياجات الشباب وتقديم العديد من الخدمات التعليمية ,والترفيهية والثقافية, والرياضية العالية الجودة
This document outlines a strategic plan for implementing sustainable development and peace building programs in developing countries. It proposes a comprehensive approach involving (1) capacity building for women through education, training, and empowerment programs, (2) the establishment of a national advisory group to provide leadership and coordinate efforts, and (3) monitoring mechanisms to track progress. The goal is to promote social justice, empower women, and create an environment where all community members can improve their lives.
The document discusses concepts related to citizenship including:
1. Citizenship involves both rights and responsibilities to participate in community activities and promote social integration.
2. Goals of citizenship include raising awareness of social responsibility, supporting self-development, and encouraging rational problem solving.
3. Citizenship can be defined based on civil, political, and social rights that citizens have like freedom, participation, and membership in a political community.
This document discusses the importance of networking and participatory approaches through partnership and collaboration. It outlines several key concepts for effective partnership including commitment between partners, sharing knowledge and experiences, and establishing trust and accountability. The document also describes how partnerships can be structured through governance and management approaches, with clear processes for meetings, sharing ideas, and defining mutual obligations. Finally, it notes that partnerships allow organizations to extend their experiences to new areas and integrate other organizations for joint assessment and learning.
This document discusses strategic leadership and management styles. It defines strategic leadership as defining an organizational vision and motivating others to achieve that vision. Effective strategic leaders demonstrate qualities like loyalty, keeping employees informed, sharing power cautiously, and having a wide perspective. The document also describes different management styles like autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. It notes that leadership style depends on circumstances and leaders should deploy different styles appropriately. Strategic leadership requires both analytical skills to formulate strategies and human skills to build understanding and commitment to the strategies.
This document discusses concepts related to leadership development, business strategy, corporate social responsibility, and ethics. It covers the following key points:
- The objectives of the leadership development course are to gain knowledge of strategic frameworks, integrate business concepts, and formulate policies that consider competitiveness and globalization.
- Managers should exploit opportunities in the external environment, use internal analysis tools, and establish a solid organizational structure.
- Corporate social responsibility practices in Canada have improved economic benefits and fair employment access, while government strategies aim to enhance sustainability.
- Studies have investigated the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance, but corporate priorities sometimes focus more on short-term profits than ethics and responsibility.
learn what cultural intelligence means
Demonstrate that Cultural Intelligence is often learned and improved upon according to person maturity
learn cultural intelligence’s function at work
Understand the meanings of motivation and perseverance within multi-ethnic contexts
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develop competitive advances and reveals implementation practices and mechanisms of control
Allow a long-term alignment and a progressive environment strategy
Lead to globalization and strategic flexibility
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
2. KEY WORDS
Rights of citizenship -democratic governance -social cohesion - the rule of
law - Human Rights- Women political participation- Accountability-
Pluralism- transparency
”As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a
master. This expresses my idea of democracy”.
Abraham Lincoln
3. INTRODUCTION
Citizenship rights are linked to elected regimes and to the recognition of human capabilities.
Consequently citizenship is considered as a policy that promotes social responsibility and
community development. The political theory of Aristotle (1998) is the most influential political
theory. Philosophers have correlated citizenship to the impact of society attitudes and culture.
However multiculturalism is not necessarily the recognition of sectarianism, equality, identity
politics, nationalism and pluralism. But citizenship cannot be granted without respect for
democratic systems that promote social cohesion and the rule of sovereignty on the basis of
political identity and legal systems
4. INDEX
1-concept and principles of democratic governance
2-Definition and continued the concept of democracy
3-democracy types
4-Women's Political Participation
5-democratic values
6-understand democracy
7-Free and fair elections
8-economic freedom
9-control of power abuse
10-Bill of Rights
11-Human Rights
12-Multipartism
13-State institutions
14-Rule of law
15- Bibliography
5. 1-CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNANCE
Good governance and accountability are the basic principles that achieve real democracy and
development. However the political participation, the good governance, the respect for human
rights, and the effective social participation imposes on institutions to be accountable. Also,
good governance is the only sustainable way to address the challenges of development
anywhere in the world
6. 2-DEFINITION & ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF
DEMOCRACY
The concept of democracy emerged from the ancient Greeks in the city of Athens in the fifth
century BC, the Greek word Demo " Kato’s" " means the power and the rule system of
governance that empowers citizens to participate to decision making by voting and allowing
the change of laws through the Legislative Council and the regular elections in municipal
councils, trade unions and municipalities systems in Greece, and especially Athens. The
political system in the Athens Classic was known as liberal democratic election that excluded
slaves and women from participation. However the Greek democratic system allowed equal
opportunities for all and the fight against poverty. However society evolves through equal
opportunities and individual merit.
7. 3- DEMOCRACY TYPES
Democracy types reduce direct democracy discrimination between governments and
governed, and between the state & civil society; it does promote autonomy system.
Consequently the use of Referenda is today seen as the most common appearance. However
direct democracy or pure democracy is the kind of democracy where the people govern
directly. The classical Athenian democracy or democracy refers to the direct democracy and is
based on referendums.
8. Democracy shows that member of political party in the democratic process has the right to
take part in the decision-making process, and usually within the government of one-party
state. Equality, freedom and the rule of law epitomize the democracy theory which was an
important feature since history.
(Aristotle. Politics/1317b, Book 6, Part II)
“These principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being equal before the law and equal
access to legislative processes”
9. 4- WOMEN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
There is a commitment that civic organizations have the ability to contribute to the economic
growth and to fair and equitable distribution of resources among society and halt briberies &
wrong records. Although donors recognize that small group projects increase income &
strengthen the organizational capacity of the target groups. Consequently the analytical data
impacts on community participation. Many studies have shown that women in marginalized
areas have a high chance to join small income projects and achieve gains. In addition, it is
necessary to create social network as a prerequisite for participation. However researches
confirmed that the participation in small groups strengthens community involvement and
citizenship actions. It does contribute to encourage women to be a part of their community
and to raise their voices.
10. 5-DEMOCRATIC VALUES
The perceived value of democracy for the participation of women in politics is seen as an
Associationalism. Aristotle stated that:
"human well-being and freedom, and both are best when they can reach the affairs of society
through the administration to voluntary associations and democratic self-governance." )
Nationalism/ Associationalism "give priority to freedom in size in terms of values, but insists that
this freedom cannot be effectively achieved only with the accession of the community"
(Aristotle.,(322-384BC). Constitution Society; Book6, Part II)
Citizens in democracy
It does contribute to increase democracy highlighted by civil society and the private necessary to
focus attention on membership in the non-purposeful management for-profit associations. (Skocpol,
H., 2003)
Democracy contributes to the economic and social wealth as well as nurturings a culture of
solidarity, social justice and quality of collaborative work in children's education and civic life.
However democracy helps women embody social development and learning system
11. 6- UNDERSTAND DEMOCRACY
Democracy and the rule of modern democracy include:
Citizen participation
Citizen here is a part of the decision-making on issues that affect the equality process
Equality
This means equal opportunities to achieve individual capacity without regard to race, sex, and religion;
Political tolerance
The rules recognize the interests of the minority, the debates and discussions which are the means to
discuss culture and differences
Accountability
Citizens have the right to ask Legal institutions and representatives such as elected leaders and public
officials about the reasons for their actions or decisions during the period of their public functions.
Transparency
It means that all elected leaders are allowed to disclose what they are doing during the period of
function in the leadership position as well as citizens to access public meetings and information about
what is happening in public offices, which makes the reason for the decisions taken, because
transparency is a step toward accountability
12. 7-REGULAR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS
Regular elections help free and fair elections are an opportunity that allow citizens to
recognize competent leaders and to elect the best of them for the use of rule in an equitable
manner
13. 8- ECONOMIC FREEDOM
Free and fair elections contribute to equality in the economic and social opportunities,
especially for citizens with special needs.
However abuses contribute to the weakening of the economic base and the elimination of
opportunities for marginalized areas to afford their basics. But democracies are the most
important part of the economic pluralism and the freedom of common cultural values.
14. 9-CONTROL OF POWER ABUSE
It is necessary to examine the liability of governments and the way to use the authority of
officials, such as:
Using the separation of powers;
The establishment of institutions in order to ensure the lack of power control by rulers
executive like legislative and judicial authorities, which operates according to agreed ethical
criteria
15. 10- BILL OF RIGHTS
Law seeks to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens through constitution;
Culture of fairness toward the election results;
It is necessary to organize free and fair elections and to show flexibility in case of losing the
election and to evacuate office and to return equipment and tools that belonging the office to
the elected people
16. 11- HUMAN RIGHTS
In contrast to dictatorships, democracies seek to protect citizens from abuse and injustice
17. 12- MULTI-PARTY SYSTEM
The presence of multiple parties in a democratic state contributes to
expand the selection range that elect the best candidates for political office.
Multiparty is seen as an alternative of strong opposition that offers different views in the
government;
However the lack of multi-party system leads to unilaterality, the lack of options for citizens
and to control powers that link to dictatorships
18. 13- STATE INSTITUTIONS
State institutions such as the police and the army must be fair, impartial and not engaged in
any political party
19. -14 RULE OF LAW
The law requires applying law on citizens and making them subject to accountability and
justice. However the law should be equal and fair in order to protect the rule of law and to
allow citizens enjoying their rights.
20. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aristotle.,(322-384BC). Constitution Society; Book6, Part II
http://www.constitution.org
Grawal.,A.,(2005). Decentralization and Participation: The Governance of Common Pool Resources in Nepal's Terai.
https://ideas.repec.org/.../v33y2005i7p1101-1114
Klein, A., Kiranda, Y.,Bafaki.,R.,(2011). Concepts and principles of democratic governance and accountability- A Guide
for Peer Education;
Published under the project: ‘Action for Strengthening Good Governance
and Accountability in Uganda’ by the Uganda Office of the Konrad Adenauer-Stiftung;
Skocpol, T.,(2003). “Social Provision and Civic Community: Beyond Fragmentation”. In Rieder J the Fractious Nation?
Unity and Division in Contemporary American Life Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; pp. 187-205;
Smith, M. K.,( 2014). Association, la vie associative and lifelong learning
www.jdk.id.au