Democracy is defined as a form of government where supreme power is held by the people, who exercise their power directly or through elected representatives. Key aspects of democracy include periodic free elections, political equality, participation in decision making, protection of civil liberties, and majority rule balanced by protection of minority rights. However, Indian democracy faces ongoing challenges from issues like corruption, casteism, and communalism that can undermine its principles if not adequately addressed.
Gore clearly shows the evidence that the increase in global temperature over the last 100 years is, to a large extent, due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activity. He then presents the three ‘causes’: population, technology and barriers to new thinking
Gore clearly shows the evidence that the increase in global temperature over the last 100 years is, to a large extent, due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activity. He then presents the three ‘causes’: population, technology and barriers to new thinking
it is good for the college and school students who wants to describe the basic terms of democracy aspects why it is necessary, kinds of democracy, devices of direct democracy merits and demerits etc
Essay on Democracy in America
A Democratic Society Essay
Essay about Digital Democracy
Democracy Essay examples
Forms Of Democracy
Essay about Democracy
Democracy: An Analysis Essay
it is good for the college and school students who wants to describe the basic terms of democracy aspects why it is necessary, kinds of democracy, devices of direct democracy merits and demerits etc
Essay on Democracy in America
A Democratic Society Essay
Essay about Digital Democracy
Democracy Essay examples
Forms Of Democracy
Essay about Democracy
Democracy: An Analysis Essay
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Introduction
Democracy is not merely a form of
government . It is also a form a state as a
well society. It is closely associated with
participation, competition and civil and
political liberties. It is order of society.
Democracy is defined as a form of
government in which the supreme power is
vested in the people and exercised by them
directly or indirectly through a system of
representation usually involving periodic
free elections.
3. Meaning
Democracy refers to a political system in which
government is form by the people, exercised either directly
or through elected representative.
Main Points:
People Elected government.
There is freedom of speech.
There is no one party government In the country.
Right to give vote to elect their representatives.
The common people, considered as the primary source of
political power.
The principles of social equality and respect for the
individual within a community.
4. It defines as government by the people in
which the supreme power is vested in the
people and exercised directly by them or by
their elected agents under a free electoral
system.
Abraham Lincoln:-Democracy is a
government “of the people, by the people,
and for the people.”
There is no clear – cut, universal definition
of democracy.
Most definitions of democracy focus on
qualities, procedures, and institutions
5. The word ‘democracy’ itself means ‘rule by the people.
A democracy is a system where people can change their
rulers in a peaceful manner and the government is given
the right to rule because the people say it may.
Government by the people, especially- rule of the majority.
A government in which the supreme power is vested in the
people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through
a system of representation usually involving periodically
held free elections.
A political unit that has a democratic government.
The term ‘democracy’ comes from the Greek word
demokratia which means “rule of the people”. It was
coined from two words: demos that means “people” and
Kratos which refers to “power”. That is, in a democracy
the power rests with the people.
6. Definition
MacIver : Democracy is a form of state is
merely a mode of appointing, controlling
and dismissing a government
Gettel: Democracy is that form of
government in which the masses of the
population possesses the right to share in
the exercise of sovereign power.
Bryce:- Democracy really means nothing
more or less than the rule of the whole
people, expressing their Sovereign will by
their votes.
7. Principals of democracy
Constitution.
Free elections .
Government by consent of the people.
Majority Rule.
Rule of law.
Guarantees rights and freedoms.
Change the Government.
Open Society.
Political Equality. Freedom to live or travel anywhere in the
country.
Importance of Public Opinion.
Participation of people in decision making process.
Role of opposition party.
8. Why we prefer Democracy
To lead the country to development.
Element of decentralization.
To rise of political institutions.
Right to commerce.
Spread of education.
Free Media.
Independent Judiciary.
9. Conditions necessary for
successful working of
democracy.
A system can be termed as a genuine and
comprehensive democracy only when it
fulfills both political and socio-economic
aspects of people’ s participation and
satisfaction.
There may be two major categories:
(a)political conditions, and (b) social and
economic conditions – the fulfillment of the
first leads to political democracy and the
second as social democracy .
10. Political Condition: It is essential that for a
system to be democratic, we must adopt a
Constitution and laws that vest supreme
power in the people. The human rights and
fundamental rights, such as equality , liberty
of thought and expression, belief,
movement, communication and association
must be protected by the Constitution. The
democratic system has to have universal
adult franchise as the basis of electing
representatives at various levels of the
government.
11. There has to be a responsible government in
which the executive is answerable to the
legislature, the legislature to the people and the
Judiciary to remain independent. Political
institutions like political parties and interest and
pressure groups (associations, various non-
governmental organizations) must be functional for
expressing popular needs, demands and
grievances.
A democratic system is strengthened if it
maintains an enlightened public opinion in its
various forms through free press and other
communication processes.
12. social and economic conditions: A
democratic system has to ensure that the social
development is in tune with democratic values and
norms reflecting equality of social status and
opportunities for development, social security and
social welfare. Citizens must avail opportunities of
universal and compulsory education. They must also
be enabled to utilize means of economic development.
The fruits of economic development must reach all
and especially to the poor and the deprived sections of
the society . Socio-economic development of the
people strengths social democracy .
13. CHALLENGES BEFORE
INDIAN DEMOCRACY
Since independence India has been
functioning as a responsible democracy.It
has successfully adapted to the challenging
situations. There have been free and fair
periodic elections for all political offices
from the panchayats to the President. There
has been smooth transfer of political power
from one political party or set of political
parties to others, both at national and state
levels on many occasions.
14. The legislative, executive and judicial
organs have been functioning properly. The
Parliament and the State Legislatures
control the Executives effectively through
the means like question hours, etc.
The mass media, including print and
electronic, have full autonomy and play a
key role in formulating and influencing
public opinion. Significant social change
has taken place in almost all walks of life
and the nation is moving ahead on course of
socio-economic development.
15. India is a very large country full of diversities –
linguistically , culturally, religiously. At the time of
independence it was economically
underdeveloped. There were enormous regional
disparities, widespread poverty, illiteracy,
unemployment, and shortage of almost all public
welfare means.
Yet, there are various challenges that the country
faces in terms of fulfillment of expectations of
various sections of society. The challenges come
both from prevailing domestic and international
conditions as well as lack of adequate prerequisites
for a smooth functioning of democracy. These are
discussed below .
16. Corruption
Corruption in public life has been a major
concern in India. In 2011, India was ranked
95(183 countries) defined as corrupt in
Transparency International’ s Corruption
Perceptions Index (CPI).
In fact, corruption is rampant in all walks
of life, be it land and property , health,
education, commerce and industry,
agriculture, transport, police, armed forces,
even religious institutions or so-called
places of spiritual pursuits.
17. Corruption continues to exist in covert and
overt ways at all three levels - political,
bureaucratic and corporate sector. One can
see the relation between the politicians, the
bureaucrats and the industrialists which has
resulted into corruption and corrupt
practices. The corruption have affected all
organs of government, including the
judiciary.
Corruption in electoral processes and
bribing of voters who participate in
elections at different levels has now become
a common practice.
18. In recent years, various scams have been coming
out in our country in quick succession. In fact,
corruption is a sign of political instability and
institutional decay, challenging seriously the
validity and propriety of governance.
19. Casteism
The caste system which presumably originated
in the division of labour in the ancient society
has become a more or less rigid group
classification, based on birth. Inhuman aspect
of the caste system is the practice of
untouchability which is continuing in spite of
the constitutional ban imposed on it. This has
led to segregation of so called low castes or
‘Dalits’, depriving them of education and other
social benefits.
The Dalits have been typically performing
menial labour and some of the hardest physical
work in society. Casteism has played a
negative role even in the democratic political
processes
20. In fact, casteism has become notorious as a strategy
of exploitation of caste consciousness for narrow
political gains. The caste system acts against the
roots of democracy . The democratic facilities - like
fundamental rights relating to equality , freedom of
speech, expression and association, participation in
the electoral process, free media and press, and even
legislative forums - are misused for maintaining
casteist identity .
Casteism has also been contributing towards
continuation of socio-economic inequalities. It is true
that India has been an unequal society from times
immemorial. The Scheduled Castes (SCs), the
Scheduled Tribes (ST s) and the backward classes
have suffered down the ages from socio-economic
21. There are enormous inequalities in our
society which are posing serious challenge
to Indian democracy. What is more
alarming is the mixing of caste and politics
resulting into ‘politicization of caste’ and
‘casteization of politics’ in contemporary
Indian polity which has become a grave
challenge to our democracy .
Despite the era of liberalization and
globalization caste consciousness has not
been eroded in our society and castes are
being increasingly used as vote bank
politics.
22. Communalism
Communalism and religious fundamentalism
have acquired a very dangerous form and
alarming proportion in India. Communalism
is an affront to India’ s nationalist identity
and a tragic setback to its evolving secular
culture. It is subversive of our democratic
political stability and destroyer of our
glorious heritage of humanism and composite
culture.
Quite often, communalism is wrongly used as
a synonym for religion or conservatism.
23. communalism is an ideology of political
allegiance to a religious community . It uses
one religious community against other
communities and perceives other religious
communities as its enemies.
It is opposed to secularism and even
humanism. One of the manifestations of
communalism is communal riots. In recent
past also, communalism has proved to be a
great threat to our social and political life on
several occasions.
24. Regionalism
Development process in the country aims at
growth and development of all regions, the
regional disparities and imbalances in terms of
differences in per capita income, literacy rates,
state of health and educational infrastructure
and services, population situation and levels of
industrial and agricultural development
continue to exist.
Existence and continuation of regional
inequalities both among States and within a
State create a feeling of neglect, deprivation and
discrimination. This situation has led to
regionalism manifested in demands for creation
of new States, autonomy or more powers to
States or even secession from the country.
25. It is true that regionalism and sub-regionalism
are unavoidable in a vast and plural country
like India.
The problem begins when these interests are
politicized and regional movements are
promoted for ulterior political motives. Such
unhealthy regional or sub-regional patriotism is
cancerous and disruptive.
The continuing regional imbalances have given
rise to militant movements in certain parts of
our country.
Separatist demands in Jammu and Kashmir or
by ULF A(United Liberation Front of Assam)
in Assam or by different groups in the North-
Eastern region are matters of grave concern for
Indian polity.