Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot that forms within the deep veins, usually in the legs. Ultrasound is the primary imaging tool used to diagnose DVT and distinguish between acute, subacute, and chronic clots based on characteristics like echogenicity, size, and adherence to vein walls. Doppler ultrasound can further evaluate venous blood flow and identify areas of obstruction. While ultrasound is very accurate, other modalities like CT, MRV, and conventional venography may be used in specific cases to identify clots in other veins or rule out other causes.
Role of medical imaging in management of arteriovenous fistula Dr. Muhammad B...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is very helpful for vascular sergeons, interventional radiologists and sonographers that how to map Vasculature before construction of AV fistula for hemodialysis, how to check its patency, how to check its proper functioning ,to comment on its failure and decide when to reintervene.
Doppler ultrasound of visceral arteriesSamir Haffar
Doppler ultrasound of different diseases of visceral arteries including arterial stenosis and occlusion, arterial aneurysm, artrial pseudoaneurysm, arterio-venous fistula, artrial dissection, and abdominal vascular compression syndromes
Imaging vastitis differentitis funiculitis seminal vesiculitis Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
Imaging vastitis differentitis funiculitis seminal vesiculitis dr ahmed esawy
IMAGING OF LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION LUTI
include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world
CT /MRI Plain X ray ultrasound TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND images
Cystitis
Prostatitis
urethritis
Orchitis
Epidydmitis
Epidydmo-orchitis
funiculitis
Vastitis/differentitis
Seminal vesiculitis
Role of medical imaging in management of arteriovenous fistula Dr. Muhammad B...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is very helpful for vascular sergeons, interventional radiologists and sonographers that how to map Vasculature before construction of AV fistula for hemodialysis, how to check its patency, how to check its proper functioning ,to comment on its failure and decide when to reintervene.
Doppler ultrasound of visceral arteriesSamir Haffar
Doppler ultrasound of different diseases of visceral arteries including arterial stenosis and occlusion, arterial aneurysm, artrial pseudoaneurysm, arterio-venous fistula, artrial dissection, and abdominal vascular compression syndromes
Imaging vastitis differentitis funiculitis seminal vesiculitis Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
Imaging vastitis differentitis funiculitis seminal vesiculitis dr ahmed esawy
IMAGING OF LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION LUTI
include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world
CT /MRI Plain X ray ultrasound TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND images
Cystitis
Prostatitis
urethritis
Orchitis
Epidydmitis
Epidydmo-orchitis
funiculitis
Vastitis/differentitis
Seminal vesiculitis
Acute Pancreatitis (According to American College of Gastroenterology 2013 gu...Jibran Mohsin
This Presentation focuses on definition, new classification, different scoring systems for severity, rationale for radiological signs and new management recommendations as per 2013 American College of Gastroenterology guidelines
Grey scale Imaging – High frequency Transducers are used for most of peripheral veins (9 MHz). for iliac or inf venacava , transducer of 4-6 MHz are used. Superficial veins such as saphenous vein, calf veins need even higher frequency transducers ( 9-15 MHz).
Doppler Sonography – quantitative (duplex spectral) & qualitative (color Dopler) .
This combination of anatomic and physiologic information makes US-CD such a powerful tool in evaluation of vascular pathology.
The upper and lower extremity arteries , easy to examine, becoz of good imaging window.
Doppler frequencies are typically more than 3 MHz.
Though real-time gray-scale sonography is useful for evaluating the presence of atherosclerotic plaque or confirming the presence of extravascular masses. Color flow Doppler sonographic imaging allows the clinician to survey the area of interest rapidly, determine if vascular structures are present, and if so, characterize their blood flow patterns
"Navigating Cortical Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) Management with Dr. Ganesh"
🌟 Hello, everyone! Dr. Ganesh here, and today, we're delving into a critical topic in neurology: the management of Cortical Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT). Whether you're a healthcare professional, a patient, or simply interested in understanding the complexities of cerebrovascular health, this discussion is crafted to provide valuable insights.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Definition
Deep vein thrombosis is a condition by which
blood changes from liquid to solid state and
produces a blood clot (thrombus) within the
deep venous system typically in the lower
limbs
3. Grayscale Ultrasound
Acute thrombosis
(- 14 days)
• Low echogenicity
• Venous distension:
Recently larger than
accompanying artery
• Loss of
compressibility:
• Free floating
thrombus:
• Collateralization:
Tortuous and braided
collateral
veins, usually smaller
than the normal vein
Subacute thrombosis
(- 2 weeks to 6 months)
• more echogenic,
variable
• Decrease thrombus
and vein sizel
• Adherence of
thrombus: Free floating
thrombus
becomes attached to
vein wall
• Resumption of flow:
Luminal flow may be
restored; but vein may
remain occluded
• Collateralization:
Collateral continues to
develop
Chronicphase
(~ 6 months)
• Post-thrombotic scarring:
Thrombus becoming organized
as fibrous tissue
• Wall thickening: with
reduced luminal diameter
• Echogenic intraluminal
material: may occasionally
calcify
• Synechiae: Formed from un
lysed thrombus that is attached
to one side of the vein wall and
gradually transformed into a
fibrous band
• Fibrous cord: In veins which
fail to recanalize,
• Valve abnormalities:
thickening of valve cusps and
restricted cusp motion may
result leading to reflux and
venous stasis
4. Pulsed Doppler
o Spontaneous flow (any waveform present)
• Expected in medium to large veins, but flow is often not spontaneous in
smaller calf veins
o Phasic flow (variation in flow velocity with respiration)
• When phasic pattern is absent, flow is described as continuous,
indicating the presence of obstruction closer to the heart
o Valsalva maneuver
• Causes abrupt cessation of blood flow in large and medium size veins
documenting patency of venous system from point of examination to
thorax
o Augmentation (increase in flow velocity with distal compression)
• Absence of this response indicates presence of obstruction further away
from the heart to the site of examination
5. Color Doppler
- Useful to detect low echo or anechoic thrombus
which may be missed on grayscale US
- Demonstration of recanalized lumen in the
thrombus and collateralization
- Demonstration of reflux in valvular incompetence
• Power Doppler: Particularly useful in the
demonstration of slow flow through recanalized
lumen and collaterals
6. Imaging Recommendations
• Best imaging tool
o Duplex Doppler ultrasound is first line imaging
investigation with sensitivity and specificity for acute
symptomatic DVT between 90-100%
o CECT and MR/MR venography are good non-invasive
imaging tools for assessment of pelvic veins and IVC and for
exclusion of pelvic and abdominal causes of DVT
o Conventional venography has a false negative rate of 11%
and should be reserved for use as problem solving aid
7. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Interpretation Errors
• Baker cyst, artifactual "echocontrast" from slow flow,
thickened valve mistaken for thrombus in chronic
venous obstruction, failure to identify duplicated vein
Technical Errors
• Inadequate compression, improper use of color flow
image, poor venous distension, misidentification of
deep vs. superficial veins
8. CLINICAL ISSUES
• Most common signs/symptoms
o Acute DVT: Swollen and tender lower limb (extent of
swelling depends on site of DVT), increased temperature
o Post thrombotic syndrome: Sequelae of DVT resulting
from chronic venous obstruction and/or acquired
incompetence of valves
o Chronic leg swelling, ankle pigmentation, and ulceration
in the lower calf and ankle (gaiter zone)
• Other signs/symptoms: Signs and symptoms from
pulmonary embolism: Shortness of breath, pleuritic
chest pain, tachycardia, hypoxia, hypotension
10. Transverse ultrasound
shows acute DVT of
the popliteal vein,
filled with hypoechoic
thrombus (right) and
incompressible with
transducer pressure
(left).
11. Corresponding
longitudinal color
doppler ultrasound
shows vein with absent
intraluminal color
signal while the
artery posterior to it
demonstrates
complete color filling.
12. Transverse ultrasound
shows thrombosis of
the common femoral
vein (CFV)
The vessel is non-compressible
(right
side of image).
17. Longitudinal
color Doppler ultrasound
shows a normal posterior
tibial artery accompanied
by a pair of normal,patent,
posterior tibial veins .
Note that calf veins are
usually paired.
18. Longitudinal color
Doppler ultrasound
shows acute
thrombosis of the
peroneal veins. Note
paired thrombosed
peroneal veins are
accompanied by small
peroneal artery .
19. Transverse
ultrasound shows
chronic DVT of the
SFV.
The thrombosed vein is
contracted and filled
with echogenic
thrombus.
20. Longitudinal
ultrasound shows a
soleal vein thrombosis
with intraluminal
incompressible,
hypoechoic thrombus.
Note sluggish flow in the
soleal vein may mimic
venous thrombosis.
23. Longitudinal ultrasound
shows chronic DVT
within the CFV.
Note the thrombosed
vein contains
multiple calcifications
with acoustic
shadowing.
24. Longitudinal pulsed
Doppler ultrasound shows
the normal variation in
Phasic flow in the SFV Note
phasic variation is absent
and becomes continuous if
an obstructing lesion is
present between the site of
examination and heart.
25. Longitudinal pulsed
Doppler ultrasound shows
normal augmentation in the
SFV when the calf is
compressed. This indicates
there are no obstructing
lesions between the site of
examination and calf
26. MR venogram of the
common femoral veins
external iliac veins
common iliac veins and
inferior vena cava.
Contrast was injected
simultaneously via pedal
veins in both feet.
27. MRV shows obstruction
to flow of contrast at
the origin of the left
external iliac vein
(f/V) =indicating
thrombosis of the left
f/V
28. Oblique CECT shows
Non enhancing thrombus
within the infra renallVC.
Distance between the left
renal vein BI and the top of
the IVC thrombus was
measured (26.3 mm) for
assessment of suitability for
IVC filter deployment.
29. IVC cavogram with
pigtail catheter
positioned above the
common iliac vein
confluence. An IVC
filter is seen within the
Infrarenal lVC with
thrombus (filling
defects) trapped within
it.