2. Punto culminante de la crisis arrastrada desde la IGM.
Conflicto marcado por fascismos que buscaban reparar por la vía
militar la “humillación de sus pueblos”.
Frente al fascismo lucharon las democracias y la Unión
Soviética.
Hubo dos guerras paralelas: una en Europa y la otra en el
Pacífico.
Se produjeron dos de los mayores horrores que ha contemplado
la Humanidad:
Campos de exterminio nazis
Bomba atómica empleada por Estados Unidos
La IIGM provocó la aparición de un nuevo orden mundial: Europa
pasó a tener un papel secundario a la sombra de las dos grandes
potencias, EEUU y la URSS.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF WWII?
3. • The failure of the League of Nations
• The Consequences of the Peace Treaties of WWI: The Treaty of
Versailles
• The Great Depression: protectionism
• Totalitarisms and Expansionism
• The failure of the appeasement policies
THE ORIGINS OF THE
SECOND WORLD WAR
4. Page 165
During the Paris Peace Conference, President Wilson
proposed the establishment of the League of Nations:
an international organisation that would guarantee
peace and prevent future wars.
However, the defeated Central Powers were not
allowed to join the League at first.
In contrast, the League of Nations was unable to
prevent the Second World War, because of the
problems created by political and economic factors
by the late 1930s.
THE FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
5. How did the League of Nations work? (Page 201)
Sanctions
Expelling countries from the League.
THE FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
6. The peace treaties signed after the First World War imposed
harsh conditions on the defeated powers, including the
payment of reparations.
These treaties led to feelings of resentment, especially in
Germany.
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
In Germany, people resented the Treaty of Versailles.
Hitler had promised to destroy it.
Hitler broke its conditions:
By rebuilding Germany´s armed forces.
In 1935 Germany recovered the Sahr after a Referendum.
In 1936 Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland, and important
industrial region which had been made a demilitarised zone
by the treaty.
THE PEACE TREATIES AFTER WWI
8. The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted in high
unemployment and growing poverty in both the United
states and Europe.
The situation was especially severe in Germany, which
had to continue paying reparations until 1932.
PROTECTIONISM
During the Great Depression, many countries
implemented protectionist policies to reduce
competition from imports.
These measures forced countries to find new markets
for their products.
In some cases, this led to expansionist foreign policies.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
10. During the 1920s and 1930s, authoritarian regimes
had come to power in Italy and Germany.
Once in power, these governments pursued
expansionist foreign policies, annexing and invading
other countries.
Democratic countries such as Great Britain and France
did little to oppose this expansionism.
Authoritarian regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan felt
that they needed to expand the territory under their
control in order to acquire more raw materials and
establish new markets for their exports.
They also aimed to increase their international power
and influence through a strong nationalism.
TOTALITARISMS AND EXPANSIONISM
11. In order to keep the peace and avoid another war,
democracies such as Great Britain supported a policy
of appeasement.
As a result, they did not use military force to prevent
Japanese, German and Italian expansionism in the
1930s.
During the 1930s, Japan, Italy and Germany took
advantage of appeasement and proceeded to annex
or invade other countries.
THE APPEASEMENT POLICIES
12. 1931 – The Japanese army invaded Manchuria, a
region in northeast China.
INCREASING TENSIONS
13. 1935 – Italy invaded
Abyssinia (Etiopía).
Objective: increase its
colonial territory.
The League of Nations
sanctioned Ityaly.
Italy refused to accept the
sanction => Italy was
expelled fo the League of
Nations.
INCREASING TENSIONS
14. Cooperation among Fascist countries
Italy cooperated with the Nazi Germany because they
recognised the Italian conquer of Abyssinia.
1936 => the beginning of the Spanish Civil War:
The relationships between Italy and Germany
strenghthened: Axis Rome-Berlin
Italy and Germany supported Franco.
1936 => Germany signed with Japan an Pact
Antikomintern against USSR.
Italy joined later.
INCREASING TENSIONS
16. 1938 - GERMANY
European powers
accepted German´s
demands in order to
avoid a new war.
THE FAILURE OF THE APPEASEMENT
POLICIES
Caricatura británica sobre el papel de Hitler en la política europea: un gigante
entre enanos.
Tras estudiar la agresiva política exterior alemana ante la que las potencias
europeas decidieron practicar la política de apaciguamiento propuesta por
Chaberlain, podéis comprender bien esta caricatura.
17.
18. 1938: Germany annexed Austria and occupied the
Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.
THE FAILURE OF THE APPEASEMENT
POLICIES
• In september 1938
Hitler and
Chamberlain, the
British Prime
Minister, met.
• Great Britain accepted
the cession of the
Sudetenland if Hitler
did not demand any
more territories.
20. Conference of Munich:
Chamberlain (Great Britain),
Dadalier (France), Hitler
(Germany) and Mussolini
(Italy).
Great Britain and Italy
accepted Hitler´s demands
and gave him Czechoslovakia,
which was annexed in March
1939.
THE FAILURE OF THE APPEASEMENT
POLICIES
21. Hitler wanted another territory: POLAND
Germany hadn´t accepted the lost of Posen and the
question of Danzig.
THE FAILURE OF THE APPEASEMENT
POLICIES
22. But POLAND was protected by :
a defensive alliance with France
and an assistance pact with Great Britain, which
guaranteed its dependence.
THE FAILURE OF THE APPEASEMENT
POLICIES
23. THE TRIGGER: THE INVASION OF POLAND
Germany prepares the invasion:
On 23 August 1939, Hitler and
Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact,
in which they agreed
not to attack each other.
Germany got the
neutrality of USSR.
USSR opposed to
Democratic States.
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
24. They also decided to invade Poland and divide the
country between them:
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
• Germany: Posen
and Danzig
• USSR: Finland and
the Baltic States.
25. In response to the Nazi-Soviet Pact, on 25 August,
Great Britain joined France and Poland in an alliance
of mutual protection.
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
26. Finally, Hitler asked Poland to
give Danzig back to Germany but
Poland refused.
On 1 September 1939 Germany
invaded Poland.
On 3 September 1939, Great
Britain and France declared war
on Germany, because of the
alliance of mutual protection
with Poland.
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
Un Camarógrafo de Guerra Alemán inmortaliza el
mítico instante en el que un grupo de soldados
alemanes rompe la Barrera del Puesto Fronterizo
Polaco para permitir el paso de las tropas.
Acaba de estallar la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Fuente: http://www.1y2gm.com/t2384-batalla-de-mokra-panzers-
contra-caballos
45. In 1942 the AXIS POWERS suffered a series of
successive defeats:
Defeat in Stalingrad: the bloodiest.
Defeat in El Alamein: the end of the Afrika
Korps.
Defeat in Midway: Allied offensive over Japan.
DECISIVE YEAR: 1942
46. Objetive: to control the river Volga and the access to the oil in
the Caucasus.
Result:
the defeat of the Germans.
EUROPE: THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
47. Aim: to control the oil of the Middle East.
Result:
Great Britain defeated German forces
in 1942, with the aid of Allied
reinforcements from India and Australia.
THE BATTLE OF EL ALAMEIN
48. The USA defeated Japanese forces.
The Allied powers controlled the Pacific.
THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY, 1942
49. The Allied powers stopped the Japaneses.
The General Mac Arthur applied the “leapfrog” tactic:
Creation of military bases which allowed to give the next “leap”.
Aisle the enemy bases.
THE BATTLE OF GUADALCANAL
1942-1943
51. AFRICA:
Geman and Italian forces were defeated in Libya in 1943.
This followed the Allies to cross the Mediterranean and invade Italy.
AFRICA AND THE INVASION OF ITALY
52. 1944: USSR achieved Germany through the Balkans.
EUROPE: THE NORMANDY LANDINGS
1944
53. On 6 June 1944, the Normandy Landings took place in France.
Allied troops landed on the beaches of Normandy to arrive to
Germany earlier than the USSR.
Result:
They liberated France,
Belgium and the
Netherlands
from German control.
EUROPE: THE NORMANDY LANDINGS
1944
54. After the Normandy Landings, the Allies attacked Germany in
three directions:
From France
From Italy
From USSR
THE FINAL ATTACKS OF THE ALLIES
OVER GERMANY
55. STRATEGIC BOMBIMG CAMPAIGN AGAINST GERMAN
CITIES
Indiscriminated bombing on civilians.
BOMBING OF DRESDEN: more than 150,000 deads in 2
days.
THE FINAL ATTACKS OF THE ALLIES
OVER GERMANY
Thousands of
people were
burned to death
Were the Western leaders
better than Hitler or Stalin?.
56. 30 April 1945: Hitler killed himself.
2 May 1945:
Berlin was conquered by the Allied powers.
The German Army surrendered in Italy and Mussolini was
assassinated.
THE END OF THE WAR IN EUROPE
THE FINAL ATTACKS OF THE ALLIES
OVER GERMANY
57. The Allies were making important advances, but Japan
refused to surrender.
USA advanced over Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
THE FINAL ALLIED ADVANCES OVER ASIA
AND OCEANIA, 1945
58. On 8 August 1945, the USA dropped atomic bombs on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
As a result, Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945.
THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
THE FINAL ALLIED ADVANCES OVER ASIA
AND OCEANIA, 1945
59. Sólo en Hiroshima, que tenía una población de
200.000 habitantes, hubo 100.000
muertos, 60.000 heridos y 68.000 viviendas
destruidas.
¿Podemos considerar a
los lideres occidentales
mas benignos que Hitler
o Stalin?.
61. In 1945, there were several meetings
between the Allied leaders to discuss
how they would deal with the defeated
Axis Powers.
THE PEACE AGREEMENTS
Peace
Conferences
The Yalta
Conference
The Postdam
Conference
63. THE YALTA CONFERENCE
They discussed the situation of Europe after being
liberated from the Nazis.
THE PEACE AGREEMENTS
• Agreements:
• The Allies would
occupy Germany
and Japan.
• The Soviet Union
would receive part
of Eastern Poland.
64. What happened in Eastern
Europe?
Eastern Europe fell on the orbit of
the USSR, because it was liberated
from the Nazis by the Soviet army.
Stalin promised to hold democratic
free elections, but rejected
Western supervision.
In Eastern Europe the popular
democracies (socialist states) were
installed.
THE PEACE AGREEMENTS
65. THE YALTA CONFERENCE
They also agreed on the creation of a new
international organisation to guarantee peace: THE
UNITED NATIONS (UN)
To prevent or resolve conflicts between countries.
To defend basic human rights, including the right of a
national self-determination.
One of the UN´s first mesasures was to adopt the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
THE PEACE AGREEMENTS
A blue-beret soldier
67. THE POSTDAM CONFERENCE
What would happen with
Germany?
Germany would be disarmed.
Germany would be divided into
four zones, each one occupied
and administrated by one of
the major Allied powers: Great
Britain, USA, USSR and France.
THE PEACE AGREEMENTS
Berlin
Germany
68. New democratic government were established in both Italy
and Japan.
Germany was occupied by the Allies.
New democratic governments were established in both Italy
and Japan.
Great Britain and France were weakened due to the war´s
impact, and lost much of their status as global powers.
The USA and the USSR became the world´s new
superpowers.
POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES
71. POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES: TWO MAIN
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
The USA and the USSR became the world´s
new superpowers.
72. After the war, the
defeated countries
lost land (mainly to
either Poland or
the Soviet Union)
and Germany was
divided into four
zones of
occupation.
TERRITORIAL
CONSEQUENCES
73. Isabel Aguña
Profesora de Geografía e Historia. Sección bilingüe.
