This PPT Consist number of problems caused by excess Fluoridation and their conventional methods for rectification of this problem.Here example is taken is Distt. Alwar, Rajasthan. This PPT also includes permissible limit for Holy Basil and Activated Carbon which helps us to consider the limitation for the materials which we are using.

5. Sources of Fluoride in Ground Water

10. Fluoride Availability in Ground Water

15.  Rebuild (remineralize) weakened tooth
enamel
 Slow down the loss of minerals from tooth
enamel
 Reverse early signs of tooth decay
 Prevent the growth of harmful oral bacteria

16. Classification Code Criteria – description of enamel
Normal 0
The enamel represents the usual translucent semivitriform (glass-like) type of structure. The surface is smooth,
glossy and usually of pale creamy white color
Questionable 1
The enamel discloses slight aberrations from the translucency of normal enamel, ranging from a few white flecks to
occasional white spots. This classification is utilised in those instances where a definite diagnosis is not warranted and
a classification of ‘normal’ not justified
Very Mild 2
Small, opaque, paper white areas scattered irregularly over the tooth but not involving as much as approximately 25%
of the tooth surface. Frequently included in this classification are teeth showing no more than about 1 – 2mm of white
opacity at the tip of the summit of the cusps, of the bicuspids or second molars.
Mild 3 The white opaque areas in the enamel of the teeth are more extensive but do involve as much as 50% of the tooth.
Moderate 4
All enamel surfaces of the teeth are affected and surfaces subject to attrition show wear. Brown stain is frequently a
disfiguring feature
Severe 5
All enamel surfaces are affected and hypoplasia is so marked that the general form of the tooth may be affected. The
major diagnostic sign of this classification is discrete or confluent pitting. Brown stains are widespread and teeth
often present a corroded-like appearance.

17.  Causes loss of strength in bones over a period of
time
 Fluoride can enter body via respiration or
ingestion.
 HCl in stomach react to form HF.
 HF is released into bloodstream and reacts with
Bone Calcium to make salts.
 These salts are filtered by the body, leaching out
some Calcium with them.

20.  Activated alumina is manufactured from
Al(OH)3 by dehydroxylation.
 It can have a surface area significantly over
200 m²/g.

23.  This method gives 95% removal of Fluoride.
 Works at a pH of 5.5
 Frequent reactivation needed

24.  Bone char is recovered after burning animal
bones with a lack of Oxygen at 700℃.
 Consists of Ca3(PO4)2, CaCO3 & C.
 It is primarily made from cow bones.
 Provides reliable and economic removal of
Fluoride.

25.  Bone Char harbours bacteria.
 Technique sensitive method.
 Can be offensive to some cultures, especially
in India.

27.  Materials should be readily available
 Materials should be economic
 Operation should be simple
 Water wastage should be less
 Method should be energy efficient

30.  Spectrophotometric method to determine
Fluoride content was used
 Zirconyl Alizarin Red S was used as indicator
 NaF was used as Standard Solution

32. 0
1
2
3
4
0 60 120 180
150 mg
100 mg
50 mg
Time (min)
Fluoride
(ppm)

33. 0
1
2
3
4
0 60 120 180
20 mg
40 mg
60 mg
Fluoride
(ppm)
Time (min)

34. THANKYOU