International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, including its goals of drastically increasing data transfer speeds and reducing transmission interruptions when moving between networks. It discusses technologies that fall under the 4G umbrella such as UMTS, OFDM, MIMO, and WiMAX. It also outlines some problems with 4G including potential interference with other devices and an inability to keep up with demand growth.
NTT DoCoMo and the Future Implications of HighLuke Markey
NTT DoCoMo has pioneered 4G mobile networks through its domestic ecosystem in Japan. The document discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 4G, highlighting NTT DoCoMo's innovations. Key aspects of NTT DoCoMo's 4G network include using existing frequency carrier technology from older standards to increase bandwidth, and adopting the LTE-Advanced standard to build upon existing 3G infrastructure through gradual upgrades. This allows for a simpler transition to fully realizing the goals of 4G networks for high-speed mobile broadband.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
The document discusses key technology enablers for 5G networks, including 5G radio, ultra dense heterogeneous networks, mobile edge computing, network function virtualization, software defined networking, network slicing, and internet of things. The objectives of 5G include supporting peak data rates of 10Gbps, guaranteed rates of 50Mbps, latency of 1ms for radio access and 5ms end-to-end, high mobility up to 500km/hr, location accuracy of less than a meter, and connectivity for over 1 million devices per square kilometer. 5G aims to enable a wide range of new applications through these advanced capabilities.
Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile CommunicationsSai Varrshini
This document discusses emerging wireless technologies and their impact. It provides an overview of key technologies like MIMO, cooperative communications, and dynamic spectrum access. It summarizes the evolution of radio technologies from 2G to 4G standards and increasing link speeds. It also examines short-range wireless technologies and research challenges in building cognitive radios and software-defined radios to efficiently utilize spectrum.
Electronic communication refers to the transfer of data, signals, sounds, images or intelligence via electronic devices. There are two main types: wire communication (e.g. telephone networks, internet) and wireless communication (e.g. radio, mobile phones, WiFi, Bluetooth). Wireless communication provides advantages like lower cost, flexibility and convenience compared to wired options. Existing wireless technologies discussed include GSM, GPRS, EDGE, Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, DAB, DVB and 3G/4G mobile networks.
RF Planning and Optimization in GSM and UMTS NetworksApurv Agrawal
The report covers various aspects involved in improving the network coverage as well as the parameters used in planning of new network sites for GSM and UMTS networks.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, including its goals of drastically increasing data transfer speeds and reducing transmission interruptions when moving between networks. It discusses technologies that fall under the 4G umbrella such as UMTS, OFDM, MIMO, and WiMAX. It also outlines some problems with 4G including potential interference with other devices and an inability to keep up with demand growth.
NTT DoCoMo and the Future Implications of HighLuke Markey
NTT DoCoMo has pioneered 4G mobile networks through its domestic ecosystem in Japan. The document discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 4G, highlighting NTT DoCoMo's innovations. Key aspects of NTT DoCoMo's 4G network include using existing frequency carrier technology from older standards to increase bandwidth, and adopting the LTE-Advanced standard to build upon existing 3G infrastructure through gradual upgrades. This allows for a simpler transition to fully realizing the goals of 4G networks for high-speed mobile broadband.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
The document discusses key technology enablers for 5G networks, including 5G radio, ultra dense heterogeneous networks, mobile edge computing, network function virtualization, software defined networking, network slicing, and internet of things. The objectives of 5G include supporting peak data rates of 10Gbps, guaranteed rates of 50Mbps, latency of 1ms for radio access and 5ms end-to-end, high mobility up to 500km/hr, location accuracy of less than a meter, and connectivity for over 1 million devices per square kilometer. 5G aims to enable a wide range of new applications through these advanced capabilities.
Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile CommunicationsSai Varrshini
This document discusses emerging wireless technologies and their impact. It provides an overview of key technologies like MIMO, cooperative communications, and dynamic spectrum access. It summarizes the evolution of radio technologies from 2G to 4G standards and increasing link speeds. It also examines short-range wireless technologies and research challenges in building cognitive radios and software-defined radios to efficiently utilize spectrum.
Electronic communication refers to the transfer of data, signals, sounds, images or intelligence via electronic devices. There are two main types: wire communication (e.g. telephone networks, internet) and wireless communication (e.g. radio, mobile phones, WiFi, Bluetooth). Wireless communication provides advantages like lower cost, flexibility and convenience compared to wired options. Existing wireless technologies discussed include GSM, GPRS, EDGE, Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, DAB, DVB and 3G/4G mobile networks.
RF Planning and Optimization in GSM and UMTS NetworksApurv Agrawal
The report covers various aspects involved in improving the network coverage as well as the parameters used in planning of new network sites for GSM and UMTS networks.
This document provides an overview of cellular network generations from 1G to 4G. It discusses the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G networks with TDMA and CDMA. 2.5G networks brought higher data rates with technologies like GPRS. 3G networks enabled broadband data and voice over IP. 4G aims to further increase data throughput through advanced technologies like OFDMA and MC-CDMA. The document compares key technologies like GSM and CDMA, and discusses cellular standards, network architectures, applications and the transition from older to newer generations.
1) LTE utilizes technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO to improve data rates and spectral efficiency over previous standards. It employs an all-IP architecture with eNodeB base stations that connect directly to the EPC core instead of a central controller.
2) While LTE meets many 4G requirements, its peak rates are still below the standard's definition and it retains some circuit-switched elements.
3) Future enhancements like LTE-Advanced aim to fully comply with 4G through higher data rates and further network improvements.
Frontiers of wireless and mobile communications v0.02Sai Varrshini
The document discusses a paper on frontiers in wireless technology. It describes how wireless transmission has reached billions of bits per second and mobile services have become internet-based. Emerging technologies like dynamic spectrum access, software-defined radio and MIMO have the potential to increase radio link speeds from MBps to GBps and support new networking concepts. The paper examines the impact of these wireless techniques on audiovisual and multimedia applications.
The document summarizes the evolution of mobile telephone systems from analog to digital technologies. It describes early analog systems like Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and its features. It then discusses the transition to digital with Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) and the widespread adoption of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) as the dominant 2G standard. It also provides a brief overview of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology and 3G standards like W-CDMA and CDMA2000.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
Design and analysis 5G mobile network model to enhancement high-density subsc...journalBEEI
To obtain a high data rate that is commensurate with the growing demand for internet services, the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will use the bandwidth beyond 6 GHz, called millimeters waves (mm-waves), to obtain a higher. The first phase (phase I) of the 5G network design for high user density, where the optimized microcells are deployed at carrier frequency 700 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth. The second phase (phase II) of the design consists of the deployment of microcells which are operating at 3.6 GHz with 100 MHz bandwidth; this phase is planned to cover 200000 users within the province. The third phase (phase III) of the design is represented by the deployment of picocells, which are planned to operate at 26 GHz frequency and bandwidth 500 MHz; this phase is planned to cover 3,500,000 users within the province. Two types of modulation are adopted for the network (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)); the overall performance of the network is studied with regards to the percentage of coverage, power overlapping ratio, frequency interference, and quality of service (QoS).
Security system with RFID control using E-KTP and internet of thingsjournalBEEI
Crimes against property without using violence, in this case, are theft and burglary is the type of crime that is most common every year. However, home security needs a security system that is more efficient and practical. To overcome this, an internet of things (IoT) is needed. This research evaluated the performance prototype by reading distance from the radio frequency identification (RFID) reader using E-KTP and quality of service performance (i.e throughput and delay) from application android. This research design smart door lock using RFID sensor, passive infrared sensor (PIR), solenoid as door locks, buzzer, led, E-KTP as RFID tags and also android application to controlling and monitoring made with android studio is connected to NodeMCU V3 ESP8266 as storage data and connect with firebase realtime database instead of conventional keys. This research focuses on performance prototype and quality of service from features application is work well. Related to previous works, our evaluation shows that the performance prototype can read identity card (E-KTP) with a maximum distance is 4 cm, and performance quality of service for an application show that throughput and delay with a perfect index according to standardization telecommunications and internet protocol harmonization over network (TIPHON) depending on what features are being evaluated.
Wireless communication is a communication method that utilizes the characteristics of electromagnetic wave signals propagating in free space to exchange information. Wireless communication technology has many advantages and low cost. Wireless communication technology does not need to establish physical lines, and it does not need a lot of manpower to lay cables. Moreover, wireless communication technology is not limited by the industrial environment, and it has strong ability to resist environmental changes. Also relatively easy, compared to the traditional wired communication setup and maintenance, wireless network maintenance can be completed through remote diagnosis, more convenient; scalability is strong, when the network needs to be expanded, wireless communication does not need to expand the wiring; flexibility, wireless The network is not limited by the terrain of the environment, and when the use environment changes, the wireless network can be adapted to the requirements of the new environment with little adjustment.
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5 g CellularPoornima E.G.
This document summarizes research on using millimeter wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks as a solution to address increasing bandwidth demands. It discusses how directional antennas and wider channel bandwidth at mm-wave frequencies could enable multi-gigabit mobile data speeds. The document also reviews myths around rain attenuation at mm-wave bands and shows that for small cell sizes of 200m, rain impact is minimal. It presents motivation, methodology and initial measurement results showing 28GHz and 38GHz can be used for cellular with directional antennas.
This document is a report submitted by Prashant Kumar Gajendra for his MCA 2nd semester seminar on cellular communication. It provides an acknowledgment thanking various sources of information and guidance. It includes an abstract describing an overview of cellular communication and GSM. It also includes various sections on the history, generations, components, and functions of cellular networks.
3G technology allows for broadband mobile communications including voice, video, graphics, and other multimedia services. It uses packet-switched networks for digital data transmission which can achieve speeds up to 2 Mbps. This packet-switched approach allows for more efficient use of available spectrum and supports more users and applications like web browsing compared to previous circuit-switched 2G networks. 3G networks divide coverage areas into hierarchical cells like macro, micro, and pico cells to allow for higher user density and transmission speeds in smaller areas.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
Analysis of Handoff techniques used for hybrid networks: cellular/WLAN IJORCS
Most real life networks are hybrid networks. A hybrid network combines the best features of two or more networks. In networking terminology, a hybrid network according to “Information Technology control and Audit” are reliable and versatile. They provide large numbers of connections and data transmission paths to users. These hybrid networks may be treated as network nodes for analysis purpose. The two radio access technologies (RATs) are considered with cellular/WLAN depending on whether it is voice/ data, video. For observing practical result, some setups are required in laboratory which includes interface from personal computer to mobile terminal and vice-versa. The network simulator (Ns-2) is used for analysis purpose. The results shows the parameters like energy good put, Bandwidth utilization, packet delivery ratio, energy good put and energy consumed are improved after using hybrid networks.
IRJET- Performance Parameter of Spectrum Sensing MIMO- OFDM based LTE Tec...IRJET Journal
This document discusses performance parameters of spectrum sensing for MIMO-OFDM based LTE techniques. It begins with an introduction to LTE and OFDM technologies. It then discusses MIMO-OFDM systems and how they can significantly increase data throughput and spectral efficiency. The document presents simulation results on the probability of spectrum detection and relative mean square error for different SNRs and number of active subcarriers in a 2x2 and 4x4 MIMO system. It concludes that a MIMO-OFDM receiver can help cancel intercarrier and intersymbol interference for LTE systems and that spectrum sensing accuracy increases with fewer active subcarriers.
Opportunistic use of the 2.63.5 ghz band for broadband services in the west a...ijmnct
Wireless technology is increasing rapidly, and the vision of pervasive wireless computing and
communications offers the promise of many societal and individual benefits. While consumer devices such
as cell phones, PDAs and laptops receive a lot of attention, the impact of wireless technology is much
broader, e.g., through sensor networks for safety applications and home automation, smart grid control,
medical wearable and embedded wireless devices, and entertainment systems. One of these wireless
technologies is the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology. The explosion
of wireless applications in some parts of the world has created an ever-increasing demand for more radio
spectrum. This is not the case in the West African Sub-Region, especially Ghana where the 2.6GHz and
3.5GHz broadband access bands offering 190MHz and 140MHz bandwidth is underutilized. In this paper,
we look at usage of deployed 4G-WiMAX network in Ghana and advocate the need for policy to promote
the usage of licensed bands opportunistically by wireless devices and/or networks for application in
security, smart grid control, e-learning, telemedicine, e-governance, home and factory automation
Prospective of Fifth Generation Mobile Communications ijngnjournal
This paper explores future mobile systems with emphasis on re-configurability based on cognitive and software defined radios. 5G (Fifth Generation) network architecture consisting of reconfigurable multitechnology core and a single fully reconfigurable terminal able to autonomously operate in different heterogeneous access networks is proposed. The proposed network is enforced by nanotechnology, cloud
computing and based on All IP Platform. The paper highlights 5G main development challenges and illustrates why there is a need for 5G. It also reviews in brief the evolution of wireless and cellular systems focusing on four main key factors: radio access, data rates, bandwidth and switching schemes in addition to change in network architecture. The 3G transitional cellular and wireless systems toward 4G and the true 4G IMT-advanced systems are thoroughly presented.
Unit 1 Introduction to wireless telecommunication system and networksAshutha K
The document traces the history and evolution of wireless communication systems from early radio experiments to modern 4G networks. It discusses key milestones like the development of 1G analog cellular networks like AMPS, their transition to 2G digital standards like GSM and CDMA, the introduction of 3G technologies enabling data and multimedia, and the advanced capabilities of 4G LTE including high data rates, quality of service, and integrated services. The document is presented as part of a lecture on wireless telecommunications systems and networks.
The Magic of Mobile Broadband: Wireless FundamentalsQualcomm Research
Mobile Broadband, powered by Mobile 3G/4G wireless technologies, has revolutionized the way we live, interact, and consume information. This connectivity is as important to mobile user experience as processing power or battery life. It overcomes complex technical challenges to deliver reliable, high-speed connectivity, everywhere we go. At Qualcomm, we foresee and solve the seemingly impossible wireless challenges, pioneering the technology that is powering Mobile Broadband. Being a wireless leader, it is essential for Qualcomm to educate the industry (and beyond) on this amazing technical achievement. This presentation explains the magic of Mobile Broadband, and all the complexities of wireless and mobile communications, to enable everyone at Qualcomm to tell our wireless leadership story, starting with the fundamentals of Wireless and Mobile.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study on the effect of cement combinations containing Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin on the plastic density and workability of concrete. The results show that cement additions reduce the plastic density of concrete as the content increases. Fly ash concrete had lower plastic densities than silica fume and metakaolin concrete. At replacement levels below 55%, all cement combination concretes achieved plastic densities between 2350-2450 kg/m3. Fly ash reduced and silica fume and metakaolin increased superplasticiser dosage requirements. Metakaolin concrete required higher dosages than silica fume concrete. Cement additions improved cohesion but caused stickiness at higher pozz
This document provides an overview of cellular network generations from 1G to 4G. It discusses the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G networks with TDMA and CDMA. 2.5G networks brought higher data rates with technologies like GPRS. 3G networks enabled broadband data and voice over IP. 4G aims to further increase data throughput through advanced technologies like OFDMA and MC-CDMA. The document compares key technologies like GSM and CDMA, and discusses cellular standards, network architectures, applications and the transition from older to newer generations.
1) LTE utilizes technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO to improve data rates and spectral efficiency over previous standards. It employs an all-IP architecture with eNodeB base stations that connect directly to the EPC core instead of a central controller.
2) While LTE meets many 4G requirements, its peak rates are still below the standard's definition and it retains some circuit-switched elements.
3) Future enhancements like LTE-Advanced aim to fully comply with 4G through higher data rates and further network improvements.
Frontiers of wireless and mobile communications v0.02Sai Varrshini
The document discusses a paper on frontiers in wireless technology. It describes how wireless transmission has reached billions of bits per second and mobile services have become internet-based. Emerging technologies like dynamic spectrum access, software-defined radio and MIMO have the potential to increase radio link speeds from MBps to GBps and support new networking concepts. The paper examines the impact of these wireless techniques on audiovisual and multimedia applications.
The document summarizes the evolution of mobile telephone systems from analog to digital technologies. It describes early analog systems like Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and its features. It then discusses the transition to digital with Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) and the widespread adoption of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) as the dominant 2G standard. It also provides a brief overview of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology and 3G standards like W-CDMA and CDMA2000.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
Design and analysis 5G mobile network model to enhancement high-density subsc...journalBEEI
To obtain a high data rate that is commensurate with the growing demand for internet services, the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will use the bandwidth beyond 6 GHz, called millimeters waves (mm-waves), to obtain a higher. The first phase (phase I) of the 5G network design for high user density, where the optimized microcells are deployed at carrier frequency 700 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth. The second phase (phase II) of the design consists of the deployment of microcells which are operating at 3.6 GHz with 100 MHz bandwidth; this phase is planned to cover 200000 users within the province. The third phase (phase III) of the design is represented by the deployment of picocells, which are planned to operate at 26 GHz frequency and bandwidth 500 MHz; this phase is planned to cover 3,500,000 users within the province. Two types of modulation are adopted for the network (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)); the overall performance of the network is studied with regards to the percentage of coverage, power overlapping ratio, frequency interference, and quality of service (QoS).
Security system with RFID control using E-KTP and internet of thingsjournalBEEI
Crimes against property without using violence, in this case, are theft and burglary is the type of crime that is most common every year. However, home security needs a security system that is more efficient and practical. To overcome this, an internet of things (IoT) is needed. This research evaluated the performance prototype by reading distance from the radio frequency identification (RFID) reader using E-KTP and quality of service performance (i.e throughput and delay) from application android. This research design smart door lock using RFID sensor, passive infrared sensor (PIR), solenoid as door locks, buzzer, led, E-KTP as RFID tags and also android application to controlling and monitoring made with android studio is connected to NodeMCU V3 ESP8266 as storage data and connect with firebase realtime database instead of conventional keys. This research focuses on performance prototype and quality of service from features application is work well. Related to previous works, our evaluation shows that the performance prototype can read identity card (E-KTP) with a maximum distance is 4 cm, and performance quality of service for an application show that throughput and delay with a perfect index according to standardization telecommunications and internet protocol harmonization over network (TIPHON) depending on what features are being evaluated.
Wireless communication is a communication method that utilizes the characteristics of electromagnetic wave signals propagating in free space to exchange information. Wireless communication technology has many advantages and low cost. Wireless communication technology does not need to establish physical lines, and it does not need a lot of manpower to lay cables. Moreover, wireless communication technology is not limited by the industrial environment, and it has strong ability to resist environmental changes. Also relatively easy, compared to the traditional wired communication setup and maintenance, wireless network maintenance can be completed through remote diagnosis, more convenient; scalability is strong, when the network needs to be expanded, wireless communication does not need to expand the wiring; flexibility, wireless The network is not limited by the terrain of the environment, and when the use environment changes, the wireless network can be adapted to the requirements of the new environment with little adjustment.
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5 g CellularPoornima E.G.
This document summarizes research on using millimeter wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks as a solution to address increasing bandwidth demands. It discusses how directional antennas and wider channel bandwidth at mm-wave frequencies could enable multi-gigabit mobile data speeds. The document also reviews myths around rain attenuation at mm-wave bands and shows that for small cell sizes of 200m, rain impact is minimal. It presents motivation, methodology and initial measurement results showing 28GHz and 38GHz can be used for cellular with directional antennas.
This document is a report submitted by Prashant Kumar Gajendra for his MCA 2nd semester seminar on cellular communication. It provides an acknowledgment thanking various sources of information and guidance. It includes an abstract describing an overview of cellular communication and GSM. It also includes various sections on the history, generations, components, and functions of cellular networks.
3G technology allows for broadband mobile communications including voice, video, graphics, and other multimedia services. It uses packet-switched networks for digital data transmission which can achieve speeds up to 2 Mbps. This packet-switched approach allows for more efficient use of available spectrum and supports more users and applications like web browsing compared to previous circuit-switched 2G networks. 3G networks divide coverage areas into hierarchical cells like macro, micro, and pico cells to allow for higher user density and transmission speeds in smaller areas.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
Analysis of Handoff techniques used for hybrid networks: cellular/WLAN IJORCS
Most real life networks are hybrid networks. A hybrid network combines the best features of two or more networks. In networking terminology, a hybrid network according to “Information Technology control and Audit” are reliable and versatile. They provide large numbers of connections and data transmission paths to users. These hybrid networks may be treated as network nodes for analysis purpose. The two radio access technologies (RATs) are considered with cellular/WLAN depending on whether it is voice/ data, video. For observing practical result, some setups are required in laboratory which includes interface from personal computer to mobile terminal and vice-versa. The network simulator (Ns-2) is used for analysis purpose. The results shows the parameters like energy good put, Bandwidth utilization, packet delivery ratio, energy good put and energy consumed are improved after using hybrid networks.
IRJET- Performance Parameter of Spectrum Sensing MIMO- OFDM based LTE Tec...IRJET Journal
This document discusses performance parameters of spectrum sensing for MIMO-OFDM based LTE techniques. It begins with an introduction to LTE and OFDM technologies. It then discusses MIMO-OFDM systems and how they can significantly increase data throughput and spectral efficiency. The document presents simulation results on the probability of spectrum detection and relative mean square error for different SNRs and number of active subcarriers in a 2x2 and 4x4 MIMO system. It concludes that a MIMO-OFDM receiver can help cancel intercarrier and intersymbol interference for LTE systems and that spectrum sensing accuracy increases with fewer active subcarriers.
Opportunistic use of the 2.63.5 ghz band for broadband services in the west a...ijmnct
Wireless technology is increasing rapidly, and the vision of pervasive wireless computing and
communications offers the promise of many societal and individual benefits. While consumer devices such
as cell phones, PDAs and laptops receive a lot of attention, the impact of wireless technology is much
broader, e.g., through sensor networks for safety applications and home automation, smart grid control,
medical wearable and embedded wireless devices, and entertainment systems. One of these wireless
technologies is the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology. The explosion
of wireless applications in some parts of the world has created an ever-increasing demand for more radio
spectrum. This is not the case in the West African Sub-Region, especially Ghana where the 2.6GHz and
3.5GHz broadband access bands offering 190MHz and 140MHz bandwidth is underutilized. In this paper,
we look at usage of deployed 4G-WiMAX network in Ghana and advocate the need for policy to promote
the usage of licensed bands opportunistically by wireless devices and/or networks for application in
security, smart grid control, e-learning, telemedicine, e-governance, home and factory automation
Prospective of Fifth Generation Mobile Communications ijngnjournal
This paper explores future mobile systems with emphasis on re-configurability based on cognitive and software defined radios. 5G (Fifth Generation) network architecture consisting of reconfigurable multitechnology core and a single fully reconfigurable terminal able to autonomously operate in different heterogeneous access networks is proposed. The proposed network is enforced by nanotechnology, cloud
computing and based on All IP Platform. The paper highlights 5G main development challenges and illustrates why there is a need for 5G. It also reviews in brief the evolution of wireless and cellular systems focusing on four main key factors: radio access, data rates, bandwidth and switching schemes in addition to change in network architecture. The 3G transitional cellular and wireless systems toward 4G and the true 4G IMT-advanced systems are thoroughly presented.
Unit 1 Introduction to wireless telecommunication system and networksAshutha K
The document traces the history and evolution of wireless communication systems from early radio experiments to modern 4G networks. It discusses key milestones like the development of 1G analog cellular networks like AMPS, their transition to 2G digital standards like GSM and CDMA, the introduction of 3G technologies enabling data and multimedia, and the advanced capabilities of 4G LTE including high data rates, quality of service, and integrated services. The document is presented as part of a lecture on wireless telecommunications systems and networks.
The Magic of Mobile Broadband: Wireless FundamentalsQualcomm Research
Mobile Broadband, powered by Mobile 3G/4G wireless technologies, has revolutionized the way we live, interact, and consume information. This connectivity is as important to mobile user experience as processing power or battery life. It overcomes complex technical challenges to deliver reliable, high-speed connectivity, everywhere we go. At Qualcomm, we foresee and solve the seemingly impossible wireless challenges, pioneering the technology that is powering Mobile Broadband. Being a wireless leader, it is essential for Qualcomm to educate the industry (and beyond) on this amazing technical achievement. This presentation explains the magic of Mobile Broadband, and all the complexities of wireless and mobile communications, to enable everyone at Qualcomm to tell our wireless leadership story, starting with the fundamentals of Wireless and Mobile.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study on the effect of cement combinations containing Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin on the plastic density and workability of concrete. The results show that cement additions reduce the plastic density of concrete as the content increases. Fly ash concrete had lower plastic densities than silica fume and metakaolin concrete. At replacement levels below 55%, all cement combination concretes achieved plastic densities between 2350-2450 kg/m3. Fly ash reduced and silica fume and metakaolin increased superplasticiser dosage requirements. Metakaolin concrete required higher dosages than silica fume concrete. Cement additions improved cohesion but caused stickiness at higher pozz
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a proposed method for extracting captions from videos. It involves three main steps: 1) Caption detection uses a stroke filter to identify stroke-like edges in captions, filtering out edges from complex backgrounds. 2) Caption localization spatially localizes captions in each video frame using an SVM classifier and temporally localizes captions appearing across multiple frames. 3) Caption segmentation separates caption pixels from background pixels. The proposed method aims to improve efficiency and accuracy over previous methods by considering temporal features to avoid extracting the same caption repeatedly.
This document compares different 16x16 and 4x4 multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It discusses the general structure of multipliers including Booth encoding, partial product compression using adders like carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders, and final addition. The document implements various multipliers in Verilog and compares their performance in terms of hardware resources and delay. It finds that radix-4 Booth encoding provides faster multipliers than radix-2 with similar power consumption and that Kogge-Stone adders provide faster addition than carry save adders.
This document discusses a study of fluid flow behavior under different gases and flow rates during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). An analytical model was developed to estimate fluid flow in GMAW torch nozzles under varying shielding gases (100% CO2, 100% Ar, 80% Ar/20% CO2) and gas flow rates. Experiments evaluated the model's predictions of fluid behavior and weld quality at different flow rates. Results show that with CO2, turbulence occurs over 35 L/min, while with Ar and the Ar/CO2 blend, turbulence is seen above 70 L/min. Maintaining flow rates below these thresholds is recommended for effective shielding during GMAW. The model provides a way
This document investigates the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO systems with different numbers of transmitting antennas. It begins with an introduction to fading in wireless channels and how MIMO can be used to combat it using multiple antennas. It then describes the Alamouti space-time coding scheme and how maximum likelihood decoding works. Simulations are presented comparing the BER of a BPSK modulated MIMO system with 2, 3, and 4 transmitting antennas under Rayleigh fading. The results show that increasing the number of transmitting antennas decreases the BER, with 4 antennas performing best due to a larger transmission matrix and more data being transmitted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a machine translation system that translates simple assertive English sentences to Marathi sentences. The system performs morphological analysis, part-of-speech tagging, and local word grouping to convert the meaning of the English sentence to the corresponding Marathi sentence. An English to Marathi bilingual dictionary is used for translation. The system aims to help people with primary education understand English words by providing translations to their native Marathi language.
This document summarizes two common non-invasive methods for measuring blood pressure: the auscultatory (Korotkoff) method and the oscillometric method. It provides a brief history of blood pressure measurement, from early invasive methods to the development of the cuff-based methods still used today. For the auscultatory method, it describes listening for Korotkoff sounds with a stethoscope as the cuff deflates and how different phases correlate with systolic and diastolic pressure. For the oscillometric method, it outlines how cuff pressure oscillations relate to blood pressure values. The document aims to review these two primary cuff-based techniques for spot blood pressure measurement.
1) The document studies the buckling behavior of fiber-reinforced plastic corrugated-core sandwich plates with different corrugation shapes and thicknesses under uni-axial compression.
2) Testing showed that for all sandwich panels, the failure mechanism was first face sheet delamination followed by core shear failure. Higher strain rates led to more foam core remaining on the face sheets after failure.
3) While sinusoidal corrugated cores showed very high buckling strengths, all corrugated core sandwich panels demonstrated increased wrinkling strength over uncorrugated designs.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RECEIVED POWER IN AN ANTENNA DOWN- TILT ON CELLULAR N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses statistical analysis of received power in antenna down-tilt for cellular networks. It begins by providing background on 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G mobile networks and their components. It then discusses radio propagation models and how antenna down-tilt works to improve network performance by optimizing the signal level within a cell and minimizing it elsewhere. The effect of down-tilt angle on received power and signal-to-noise/interference ratios is examined. Formulas for calculating the optimal down-tilt angle based on factors like base station height, cell radius, and antenna beamwidth are also provided. Data collected from test cellular sites is analyzed before and after antenna parameter adjustments to demonstrate the impact of down-tilt
3G networks provide faster data transmission speeds and a wider range of services compared to previous 2G networks. 3G allows data transfer rates up to 2Mbps and introduces technologies like UMTS that support transmission speeds of up to 300Mbps. It enables advanced applications and multimedia services on mobile devices through improved spectral efficiency and network capacity.
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
This document provides an introduction to using millimeter wave technology for 5G cellular networks. It discusses the limitations of current cellular spectrum and the need for higher bandwidth. Millimeter wave spectrum from 30-300GHz is proposed as a solution due to the large amounts of unused spectrum available. However, propagation characteristics and device technologies present challenges at these frequencies that must be addressed. The document outlines some of these challenges and argues that millimeter wave mobile broadband could enable gigabit-per-second data rates at distances up to 1 km in urban mobile environments.
Performance comparison of umts and lte on the basis of data ratesIAEME Publication
This document compares the 3G and 4G mobile communication technologies of UMTS and LTE. UMTS (3G) uses WCDMA technology and has a maximum theoretical downlink speed of 42Mbps, while LTE (4G) uses OFDM and more advanced MIMO schemes, providing much higher maximum theoretical downlink speeds of 100Mbps with the ability to reach 1Gbps. The document outlines the network architectures and standards of UMTS and LTE. It also lists the objectives of 4G networks in providing improved quality of service, mobility, bandwidth and a fully IP-based network compared to 3G technologies.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 3G. It provides an overview of 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks including GSM and CDMA, and the transition technologies 2.5G and 2.75G. It then focuses on defining 3G as the next generation mobile standard providing multimedia services and broadband data speeds.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND FUTURE OF CELLULAR MA...cscpconf
This document discusses the evolution of mobile communication networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the progression from GSM to GPRS/EDGE and UMTS networks, which improved data transmission rates. LTE networks using OFDMA are described as an important evolutionary step providing higher spectral efficiency and end user data rates exceeding 100 Mbps. The future of 4G mobile systems is predicted to focus on seamlessly integrating existing wireless technologies like GSM, WiFi, and Bluetooth.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its development. It discusses how 5G will utilize higher frequency spectrum, including millimeter waves, to enable faster data speeds and lower latency compared to previous generations. Key points discussed include:
- 5G will use spectrum both below and above 6 GHz, including millimeter wave bands, to support its high bandwidth and low latency capabilities.
- The architecture of 5G networks will be more distributed utilizing small cells and beamforming to manage connectivity as traditional cell towers become less effective at higher frequencies.
- Modulation techniques beyond OFDM are being explored to improve spectral efficiency for 5G, such as FBMC, which reduces interference between signals.
- 5
IRJET - Comparative Study of Rural Macrocell (RMA) and Urban Macrocell (U...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of rural macrocell (RMa) and urban macrocell (UMa) propagations for millimeter wave 5G cellular networks. It analyzes the performance of RMa and UMa based on their power delay profiles (PDP) for specific frequencies between 16-82 GHz. The study is done for line of sight communication. Simulations are performed using the NYUSIM software which uses MATLAB. Parameters like pathloss, pathloss exponent, and received power are used to measure performance. The results show characteristic curves for each frequency band in both RMa and UMa propagations. The outcomes are compared to determine the most effective frequency bands for 5G cellular communication based on propagation type.
Third Generation (3G) and Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telephony provides a brief review of the development and status of 3G and 4G mobile communications. It discusses that 3G allows higher data rates than 2G but has some limitations that 4G aims to address. The document then discusses key features of 3G including supported data rates and standards. 4G is outlined as supporting further increased data rates up to 20 Mbps through technologies like OFDM and aims to provide improved multimedia, roaming, and lower costs. Technical perspectives on 4G terminals, networks, and applications are also presented.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3G mobile technology that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to access a wide 5MHz radio channel simultaneously. Key features of WCDMA include fast power control to manage interference between users, and soft/softer handover which allows a mobile to connect to multiple base stations for better call quality as the user moves between cells. WCDMA was developed to provide higher data speeds and capacity over wireless networks compared to 2G technologies like GSM.
4G Network And Its Impact On Wireless CommunicationJessica Navarro
4G networks aim to provide integrated access to voice, video and data communications at speeds up to 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1 Gbps for stationary users. 4G will integrate existing wireless technologies like WiFi and WiMAX. It will offer multimedia services, internet access and IP telephony using an all-IP based network architecture. However, fully deploying 4G networks faces challenges related to spectrum allocation, developing new standards and overcoming security vulnerabilities introduced by the increased network complexity.
(3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand.
The document discusses 3G networking protocols used between the air interface and UTRAN in 3G networks. It examines key concepts like connection establishment, base station handover, and network timing synchronization which are required to provide continuous high quality mobile voice and data services. It then provides an overview of 3GPP protocols used across interfaces like Iub, Iu and Iur to manage functions between network elements like the Node B, RNC and core network. These multiple protocol stacks support control and user plane functions over the ATM-based transport network in 3G.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
This document compares 3G and 4G mobile technologies. It notes that 3G provides data speeds up to 3.1 Mbps on average, while 4G can provide speeds up to 10 times faster at 100-300 Mbps. It outlines some key differences like 4G supporting higher peak upload/download speeds and quality of service features. Usage statistics are provided showing 3G has over 3 billion users worldwide compared to under 500 million for 4G currently. Potential advantages and drawbacks of both standards are also examined.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Site specific assessment of node b using key service quality indicators over ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of service of three Node B base stations (BEN 035, BEN026, and BEN 098) on a 3G/UMTS network in Benin City, Nigeria through outdoor drive-test measurements. Key quality indicators such as received signal code power (RSCP), energy per chip to total received power ratio (Ec/Io), and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) were measured along drive routes near each base station. The results found that BEN 035's Ec/Io range indicates it can support more subscribers, but tuning may be needed to reduce interference. QoS was very poor near BEN026, likely causing data access issues for users
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
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1. S.ClementVirgeniya, Dr.V.Palanisamy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.630-634
630 | P a g e
UMTSAND LTE: Their Working Principles And Performance
Analysis Of UMTS
S.ClementVirgeniya *, Dr.V.Palanisamy **
*(Research Scholar, Department of Comp. Sci&Engg, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003)
** (Professor &Head,Departmentof Comp.Sci&Engg, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003)
ABSTRACT
Science and Technology never leaves its
way. One way or other, there is a change in
Science and Technology. Many Wireless
technologies like GSM, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX,
Wireless LAN and Bluetooth have changed the
way we communicate and exchange data by
making services like telephony and
Internetavailable anytime and from almost
anywhere. Today, a great variety of internet
sources offer background information about
these technologies but they all fall short in one
way or another.In this paper we discussed a
complete survey on UMTS and LTE and its
working principles are discussed.
Keywords–GSM, LTE,UMTS.
1. INTRODUCTION
The first connection in the GSM network
was set up in 1991 and this year marks the onsetof
the dynamic development of cellular telephony we
are experiencing today. The unquestionable success
of the GSM telephony has motivated further
research in the field and thedevelopment of new
technologies for cellular telephony. Initially, it was
assumed that cellularnetworks would also provide
their users with multimedia services and would offer
accessto the Internet. Subsequent research
eventually succeeded in working out a standard for
thethird-generation telephony (UMTS). However,
UMTS network telephony has been developing at a
much slower pace than its GSM predecessor,
hampered by substantially high costsof rendering a
network operational. Currently, services provided by
the UMTS network areoffered by most cellular
network operators. The number of mobile
subscribers has increased tremendously in recent
years. Besides the traditional mobile traffic, for
instance the voice communication, the data usage
such as streaming service, internet access, file
sharing, etc. have grown fast day by day and the
traffic volume has in many cases already exceeded
the voice traffic volume. End users expect more
diversified services and faster upload and download
speed. Operators require higher data capacity with
lower cost of data delivery for the growing markets.
All these requirements and expectations boost the
evolution of the wireless communication
system.The Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) is a third generation wireless
telecommunication system and follows in the
footsteps of GSM and GPRS. Since GSM was
standardized in the 1980s, huge progress has been
made in many areas of telecommunication. This
allowed system designers at the end of the 1990s to
design a new system that went far beyond the
capabilities of GSM and GPRS. UMTS combines
the properties of the circuit-switched voice network
with the properties of the packet-switched data
network and offers a multitude of new possibilities
compared to the earlier systems.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next
step forward in cellular3G services. Expected in the
2008 time frame, LTE is a 3GPP standard that
provides for an uplink speed of up to 50 megabits
per second (Mbps) and a downlink speed of up to
100 Mbps. LTE will bring many technical benefits
to cellular networks. Bandwidth will be scalable
from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz. This will suit the needs
of different network operators that have
differentbandwidth allocations, and also allow
operators to provide different services based on
spectrum. LTE is also expected to improve spectral
efficiency in 3G networks, allowing carriers to
provide more data and voice services over a given
bandwidth.
2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 4G
First-generation (1G) mobile phones
consist of voice only. These were replaced by
second-generation (2G) digital phones with added
fax, data, and messagingservices. The 3G
technology has added multimedia facilities to 2G
phones.
2.1 The first generation
1G mobile systemwas based on the
analogue system. The prominent ones among1G
systemwere advancedmobile phone system (AMPS),
Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access
communication sys-tem (TACS).
2.2 The second generation
2G phones use global system for
mobileCommunications (GSM) and were first used
in the early 1990s in Europe. GSM providesVoice
and limited data services, and usesDigital
2. S.ClementVirgeniya, Dr.V.Palanisamy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.630-634
631 | P a g e
modulation for improved audioquality. Table
1shows the evolution from 1G to 4G.
2.3 The third generation
3G technologies adds multimedia facilities
to 2G phones by allowing video, audio, and graphics
applications. Over 3Gphones, you can watch
streaming videoor have video telephony. The idea
behind3G is to have a single network standard,
instead of the different types adopted in the US,
Europe, and Asia. UMTS is also called3G,
broadband standardfor packet based transmission of
text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data
ratesup to 2 Mbps,offering a consistent set of
services to mobilecomputer andphone users,
nomatter wherethey are in theworld.
Table 1.Evolution from IG to 4G
EVOLUTION
FROM 1G
TO 4G
SERVICES
OFFERED
1G Voice only
2G
Fax, Data and
Messaging Services
3G
2G+Multimedia
Facilities
4G
Higher
Capacity,Completely
IP oriented,
multimedia, data to
hundreds of
megabits
2.4 The fourth generation
4G mobile communications will have
Transmission rates up to 20 Mbps higher than of
3G.
2.4.1 4G objectives:
1. Speeds up to 50 timeshigher than of 3G.
However,
the actual available band-width of 4G is expected to
be about 10 Mbps.
2.3D virtual reality imagines personal video avatars
and realistic holograms, and theability to feel as if
you arepresent at an event even ifyou are not.
People, places, and products will be able tointeract
as the cyber andrealworlds merge.
3. Increased interaction between corroborating
technologies. Other 4G applications include high
performance streaming of multimedia content based
on agent technology and scalable media coding
methods.
3. RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION
At real time, some factors of UMTS is
taken and tested in a live environment. Here a single
city in Tamilnadu for instance is taken and tested for
its performance of UMTS .Those factors include
3.1UMTS UE
The separation between mobile equipment
(ME) and the UMTS subscriber identity module
(SIM) card (USIM). Figure 3.1shows the user
equipment functions. The UE is the counterpart to
the various network elements in many functions and
procedures.
Fig 3.1UE Transmission Power
3.2 Throughput
Throughput can be measured by recording
a trace of traffic over the IuPS interface or on the TE
itself, and analyzing itwith a suitable application
that summarizes the quantity of bytes transmitted
per unit of time in the form of a graph. Obviously
the throughput measurement obtained in this way is
represented in a graph. Here we monitored the
downlink throughput for every 3 second and uplink
throughput for every second and the results are
graphically shown. Throughput for downlink for an
average user is 3-4 per MHz and for uplink 2-3 per
MHz .
.
Fig 3.2(a) Downlink Throughput
3. S.ClementVirgeniya, Dr.V.Palanisamy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.630-634
632 | P a g e
Fig 3.2(b) Uplink Throughput
3.3Power Control
Open loop power control (OLPC) is the
ability of the UE transmitter to sets its output power
to a specific value. It is used for setting initial uplink
and downlink transmission powers when a UE is
accessing the network. The open loop power control
tolerance is ± 9 dB (normal conditions) or ± 12 dB
(extremeconditions)
Inner loop power control (also called fast
closed loop power control) in the uplink is the
ability of the UE transmitter to adjust its output
power in accordance with one or more Transmit
Power Control (TPC) commands received in the
downlink, in order to keep the received uplink
Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at a given SIR
target. The UE transmitter is capable of changing
the output power with a step size of 1, 2 and 3 dB, in
the slot immediately after the TPC_cmd can be
derived. Inner loop power control frequency is
1500Hz.Both OLPC and SIR are presented in the
below figure.
Fig 3.3(a)OLPC
Fig 3.3(b)Uplink SIR
4. ADVANCED UMTS AND LTE
4.1 New Concepts of UMTS
4.1.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB):
An important new concept that is
introduced with UMTS is the Radio Access Bearer
(RAB), whichis a description of the transmission
channel between the network and a user. The RAB
is divided intothe radio bearer on the air interface
and the Iu bearer in the radio network (UTRAN).
Before datacan be exchanged between a user and the
network it is necessary to establish a RAB between
them.This channel is then used for both user and
signaling data. A RAB is always established by
requestof the MSC or SGSN. In contrast to the
establishment of a channel in GSM, the MSC and
SGSN do not specify the exact properties of the
channel. Instead, the RAB establishment requests
contain onlya description of the required channel
properties. How these properties are then mapped to
a physicalconnection is up to the UTRAN. RAB has
the following properties service class, maximum
speed, guaranteed speed, delay, error
probability.The UTRAN is then responsible for
establishing an RAB that fits the description. The
propertiesnot only have an impact on the bandwidth
of the established RAB but also on parameters like
codingscheme, selection of a logical and physical
transmission channel as well as on the behavior of
thenetwork in the event of erroneous or missing
frames on different layers of the protocol stack.
TheUTRAN is free to set these parameters as it sees
fit; the standards merely contain examples. As an
example, for a voice call (service class
conversational) it does not make much sense to
repeat lostframes.
4.1.2 The Access Stratum and Non-access
Stratum:
UMTS aims to separate functionalities of
the core network from the access network as much
aspossible, in order to be able to independently
evolve the two parts of the network in the
future.Therefore, UMTS strictly differentiates
between functionalities of the Access Stratum (AS)
and theNon-access Stratum (NAS) The AS contains
all functionalities that are associated with the radio
network (‘the accesses) and the control of active
connections between a user and the radio network.
The handover control, forexample, for which the
RNC is responsible in the UTRAN, is part of the
AS.The NAS contains all functionalities and
protocols that are used directly between the mobile
device(UE) and the core network. These have no
direct influence on the properties of the established
RAB andits maintenance
4.1.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and
PS:
4. S.ClementVirgeniya, Dr.V.Palanisamy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.630-634
633 | P a g e
In GSM networks, data is transferred
between the different nodes of the radio network
with threedifferent protocols. The most important
task of these protocols is to split incoming data into
smallerframes, which can be transferred over the air
interface.
•Circuit-switched data (e.g. voice calls): The TRAU
converts the PCM-coded voice data, whichit
receives from the MSC, via optimized codecs like
EFR, HR or AMR. These codecs are muchmore
suitable for data transmission over the air interface
as they compress voice data much betterthan PCM.
This data is then sent transparently through the radio
network to the BTS. Before thedata is sent over the
air interface, the BTS only has to perform some
additional channel coding(e.g. increase of
redundancy by adding error detection and correction
bits).
•Signaling data (circuit-switched signaling as well
as some GPRS channel request messagingand
paging):This data is transferred via the LAPD
protocol, which is already known from theISDN
world and which has been extended for GSM.
•Packet-switched user and signaling data for
GPRS:While user and signaling data are separated
in GSM, GPRS combines the two data streams into
a single lower layer protocol called RLC/MAC.
In UMTS, these different kinds of data
streams are combined into a single lower layer
protocolcalled the RLC/MAC protocol. Giving this
protocol the same name as a protocol in the GPRS
networkwas intentional. Both protocols work quite
similarly in areas like breaking up large data
packetsfrom higher layers into smaller chunks for
transmission over the air interface.
4.2 ADVANCED LTE
4.2.1 Latency Reduction
LTE-Advanced aims to further reduce
control plane and user plane latency in the access
and corenetwork. As latency is already low, a
further reduction is quite ambitious. The
requirements areas follows:
•A reduced switching time from RRC Idle to RRC
Connected state transfer in less than 50milliseconds.
•While in RRC connected state, the UE should
return from a dormant state to a fully active state
inless than 10 milliseconds.The feasibility study lists
the following enhancements to achieve these
requirements:
• combined RRC Connection Request and NAS
Service Request;
• reduced processing delay in network components;
• a reduced RACH scheduling period;
• a shorter PUCCH cycle for quicker scheduling
requests.
4.2.2 Carrier Aggregation
A relatively simple way to further increase
individual data transmission speeds is to increase
thechannel bandwidth. To remain backward
compatible with 3GPP Release 8, the maximum
carrierbandwidth of 20 MHz is not altered. Instead,
carrier aggregation is used to combine the capacity
ofseveral individual carriers. The aggregated
carriers can be adjacent or non-adjacent, they can be
ina single band and also in different bands. An
individual carrier is referred to in the standards asa
component carrier (CC). One configuration, for
example, is to combine carriers in LTE bands
7(2600-MHz band) and 3 (1800-MHz band) to
potentially achieve a total carrier bandwidth of 40
MHzin the downlink direction. Carriers can be
aggregated asymmetrically in the downlink and the
uplinkdirections. In the downlink direction, for
example, carriers in two different bands can be
aggregatedto a combined 40-MHz channel, while in
the uplink direction only a 20-MHz carrier in a
singlebandis used. For the future, further carrier
aggregation configurations are envisaged that would
result ineven broader transmission channels.
4.2.3 8×8 Downlink and 4×4 Uplink MIMO
To further increase the datarates close to
the center of the cell, LTE-Advanced introduces an
8 ×8Single-User MIMO transmission mode.
Compared to the 2×2 MIMO mode used by LTE in
practicetoday and the resulting maximum
transmission speed of 150 Mbit/s when a 20-MHz
carrier is used,speeds of up to 600 Mbit/s could be
reached. Together with the aggregation of two 20-
MHz carriers,theoretical top speeds exceed 1 Gbit/s.
In practice, however, it will be challenging to
incorporateeight receive antennas in mobile devices.
Similar challenges will be faced on the base station
side asthe number of antennas and the antenna sizes
are further increased. This is challenging because of
the available space on top of the antenna masts and
the additional stress on the mast due to
additionalwind forces.In the uplink direction,
current mobile devices only transmit a single data
stream. The base stations,however, can use
multiuser MIMO methods, as discussed earlier, to
increase the overall bandwidth inthe uplink direction
of a cell by instructing several mobile devices to
transmit simultaneously and thenusing MIMO
techniques to separate the data streams. LTE-
Advanced aims to increase the available datarates
for a single user by introducing single user MIMO
methods with antenna configurationsof up to 4×4. In
an ideal situation, this results in a peak throughput
of 300 Mbit/s in a 20-MHzcarrier and 600 Mbit/s in
a 40-MHz aggregated carrier. Again, practical
considerations concerning theplacement of four
antennas in a small mobile device will limit the
application of 4×4MIMOintheuplink direction to
5. S.ClementVirgeniya, Dr.V.Palanisamy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.630-634
634 | P a g e
larger mobile devices such as pad computers,
netbooks and notebooks.
4.3.4 Relays
Small and inexpensive femtocells
connected to a cheap backhaul link such as DSL are
one way toincrease throughput and to extend the
coverage area of the network. Another
complementary approachis relaying. Relay nodes, as
standardized in 3GPP Release 10, act as standard
LTE cells with their274 From GSM to LTEown
physical cell-ID, broadcast channels, etc. Unlike
macrocells, however, which use a copper, fiberor
microwave backhaul, relays use the LTE air
interface to an LTE macrocell to transport the data
viathat cell to the core network. The relaying can
take place on a carrier also used by a macro cell
toserve mobile devices. Alternatively, a separate
carrier channel that is exclusively reserved for the
relaynode can be used. With both options, areas can
be covered without additional microwave
equipmentand without the need of a fixed-line
backhaul connection
.
4.3.5 Study on Coordinated Multipoint
Operation
In UMTS, the soft handover mechanism, as
described in Chapter 3, is used in cell edge
situations. When a connection is in soft handover
state, signals sent by a mobile device are received
and decodedby several base stations and combined
at the RNC level. In the downlink direction, the soft
handovermechanism is used for dedicated channels
but not for HSPA because of the complexity
involvedin synchronizing the downlink
transmissions of the cells, which act independently
for high speedtransmissions. Even though only used
for the uplink direction, soft handovers help to
improve celledge performance and overall cell
capacity, as in such areas, interference is high
because of similarsignal strengths of several cells
and a low overall signal level. In 3GPP Release 10,
a study is performed for a mechanism with a similar
effect for LTE-Advanced.These mechanisms are
referred to as Coordinated Multipoint Operation
(CoMP). Two CoMP modesare envisaged. The first
CoMP mode uses only transmissions of a single
base station with coordinated scheduling between
base stations to a single mobile device and
beamforming mechanisms toconcentrate the signal
energy in the direction of a mobile device at the cell
edge (coordinated scheduling/beamforming). In the
second mode envisaged, several cells would
transmit data simultaneously,thereby also increasing
transmission speeds at the cell edge. As CoMP is
only a study item in 3GPPRelease 10, the first
functionality will onlybe standardized in Release 11
of 3GPP.
5. CONCLUSION
Technology will always give us some
advantage as well as some disadvantage .In this
paper we have discussed about the fore coming
concepts of 3Gand 4G . In UMTS privacy plays a
major role including tracking one's position through
satellite, and of course expensive. One of the main
concerns about4G is that due to high speed of
thefrequency, it will experience severe interference
from multipath secondary signalsreflecting off other
objects. To counterthis problem, a number of
solutions havebeen proposed, including use of a
variable spreading factor and orthogonal frequency
code-division multiplexing. It is only in the hand of
future to overcome these difficulties and introduce
newer concepts regarding 3G and 4G.
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