Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
(3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
5G technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology. From generation 1G to 2G and from 3G to 5G this
world has revolutionized by improvements of wireless network. This revolution brought up some drastic changes in our social
life .This paper also focuses on all preceding generations of mobile communication along with fifth generation technology. Fifth
generation network provide cost-effective broadband wireless connectivity (very high speed), which will be probably 1gigbit per
second Speed. The paper throws light on network architecture of fifth generation technology. Currently 5G term is not
officially used. Fifth generation negotiate on (Voice over IP) VOIP-enabled devices that user will get a high level of call volume
and data transmission. Fifth generation technology will be done all the requirements of customers who always want advanced
features in cellular phones. The main features in 5G mobile network is that user connect to the multiple wireless technologies at
the same time and can switch between them. This forthcoming mobile technology will support IPv6 and flat IP. Fifth generation
technology will offer the services like Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. Index
Terms— 5G, 5G Architecture, Evolution from 1G to 5G, Comparison of all Generations.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
Prospective of Fifth Generation Mobile Communications ijngnjournal
This paper explores future mobile systems with emphasis on re-configurability based on cognitive and software defined radios. 5G (Fifth Generation) network architecture consisting of reconfigurable multitechnology core and a single fully reconfigurable terminal able to autonomously operate in different heterogeneous access networks is proposed. The proposed network is enforced by nanotechnology, cloud
computing and based on All IP Platform. The paper highlights 5G main development challenges and illustrates why there is a need for 5G. It also reviews in brief the evolution of wireless and cellular systems focusing on four main key factors: radio access, data rates, bandwidth and switching schemes in addition to change in network architecture. The 3G transitional cellular and wireless systems toward 4G and the true 4G IMT-advanced systems are thoroughly presented.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
(3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
5G technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology. From generation 1G to 2G and from 3G to 5G this
world has revolutionized by improvements of wireless network. This revolution brought up some drastic changes in our social
life .This paper also focuses on all preceding generations of mobile communication along with fifth generation technology. Fifth
generation network provide cost-effective broadband wireless connectivity (very high speed), which will be probably 1gigbit per
second Speed. The paper throws light on network architecture of fifth generation technology. Currently 5G term is not
officially used. Fifth generation negotiate on (Voice over IP) VOIP-enabled devices that user will get a high level of call volume
and data transmission. Fifth generation technology will be done all the requirements of customers who always want advanced
features in cellular phones. The main features in 5G mobile network is that user connect to the multiple wireless technologies at
the same time and can switch between them. This forthcoming mobile technology will support IPv6 and flat IP. Fifth generation
technology will offer the services like Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. Index
Terms— 5G, 5G Architecture, Evolution from 1G to 5G, Comparison of all Generations.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
Prospective of Fifth Generation Mobile Communications ijngnjournal
This paper explores future mobile systems with emphasis on re-configurability based on cognitive and software defined radios. 5G (Fifth Generation) network architecture consisting of reconfigurable multitechnology core and a single fully reconfigurable terminal able to autonomously operate in different heterogeneous access networks is proposed. The proposed network is enforced by nanotechnology, cloud
computing and based on All IP Platform. The paper highlights 5G main development challenges and illustrates why there is a need for 5G. It also reviews in brief the evolution of wireless and cellular systems focusing on four main key factors: radio access, data rates, bandwidth and switching schemes in addition to change in network architecture. The 3G transitional cellular and wireless systems toward 4G and the true 4G IMT-advanced systems are thoroughly presented.
5 G SYSTEMS IS THE FUTURE WILL BE FAST WITH UNIMAGINABLE SPEED AND WITH LOTS OF SERVICES.Though 5G is still in development stage it has lots of promising features that will definitely change our future. For this data hungry and speed loving generation 5G will definitely be the hottest technology and it will certainly make our future really exciting. In this article we will see how the mobile networks have evolved and what will be the future of mobile network and of course about 5G network.
4G was introduced in the early 2000s. The idea was to perpetuate the logic of replacing one mobile generation with another every 10 years.4G mobile is yet established as increasing data transfer speeds, 4G mobile should use enhanced security measures. Another goal is to reduce blips in transmission when a device moves between areas covered by different networks. 4G mobile networks should also use a network based on the IP address system used for the internet.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
1 gto4g
1. Abstract
Mobilecommunicationssystemsrevolutionizedthewaypeople
communicate,joiningtogethercommunicationsandmobility.A
long way in a remarkably short time has been achieved in the
history of wireless. Evolution of wireless access technologies is
abouttoreachitsfourthgeneration(4G).Lookingpast,wireless
access technologies have followed different evolutionary paths
aimed at unified target: performance and efficiency in high
mobile environment. The first generation (1G) has fulfilled
the basic mobile voice, while the second generation (2G) has
introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third
generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher speeds
to open the gates for truly “mobile broadband” experience,
which will be further realized by the fourth generation (4G).
The Fourth generation (4G) will provide access to wide range
of telecommunication services, including advanced mobile
services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are
increasingly packet based, along with a support for low to
high mobility applications and wide range of data rates, in
accordance with service demands in multiuser environment.
This paper provides a high level overview of the evolution of
Mobile Wireless Communication Networks from 1G to 4G.
Keywords
Mobile Wireless Communication Networks, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G,
Mobile Broadband
I. Introduction
The last few years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the
wireless industry, both in terms of mobile technology and its
subscribers. There has been a clear shift from fixed to mobile
cellular telephony, especially since the turn of the century.
By the end of 2010, there were over four times more mobile
cellular subscriptions than fixed telephone lines (see Fig. 1).
Both the mobile network operators and vendors have felt the
importance of efficient networks with equally efficient design.
This resulted in Network Planning and optimization related
services coming in to sharp focus [1, 7].
With all the technological advances, and the simultaneous
existence of the 2G, 2.5G and 3G networks, the impact of
services on network efficiency have become even more critical.
Many more designing scenarios have developed with not only
2G networks but also with the evolution of 2G to 2.5G or even
to3Gnetworks.Alongwiththis,inter-operabilityofthenetworks
has to be considered [2].
1G refers to analog cellular technologies; it became available
in the 1980s. 2G denotes initial digital systems, introducing
services such as short messaging and lower speed data.
CDMA2000 1xRTT and GSM are the primary 2G technologies,
although CDMA2000 1xRTT is sometimes called a 3G
technology because it meets the 144 kbps mobile throughput
requirement. EDGE, however, also meets this requirement. 2G
technologies became available in the 1990s. 3G requirements
were specified by the ITU as part of the International Mobile
Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000) project, for which digital networks
had to provide 144 kbps of throughput at mobile speeds, 384
kbpsatpedestrianspeeds,and2Mbpsinindoorenvironments.
UMTS-HSPA and CDMA2000 EV-DO are the primary 3G
technologies, although recently WiMAX was also designated
as an official 3G technology. 3G technologies began to be
deployed last decade.
Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators
database.
Fig. 1: Global ICT Developments, 2000-2010 [1]
The ITU has recently issued requirements for IMT-Advanced,
which constitutes the official definition of 4G. Requirements
includeoperationinup-to-40MHzradiochannelsandextremely
high spectral efficiency. The ITU recommends operation in up-
to-100 MHz radio channels and peak spectral efficiency of
15 bps/Hz, resulting in a theoretical throughput rate of 1.5
Gbps. Previous to the publication of the requirements, 1 Gbps
was frequently cited as a 4G goal. No available technology
meets these requirements yet. It will require new technologies
such as LTE-Advanced (with work already underway) and IEEE
802.16m. Some have tried to label current versions of WiMAX
and LTE as “4G”, but this is only accurate to the extent that
such designation refers to the general approach or platform
that will be enhanced to meet the 4G requirements. With
WiMAX and HSPA significantly outperforming 3G requirements,
calling these technologies 3G clearly does not give them full
credit, as they are a generation beyond current technologies
in capability. But calling them 4G is not correct. Unfortunately,
the generational labels do not properly capture the scope of
available technologies and have resulted in some amount of
market confusion [10].
II. Evolution of Mobile Cellular Networks
Mobile Cellular Network evolution has been categorized in to
‘generations’ as shown in Fig. 2 [3].
Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks:
1G to 4G
Amit Kumar1
; Dr. Yunfei Liu2
; Dr. Jyotsna Sengupta3
; Divya4
1,2
College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
3
Dept. of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
4
Dept. of ECE, CGC Group of Colleges, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
E-mail : amit.nfu@gmail.com
68 International Journal of Electronics & Communication Technology
IJECT Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2010 I SSN : 2230-7109(O nline ) | I SSN : 2230-9543(Print)
w w w.ijec t.org
2. Fig. 2: Evolution of Mobile Cellular Networks [11]
A brief overview on each generation is given below.
A. The First Generation System (Analog)
In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then
mobile communications have undergone significant changes
and experienced enormous growth. Fig. 2 shows the evolution
of the mobile networks. First-generation mobile systems used
analog transmission for speech services. In 1979, the first
cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon
Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. Two years
later, the cellular epoch reached Europe. The two most popular
analogue systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and
Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Other than NMT
and TACS, some other analog systems were also introduced in
1980sacrosstheEurope.Allofthesesystemsofferedhandover
and roaming capabilities but the cellular networks were unable
tointeroperatebetweencountries.Thiswasoneoftheinevitable
disadvantages of first-generation mobile networks.
In the United States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS) was launched in 1982. The system was allocated a
40-MHz bandwidthwithinthe800 to900 MHz frequencyrange
by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS.
In 1988, an additional 10 MHz bandwidth, called Expanded
Spectrum (ES) was allocated to AMPS. It was first deployed
in Chicago, with a service area of 2100 square miles2
. AMPS
offered 832 channels, with a data rate of 10 kbps. Although
Omni directional antennas were used in the earlier AMPS
implementation,itwasrealizedthatusingdirectionalantennas
would yield better cell reuse. In fact, the smallest reuse factor
thatwouldfulfillthe18dbsignal-to-interferenceratio(SIR)using
120-degree directional antennas was found to be 7. Hence, a
7-cellreusepatternwasadoptedforAMPS.Transmissionsfrom
the base stations to mobiles occur over the forward channel
usingfrequenciesbetween869-894MHz.Thereversechannel
is used for transmissions from mobiles to base station, using
frequencies between 824-849 MHz.
AMPS and TACS use the frequency modulation (FM) technique
for radio transmission. Traffic is multiplexed onto an FDMA
(frequency division multiple access) system [5, 3].
B. The Second-generation & Phase 2+ Systems
(Digital)
Second-generation(2G) mobilesystemswereintroducedinthe
endof1980s.Lowbitratedataservicesweresupportedaswell
as the traditional speech service. Compared to first-generation
systems, second-generation (2G) systems use digital multiple
accesstechnology,suchasTDMA(timedivisionmultipleaccess)
and CDMA (code division multiple access). Consequently,
compared with first-generation systems, higher spectrum
efficiency, better data services, and more advanced roaming
were offered by 2G systems. In Europe, the Global System for
MobileCommunications(GSM)wasdeployedtoprovideasingle
unified standard. This enabled seamless services through out
Europe by means of international roaming. Global System for
Mobile Communications, or GSM, uses TDMA technology to
support multiple users During development over more than
20 years, GSM technology has been continuously improved
to offer better services in the market. New technologies have
been developed based on the original GSM system, leading
to some more advanced systems known as 2.5 Generation
(2.5G) systems.
In the United States, there were three lines of development
in second-generation digital cellular systems. The first digital
system, introduced in 1991, was the IS-54 (North America
TDMA Digital Cellular), of which a new version supporting
additional services (IS-136) was introduced in 1996.
Meanwhile, IS-95 (CDMA One) was deployed in 1993. The US
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) also auctioned a
new block of spectrum in the 1900 MHz band (PCS), allowing
GSM1900toentertheUSmarket.InJapan,thePersonalDigital
Cellular(PDC)system,originallyknownasJDC(JapaneseDigital
Cellular) was initially defined in 1990 [3].
Since the first networks appeared at the beginning of the 1991,
GSM gradually evolved to meet the requirements of data traffic
and many more services than the original networks. GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication): The main element
of this system are the BSS (Base Station Subsystem), in which
thereareBTS(BaseTransceiverStation)andBSC(BaseStation
Controllers); and the NSS (Network Switching Subsystem),
in which there is the MSC (Mobile Switching Centre); VLR
(Visitor Location Register); HLR (Home Location Register); AC
(Authentication Centre) and EIR (Equipment Identity Register).
This network is capable of providing all the basic services up to
9.6kbps, fax, etc. This GSM network also has an extension to
the fixed telephony network. A new design was introduced into
the mobile switching center of second-generation systems. In
particular,theuseofbasestationcontrollers(BSCs)lightensthe
load placed on the MSC (mobile switching center) found in first-
generation systems. This design allows the interface between
the MSC and BSC to be standardized. Hence, considerable
attention was devoted to interoperability and standardization
in second-generation systems so that carrier could employ
different manufacturers for the MSC and BSCs. In addition to
enhancements in MSC design, the mobile-assisted handoff
mechanism was introduced. By sensing signals received from
adjacent base stations, a mobile unit can trigger a handoff
by performing explicit signaling with the network. GSM and
VAS (Value Added Services): The next advancement in the
GSM system was the addition of two platforms, called Voice
Mail Service (VMS) and the Short Message Service Centre
(SMSC). The SMSC proved to be incredibly commercially
successful, so much so that in some networks the SMS traffic
constitutes a major part of the total traffic. Along with VAS, IN
(Intelligent services) also made its mark in the GSM system,
with its advantage of giving the operators the chance to create
a whole range of new services. Fraud management and ‘pre-
paid’ services are the result of the IN service.
GSMandGPRS(GeneralPacketRadioServices):Asrequirement
for sending data on the air-interface increased, new elements
such as SGSN (Servicing GPRS) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS)
were added to the existing GSM system. These elements made
it possible to send packet data on the air-interface. This part
of the network handling the packet data is also called the
‘packet core network’. In addition to the SGSN and GGSN, it
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3. also contains the IP routers, firewall servers and DNS (Domain
Name Servers). This enables wireless access to the internet
and bit rate reaching to 150 kbps in optimum conditions. The
move into the 2.5G world began with General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS). GPRS is a radio technology for GSM networks
that adds packet-switching protocols, shorter setup time for
ISP connections, and the possibility to charge by the amount
of data sent, rather than connection time. Packet switching is
a technique whereby the information (voice or data) to be sent
is broken up into packets, of at most a few Kbytes each, which
are then routed by the network between different destinations
based on addressing data within each packet. Use of network
resources is optimized as the resources are needed only
during the handling of each packet. GPRS supports flexible
data transmission rates as well as continuous connection to
the network. GPRS is the most significant step towards 3G.
GSM and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates in GSM Environment):
With both voice and data traffic moving on the system, the
need was felt to increase the data rate. This was done by using
more sophisticated coding methods over the internet and thus
increasing the data rate up to 384 kbps. Implementing EDGE
was relatively painless and required relatively small changes
to network hardware and software as it uses the same TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel
and 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks. As
EDGE progresses to coexistence with 3G WCDMA, data rates
of up to ATM-like speeds of 2 Mbps could be available [5,
2]. Nowadays, second-generation digital cellular systems still
dominate the mobile industry throughout the whole world.
However, third generation (3G) systems have been introduced
in the market, but their penetration is quite limited because of
several techno-economic reasons.
C. The Third-generation (WCDMA in UMTS, CDMA2000 &
TD-SCDMA)
In EDGE, high-volume movement of data was possible, but still
the packet transfer on the air-interface behaves like a circuit
switch call. Thus part of this packet connection efficiency is
lost in the circuit switch environment. Moreover, the standards
for developing the networks were different for different parts
of the world. Hence, it was decided to have a network which
provides services independent of the technology platform and
whose network design standards are same globally. Thus, 3G
was born [2]. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
definedthedemandsfor3GmobilenetworkswiththeIMT-2000
standard. An organization called 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) has continued that work by defining a mobile
system that fulfills the IMT-2000 standard. In Europe it was
called UMTS (Universal Terrestrial Mobile System), which is
ETSI-driven. IMT2000 is the ITU-T name for the third generation
system, while cdma2000 is the name of the American 3G
variant. WCDMA is the air-interface technology for the UMTS.
The main components includes BS (Base Station) or nod B,
RNC (Radio Network Controller), apart from WMSC (Wideband
CDMAMobileSwitchingCentre)andSGSN/GGSN.3Gnetworks
enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more
advanced services while achieving greater network capacity
throughimprovedspectralefficiency.Servicesincludewide-area
wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless
data, all in a mobile environment. Additional features also
include HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) data transmission
capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4 Mbps on the
downlink and 5.8 Mbps on the uplink.
The first commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo
in Japan branded FOMA, based on W-CDMA technology on
October1,2001[8].Thesecondnetworktogocommerciallylive
was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the 1xEV-DO (Evolution-
Data Optimized) technology in January 2002 followed by
another South Korean 3G network was by KTF on EV-DO in
May2002.InEurope,themassmarketcommercial3Gservices
were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3 (Part of Hutchison
Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. This was based on the W-CDMA
technology. The first commercial United States 3G network
was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO
technology and thesecond 3Gnetworkoperatorin theUSAwas
Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-
DO. The first commercial 3G network in southern hemisphere
was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as
Three using UMTS in April 2003. The first commercial launch
of 3G in Africa was by EMTEL in Mauritius on the W-CDMA
standard. In North Africa (Morocco), a 3G service was provided
by the new company Wana in late March 2006. Roll-out of
3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous
costs of additional spectrum licensing fees. In many countries,
3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so
mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license
entirely new frequencies; an exception is the United States
where carriers operate 3G service in the same frequencies as
other services. The license fees in some European countries
were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a
limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial
excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were due to the
expenses of upgrading equipment for the new systems. Still
several major countries such as Indonesia have not awarded
3G licenses and customers await 3G services. China delayed
its decisions on 3G for many years. In January 2009, China
launched 3G but interestingly three major companies in China
got license to operate the 3G network on different standards,
China Mobile for TD-SCDMA, China Unicom for WCDMA and
China Telecom for CDMA2000 [2].
D. Fourth Generation (All-IP)
The emergence of new technologies in the mobile
communication systems and also the ever increasing growth
of user demand have triggered researchers and industries to
come up with a comprehensive manifestation of the up-coming
fourth generation (4G) mobile communication system [9]. In
contrast to 3G, the new 4G framework to be established will try
to accomplish new levels of user experience and multi-service
capacity by also integrating all the mobile technologies that
exist (e.g. GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications,
GPRS - General Packet Radio Service, IMT-2000 - International
Mobile Communications, Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity, Bluetooth)
(see Fig. 3) [6].
The fundamental reason for the transition to the All-IP is to have
a common platform for all the technologies that have been
developed so far, and to harmonize with user expectations of
the many services to be provided. The fundamental difference
between the GSM/3G and All-IP is that the functionality of
the RNC and BSC is now distributed to the BTS and a set of
servers and gateways. This means that this network will be
less expensive and data transfer will be much faster [2]. 4G
will make sure - “The user has freedom and flexibility to select
any desired service with reasonable QoS and affordable price,
anytime,anywhere.”4Gmobilecommunicationservicesstarted
in 2010 but will become mass market in about 2014-15.
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4. Fig. 3: The next Generation Mobile Communication Systems
Features [9]
IMT-Advanced 4G standards will usher in a new era of mobile
broadband communications, according to the ITU-R. IMT-
Advanced provides a global platform on which to build next
generations of interactive mobile services that will provide
faster data access, enhanced roaming capabilities, unified
messaging and broadband multimedia. According to ITU,
“ICTs and broadband networks have become vital national
infrastructure—similartotransport,energyandwaternetworks
—butwithanimpactthatpromisestobeevenmorepowerfuland
far-reaching. These key enhancements in wireless broadband
can drive social and economic development, and accelerate
progress towards achieving the United Nations’ Millennium
Development Goals, or MDGs.” [12]. The current agreements
on the requirements for IMT-Advanced are:
• Peak data rate of 1 Gbps for downlink (DL) and 500 Mbps
for uplink (UL).
• Regarding latency, in the Control plane the transition time
fromIdletoConnectedshouldbelowerthan100ms.Inthe
active state, a dormant user should take less than 10ms
to get synchronized and the scheduler should reduce the
User plane latency at maximum.
• Downlink peak spectral efficiency up to 15 bps/Hz and
uplink peak spectral efficiency of 6.75 bps/Hz with an
antenna configuration of 4 × 4 or less in DL and 2 × 4 or
less in UL.
• The average user spectral efficiency in DL (with inter-site
distance of 500m and pedestrian users) must be 2.2 bps/
Hz/cell with MIMO 4× 2, whereas in UL the target average
spectral efficiency is 1.4 bps/Hz/cell with MIMO 2 × 4.
• Inthesamescenariowith10users,celledgeuserspectral
efficiency will be 0.06 in DL 4 × 2. In the UL, this cell edge
user spectral efficiency must be 0.03 with MIMO 2 × 4.
• Mobility up to 350 km/h in IMT-Advanced.
• IMT-Advanced system will support scalable bandwidth
and spectrum aggregation with transmission bandwidths
more than 40MHz in DL and UL.
• Backward compatibility and inter-working with legacy
systems.
AftercompletionofitsRelease-8specifications,ThirdGeneration
Partnership Project (3GPP) has already planned for a work item
called LTE-Advanced to meet the IMT-Advanced requirements
for 4G. Also, WiMAX Forum and IEEE are also evolving WiMAX
through IEEE 802.16m or WiMAX-m to satisfy 4G requirements.
Table 1 summarizes the generations of wireless technology.
Table 1: 1G to 4G [10].
Generation Requirements Comments
1G No official
requirements.
Analog technology.
Deployed in the 1980s.
2G No official
requirements.
Digital Technology.
First digital systems.
Deployed in the 1990s.
New services such as SMS
and low-rate data.
Primary technologies
include IS-95 CDMA and
GSM.
3G ITU’s IMT-2000
required 144 kbps
mobile, 384 kbps
pedestrian, 2
Mbps indoors
Primary technologies
include CDMA2000 1X/
EVDO and UMTS-HSPA.
WiMAX now an official 3G
technology.
4G ITU’s IMT-
Advanced
requirements
include ability
to operate in up
to 40 MHz radio
channels and with
very high spectral
efficiency.
No technology meets
requirements today.
IEEE 802.16m and LTE-
Advanced being designed
to meet requirements.
III. Conclusion
The last few years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in
the wireless industry. The ever increasing demands of users
have triggered researchers and industries to come up with
a comprehensive manifestation of the up-coming fourth
generation (4G) mobile communication system. As the history
ofmobilecommunicationsshows,attemptshavebeenmadeto
reduce a number of Technologies to a single global standard.
The first generation (1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice,
while the second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and
coverage. This is followed by the third generation (3G), which
has quest for data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly
“mobile broadband” experience, which will be further realized
by the fourth generation (4G).
Fig 4: Plethora of emerging and legacy wireless standards
[13]
The 4G network will encompass all systems from various
networks,publictoprivate;operator-drivenbroadbandnetworks
to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will
interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital
(broadband)broadcastingsystems.Inaddition,4Gsystemswill
be fully IP-based wireless Internet which will provide access to
widerange oftelecommunicationservices,including advanced
mobileservices,supportedbymobileandfixednetworks,which
are increasingly packet based, along with a support for low
to high mobility applications and wide range of data rates, in
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5. accordance with service demands in multiuser environment
(see fig.4). This paper provides a comprehensive overview of
the evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks
from 1G to 4G.
IV. References
[1] ITU (2009). “Measuring the Information Society; The ICT
Development Index”, [Online] Available: http://www.itu.
int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2009/material/IDI2009_
w5.pdf
[2] Mishra, Ajay K. “Fundamentals of Cellular Network
Planning and Optimization, 2G/2.5G/3G…Evolution of
4G”, John Wiley and Sons, 2004.
[3] Chen,Yue(2003).“SoftHandoverIssuesinRadioResource
Management for 3G WCDMA Networks”, Queen Mary,
University of London, [Online] Available: www.elec.qmul.
ac.uk/research/thesis/YueChen2003.pdf
[4] ITU-R PDNR WP8F. “Vision, Framework and Overall
Objectives of the Future Development of IMT-2000 and
Systems beyond IMT-2000”, 2002.
[5] Toh, C. K. “Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols
and Systems”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 2002.
[6] Pereira, Vasco & Sousa, Tiago. “Evolution of Mobile
Communications: from 1G to 4G”, Department of
Informatics Engineering of the University of Coimbra,
Portugal 2004.
[7] ITU (2010). “Measuring the Information Society, 2010”.
[Online]Available:http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/
material/graphs/2010/Global_ICT_Dev_00-10.jpg
[8] UMTS World (2009). “UMTS / 3G History and Future
Milestones”, [Online] Available: http://www.umtsworld.
com/umts/history.htm
[9] Kamarularifin Abd Jalil, Mohd Hanafi Abd. Latif, Mohamad
Noorman Masrek, “Looking Into The 4G Features”,
MASAUM Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Vol.1,
No. 2 September 2009
[10] 3gamericas (2010). “Transition to 4G: 3GPP Broadband
Evolution to IMT-Advanced”, Rysavy Research/3G
Americas. [Online] Available: www.rysavy.com/PR/3GA_
PR_2010_09.pdf
[11] FumiyukiAdachi,“WirelesspastandFuture:EvolvingMobile
Communication Systems”. IEICE Trans. Findamental, Vol.
E84-A, No.1, January 2001.
[12] ITU (2010). “ITU Paves the Way for Next-Generation 4G
MobileBroadbandTechnologies”.[Online]Available:http://
www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.
aspx
[13] Giannini,Vito; Craninckx,Jan; Baschirotto, Andrea,
“Baseband Analog Circuits for Software Defined Radio”,
Springer, USA, 2008. ISBN: 978-1-4020-6537-8
Amit Kumar received his
bachelor’sdegreeinMathematics
from the Himachal Pradesh
University, Shimla, India, in 2002
and Masters degree in Computer
Application from Kurukshetra
University, Kurukshetra, India, in
2006. He completed his M.Phil. in
ComputerSciencefromAnnamalai
University, Annamalainagar,
Tamilnadu, India, in 2010. He is
currently working as a Lecturer in the Department of Computer
Science,CollegeofInformationScienceandTechnology,Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, China. He has many publications
in National /International Conference proceedings and
International Journals. He is a reviewer for many international
Journals. His current interest includes Techno-Economic
Analysis of Broadband Wireless Networks viz. WiMAX, HSPA,
EV-DOandLTE.HisfuturefocusistoexploretheGreenWireless
Technologies and Sustainable development.
Yun-fei Liu was born in Nanjing, China,
onDecember20,1962.Hereceivedthe
B.S. degree in physics from Zhenjiang
Normal College, Zhenjiang, China, in
1984, the M.S. degree in optics from
Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu,
China, in 1991, and the Ph.D. degree
in testing measuring technology and
instrument from Nanjing University of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing,
China, in 2005. He was a teaching
assistant, lecturer, associate professor, with Department of
Basic Courses, Nanjing Forestry University, in 1991, 1994
and 2000 respectively. He was an associate professor,
professor, College of Information Science and Technology,
Nanjing Forestry University, in 2000 and 2007 respectively. His
research interests include digital signal processing, electronic
measurement techniques, microwave and optical technique.
At present, He is engaged in Gaussian optics and terahertz
technique in forestry application.
Dr. Jyotsna Sengupta received
her B.E. degree in Electronics and
Communications, and her Ph.D. degree
in Computer Science and Engineering
from Thapar Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Patiala, India, in 1982
and 2002, respectively. She received
her M.S. in computer Science and
Engineering from University of Santa
Clara, California, USA, in 1985. She
worked as a Software Engineer at EXL,
Ltd., Sunnyvale, California, in 1985-86. During 1986-87,
she worked in the Department of Computer Science, Delhi
University, India. Since 1989, she has been in the faculty
of Punjabi University, Patiala, India where She is currently a
Reader and Head of the Department of Computer Science. Her
current research interests primarily lie in the area of network
security and secure computing.
DivyaispersuingherB.Tech.inElectronics&Telecommunication
Engineering from CGC Group of Colleges, Gharuan, Mohali,
Punjab, India. Her current research interest is Sustainability
of Mobile Broadband Networks.
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