International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF TWO STROKE SPARK IGNITION EN...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine, with alcohol blended gasoline (80% gasoline, 20% methanol, by volume) having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ) coated on piston crown] and compared with
conventional SI engine (CE) with pure gasoline operation. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency) were determined with different values of brake mean effective pressure of the engine Copper coated engine (CCE) with methanol blended
gasoline considerably improved the performance in comparison with CE with pure gasoline operation. CCE with methanol blended gasoline increased the brake thermal efficiency, decreased the exhaust gas temperature and
increased the volumetric efficiency.
Optimization of Operating Parameters on a Diesel Engine using Grey Relational...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experiment to optimize the operating parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine using Grey Relational Analysis. The performance and emissions of the engine were tested at various loads, fuel injection timings, and fuel injection pressures. Grey Relational Analysis and ANOVA were used to determine the optimal combination of operating parameters. The results showed that the optimal parameter combination was 18A load, 250 degrees bTDC injection timing, and 24 N/mm2 injection pressure. ANOVA analysis found that fuel injection pressure was the most significant factor, contributing 47% to the results.
This document analyzes the performance of a two-stroke petrol engine by varying the main jet diameter of the carburetor. The researchers tested a single-cylinder two-stroke engine on an experimental test rig under various loads and gear ratios. They measured factors like fuel consumption time, temperatures, and engine speed when running the engine with different sized main jets of 85, 90, and 95 at loads of 0kg, 5kg, and 10kg. Their results showed that each main jet size performed best under certain load and gear conditions, with smaller jets giving better results at higher loads and gears.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the effects of different fuel injection timings on various engine parameters in a multicylinder diesel engine. Five mode tests were conducted at injection timings of 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 degrees before top dead center. Parameters like fuel consumption, NOx emissions, exhaust temperature, air flow, and torque were measured across different engine loads. Graphs of these parameters were plotted against load for each injection timing. The results showed the influence of injection timing on air-fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption, fueling rate, and other indicators.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke 4 Cylinder SI Engine using Blends...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a 4-stroke 4-cylinder spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol as fuel. Specifically, it tests fuel blends containing 10%, 20%, and 80% ethanol, keeping the gasoline content variable. The tests measure parameters like brake power, thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption at varying engine speeds and loads. The results show that brake power and thermal efficiency increase with ethanol blends compared to pure gasoline. Ethanol blends also have slightly lower specific fuel consumption. Overall, the document concludes that ethanol-gasoline blends can effectively serve as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines.
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of palm seed oil and diesel. The parameters investigated were compression ratio, injection pressure, and engine load. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array from the Taguchi method. The results identified that a compression ratio of 16, injection pressure of 180 bar, and engine load of 10kg produced the highest brake thermal efficiency. A confirmation experiment supported that this combination of parameters achieved brake thermal efficiency close to the value predicted by the Taguchi analysis. In conclusion, the Taguchi method was found to be an efficient optimization technique for this system.
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Turbo-matching of Turbocharger A...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the performance of matching a turbocharger (A58N72) to a TATA 497 TCIC - BS III diesel engine. The researchers used simulation software to initially match the turbocharger to the engine. They then validated the match using a data logger during road tests with the vehicle. The data logger recorded operating parameters which were plotted on a compressor map to analyze the match for issues like surge or choke. The goal was to ensure the engine operating points fell within the efficient heart region of the compressor map during all operating conditions.
This document investigates the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) while adopting different air filters on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine running with various air filters (AFM1-AFM4) at different EGR levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency and emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx, UBHC, O2, and smoke were measured and the results are presented and discussed. The findings show that brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing EGR levels for all air filters. EGR is found to be effective in reducing NOx emissions but increases CO and UHC emissions.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF TWO STROKE SPARK IGNITION EN...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine, with alcohol blended gasoline (80% gasoline, 20% methanol, by volume) having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ) coated on piston crown] and compared with
conventional SI engine (CE) with pure gasoline operation. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency) were determined with different values of brake mean effective pressure of the engine Copper coated engine (CCE) with methanol blended
gasoline considerably improved the performance in comparison with CE with pure gasoline operation. CCE with methanol blended gasoline increased the brake thermal efficiency, decreased the exhaust gas temperature and
increased the volumetric efficiency.
Optimization of Operating Parameters on a Diesel Engine using Grey Relational...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experiment to optimize the operating parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine using Grey Relational Analysis. The performance and emissions of the engine were tested at various loads, fuel injection timings, and fuel injection pressures. Grey Relational Analysis and ANOVA were used to determine the optimal combination of operating parameters. The results showed that the optimal parameter combination was 18A load, 250 degrees bTDC injection timing, and 24 N/mm2 injection pressure. ANOVA analysis found that fuel injection pressure was the most significant factor, contributing 47% to the results.
This document analyzes the performance of a two-stroke petrol engine by varying the main jet diameter of the carburetor. The researchers tested a single-cylinder two-stroke engine on an experimental test rig under various loads and gear ratios. They measured factors like fuel consumption time, temperatures, and engine speed when running the engine with different sized main jets of 85, 90, and 95 at loads of 0kg, 5kg, and 10kg. Their results showed that each main jet size performed best under certain load and gear conditions, with smaller jets giving better results at higher loads and gears.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the effects of different fuel injection timings on various engine parameters in a multicylinder diesel engine. Five mode tests were conducted at injection timings of 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 degrees before top dead center. Parameters like fuel consumption, NOx emissions, exhaust temperature, air flow, and torque were measured across different engine loads. Graphs of these parameters were plotted against load for each injection timing. The results showed the influence of injection timing on air-fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption, fueling rate, and other indicators.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke 4 Cylinder SI Engine using Blends...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a 4-stroke 4-cylinder spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol as fuel. Specifically, it tests fuel blends containing 10%, 20%, and 80% ethanol, keeping the gasoline content variable. The tests measure parameters like brake power, thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption at varying engine speeds and loads. The results show that brake power and thermal efficiency increase with ethanol blends compared to pure gasoline. Ethanol blends also have slightly lower specific fuel consumption. Overall, the document concludes that ethanol-gasoline blends can effectively serve as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines.
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of palm seed oil and diesel. The parameters investigated were compression ratio, injection pressure, and engine load. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array from the Taguchi method. The results identified that a compression ratio of 16, injection pressure of 180 bar, and engine load of 10kg produced the highest brake thermal efficiency. A confirmation experiment supported that this combination of parameters achieved brake thermal efficiency close to the value predicted by the Taguchi analysis. In conclusion, the Taguchi method was found to be an efficient optimization technique for this system.
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Turbo-matching of Turbocharger A...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the performance of matching a turbocharger (A58N72) to a TATA 497 TCIC - BS III diesel engine. The researchers used simulation software to initially match the turbocharger to the engine. They then validated the match using a data logger during road tests with the vehicle. The data logger recorded operating parameters which were plotted on a compressor map to analyze the match for issues like surge or choke. The goal was to ensure the engine operating points fell within the efficient heart region of the compressor map during all operating conditions.
This document investigates the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) while adopting different air filters on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine running with various air filters (AFM1-AFM4) at different EGR levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency and emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx, UBHC, O2, and smoke were measured and the results are presented and discussed. The findings show that brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing EGR levels for all air filters. EGR is found to be effective in reducing NOx emissions but increases CO and UHC emissions.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fueled with blends of petrol and kerosene. The study used an experimental setup that included a Honda portable generator, gas analyzer, load bank, and other equipment. Various blends of petrol and kerosene ranging from 20-80% were tested at different loads. The results showed that a blend of 80% petrol and 20% kerosene produced lower levels of NOx and HC emissions compared to other blends. At higher loads, a 20% kerosene blend produced less CO emissions than other blends. Overall, a 80:20 petrol to kerosene blend provided the best balance of engine performance and lowest
Testing of the gasoline ethanol blends in carburetor type spark ignition engineIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that tested gasoline-ethanol blends in a carburetor type spark ignition engine. The study tested blends with 0-50% ethanol in 5% increments. Test results showed that blending increased brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and fuel consumption, while decreasing CO, HC, and NOx emissions and increasing CO2 emissions. A 20% ethanol blend provided the best results for all measured parameters at all loads. The document provides details on the experimental setup, testing methodology, calculations of performance parameters, and discussion of results showing trends in parameters like fuel consumption, brake specific fuel consumption, and efficiencies with changing ethanol content and load.
IRJET- Design, Analysis and Performance Testing of a Diesel Engine as a Porta...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design, analysis, and performance testing of a diesel engine to be used as a portable electrical generator. It involves the following:
1. The functional design of the engine including calculations to determine specifications like bore, stroke, speed, fuel consumption, etc. based on the power requirement.
2. The design of key engine components like the cylinder, cylinder head, piston assembly, connecting rod and crankshaft. This includes calculating dimensions based on withstanding gas pressure and heat dissipation requirements.
3. The performance of the designed engine will be tested and analyzed using the Willan's line method to determine actual performance parameters and losses compared to the theoretical design values.
1) The document investigates the effects of varying intake plenum volume on engine performance, cyclic variability, and emissions.
2) Testing showed that increasing plenum volume improved brake torque and related performance characteristics between 1700-2600 rpm. It also decreased cyclic variability despite making the mixture leaner.
3) Emissions of CO, CO2, and HC were also reduced by increasing plenum volume.
An analysis of effect of variable compression ratio in C.I. engine using turb...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the effect of variable compression ratio in a turbocharged diesel engine. It discusses using a single cylinder diesel engine to test performance at different loads and compression ratios ranging from 12.1 to 18.1. The turbocharger is used to increase engine efficiency and performance by boosting intake air pressure. Theoretical calculations of parameters like brake power, fuel consumption, thermal efficiency are presented. Results show that increasing the compression ratio and intake boost pressure improves brake thermal efficiency. It was concluded that a variable compression ratio concept can improve engine performance and efficiency while reducing emissions.
To Study the Performance of Oxygen Enriched Diesel Engine by Varying Compress...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance of a diesel engine with oxygen-enriched intake air at different compression ratios. The study used a single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. Tests were conducted at two compression ratios (16.5 and 17.5) and two oxygen intake levels (1 L/min and 2 L/min). Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption decreased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Brake power and exhaust gas temperature increased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Optimum performance was achieved between 70-80% load with a compression ratio of 16.5-17.5 when oxygen intake was increased.
The document presents research on the experimental analysis of performance of a spark ignition engine with variable compression ratios between 6-9. The results show that brake thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure were highest at a compression ratio of 9, while specific fuel consumption was lowest. Emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons decreased as the compression ratio increased from 6 to 9. The maximum improvement in brake thermal efficiency was approximately 10% when increasing the ratio from 6 to 9.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents an experimental study analyzing the impact of different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates on the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine. The study found that EGR rates of 10-30% substantially reduced NOx emissions while also improving brake thermal efficiency and reducing brake specific fuel consumption. The results demonstrate that EGR can effectively reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from gasoline engines without negatively impacting performance.
Lyapunov rule based model reference adaptive controller designs for steam tur...IAEME Publication
1. This document presents a Lyapunov rule based model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) design for speed control of a tandem compound reheat steam turbine.
2. The mathematical modeling of the steam turbine unit is developed based on continuity equations. A linear model is obtained for the high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure sections of the turbine.
3. MRAC is designed using a Lyapunov rule to adapt the parameters of feedback, PI, and PID controllers for improved set point tracking and speed control of the steam turbine. Simulation results demonstrate the adaptation of controller parameters and improved speed control performance using MRAC.
1. The document describes an experimental study to optimize the process parameters of a two-stroke spark ignition engine using a variable carburetor system.
2. Simplex optimization method was used to determine the optimal air-fuel ratio, air volume, and fuel mass to improve engine performance.
3. The results show that after optimization, the engine achieved higher air-fuel ratio, air mass, and thermal efficiency, with lower fuel consumption compared to the existing carburetor system. The variable carburetor system enhanced engine performance.
Studies on performance parameters and exhaust emissions of crude mahua oil in...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with crude mahua oil. The study compared a conventional engine to an engine with a medium grade low heat rejection combustion chamber. The LHR chamber included an air gap insulated piston and liner. Testing was conducted at various injection timings and operating conditions of the crude mahua oil, including normal and preheated temperatures. The engine with the LHR chamber showed improved performance, lower smoke and higher NOx emissions compared to the conventional engine operated on crude mahua oil. The optimum injection timing was found to be 30 degrees bTDC for the LHR chamber compared to 32 degrees for the conventional engine.
Experimental investigation of thermal performance of petrol engine using fuel...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
CONTROL OF POLLUTANTS WITH CATALYTIC CONVERTER AND COPPER COATED CYLINDER HEA...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to evaluate and control the exhaust emissions from two stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine, with alcohol blended gasoline (80% gasoline, 20% methanol, by volume) having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ) coated on inner surface of the cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron and manganese ore as as catalysts and compared with conventional SI engine (CE) with pure gasoline operation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study using a neural network to model the specific fuel consumption of a turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine. Experimental data was collected from tests of the engine under various operating conditions and used to train the neural network model. The trained model was then able to accurately predict specific fuel consumption for conditions it was not directly trained on. Parametric studies were performed using the neural network model to investigate the effects of variables like crankshaft angle, engine speed, and load on specific fuel consumption. The neural network model provided results consistent with experimental data and was able to be used for analysis when direct experimental testing was not possible or practical.
An Analysis of Effect of Variable Compression Ratio in C.I. Engine Using Turb...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the effect of variable compression ratio in a single cylinder diesel engine using a turbocharger.
2) A turbocharger increases engine efficiency and performance by boosting the intake air pressure. This allows more air and fuel to enter the cylinders to increase power.
3) The study varies the compression ratio from 12.1 to 18.1 and analyzes the impact on performance parameters like brake power, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency at different loads.
The turbocharger improves engine performance by recycling exhaust energy to compress the intake air, allowing more fuel to be burned in each cylinder. Varying the compression ratio provides an opportunity to optimize these parameters.
Theoritical investigations of injection pressure in a four stroke di diesel e...IAEME Publication
This document discusses theoretical investigations of injection pressure in a four-stroke diesel engine using alcohol as fuel. A computer program was developed to simulate the engine's performance with diesel and at different alcohol injection pressures ranging from 180 to 160 bar. The results showed that an injection pressure of 165 bar for alcohol produced higher brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency that were closest to diesel fuel. It was concluded that alcohol can be used in diesel engines with an injection pressure of 165 bar as it allows an optimum amount of alcohol to be injected while compensating for alcohol's low viscosity.
The document describes a proposed method for extracting captions from videos. It involves three main steps: 1) Caption detection uses a stroke filter to identify stroke-like edges in captions, filtering out edges from complex backgrounds. 2) Caption localization spatially localizes captions in each video frame using an SVM classifier and temporally localizes captions appearing across multiple frames. 3) Caption segmentation separates caption pixels from background pixels. The proposed method aims to improve efficiency and accuracy over previous methods by considering temporal features to avoid extracting the same caption repeatedly.
This document compares different 16x16 and 4x4 multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It discusses the general structure of multipliers including Booth encoding, partial product compression using adders like carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders, and final addition. The document implements various multipliers in Verilog and compares their performance in terms of hardware resources and delay. It finds that radix-4 Booth encoding provides faster multipliers than radix-2 with similar power consumption and that Kogge-Stone adders provide faster addition than carry save adders.
This document discusses a study of fluid flow behavior under different gases and flow rates during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). An analytical model was developed to estimate fluid flow in GMAW torch nozzles under varying shielding gases (100% CO2, 100% Ar, 80% Ar/20% CO2) and gas flow rates. Experiments evaluated the model's predictions of fluid behavior and weld quality at different flow rates. Results show that with CO2, turbulence occurs over 35 L/min, while with Ar and the Ar/CO2 blend, turbulence is seen above 70 L/min. Maintaining flow rates below these thresholds is recommended for effective shielding during GMAW. The model provides a way
This document investigates the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO systems with different numbers of transmitting antennas. It begins with an introduction to fading in wireless channels and how MIMO can be used to combat it using multiple antennas. It then describes the Alamouti space-time coding scheme and how maximum likelihood decoding works. Simulations are presented comparing the BER of a BPSK modulated MIMO system with 2, 3, and 4 transmitting antennas under Rayleigh fading. The results show that increasing the number of transmitting antennas decreases the BER, with 4 antennas performing best due to a larger transmission matrix and more data being transmitted.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fueled with blends of petrol and kerosene. The study used an experimental setup that included a Honda portable generator, gas analyzer, load bank, and other equipment. Various blends of petrol and kerosene ranging from 20-80% were tested at different loads. The results showed that a blend of 80% petrol and 20% kerosene produced lower levels of NOx and HC emissions compared to other blends. At higher loads, a 20% kerosene blend produced less CO emissions than other blends. Overall, a 80:20 petrol to kerosene blend provided the best balance of engine performance and lowest
Testing of the gasoline ethanol blends in carburetor type spark ignition engineIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that tested gasoline-ethanol blends in a carburetor type spark ignition engine. The study tested blends with 0-50% ethanol in 5% increments. Test results showed that blending increased brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and fuel consumption, while decreasing CO, HC, and NOx emissions and increasing CO2 emissions. A 20% ethanol blend provided the best results for all measured parameters at all loads. The document provides details on the experimental setup, testing methodology, calculations of performance parameters, and discussion of results showing trends in parameters like fuel consumption, brake specific fuel consumption, and efficiencies with changing ethanol content and load.
IRJET- Design, Analysis and Performance Testing of a Diesel Engine as a Porta...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design, analysis, and performance testing of a diesel engine to be used as a portable electrical generator. It involves the following:
1. The functional design of the engine including calculations to determine specifications like bore, stroke, speed, fuel consumption, etc. based on the power requirement.
2. The design of key engine components like the cylinder, cylinder head, piston assembly, connecting rod and crankshaft. This includes calculating dimensions based on withstanding gas pressure and heat dissipation requirements.
3. The performance of the designed engine will be tested and analyzed using the Willan's line method to determine actual performance parameters and losses compared to the theoretical design values.
1) The document investigates the effects of varying intake plenum volume on engine performance, cyclic variability, and emissions.
2) Testing showed that increasing plenum volume improved brake torque and related performance characteristics between 1700-2600 rpm. It also decreased cyclic variability despite making the mixture leaner.
3) Emissions of CO, CO2, and HC were also reduced by increasing plenum volume.
An analysis of effect of variable compression ratio in C.I. engine using turb...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the effect of variable compression ratio in a turbocharged diesel engine. It discusses using a single cylinder diesel engine to test performance at different loads and compression ratios ranging from 12.1 to 18.1. The turbocharger is used to increase engine efficiency and performance by boosting intake air pressure. Theoretical calculations of parameters like brake power, fuel consumption, thermal efficiency are presented. Results show that increasing the compression ratio and intake boost pressure improves brake thermal efficiency. It was concluded that a variable compression ratio concept can improve engine performance and efficiency while reducing emissions.
To Study the Performance of Oxygen Enriched Diesel Engine by Varying Compress...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance of a diesel engine with oxygen-enriched intake air at different compression ratios. The study used a single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. Tests were conducted at two compression ratios (16.5 and 17.5) and two oxygen intake levels (1 L/min and 2 L/min). Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption decreased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Brake power and exhaust gas temperature increased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Optimum performance was achieved between 70-80% load with a compression ratio of 16.5-17.5 when oxygen intake was increased.
The document presents research on the experimental analysis of performance of a spark ignition engine with variable compression ratios between 6-9. The results show that brake thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure were highest at a compression ratio of 9, while specific fuel consumption was lowest. Emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons decreased as the compression ratio increased from 6 to 9. The maximum improvement in brake thermal efficiency was approximately 10% when increasing the ratio from 6 to 9.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents an experimental study analyzing the impact of different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates on the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine. The study found that EGR rates of 10-30% substantially reduced NOx emissions while also improving brake thermal efficiency and reducing brake specific fuel consumption. The results demonstrate that EGR can effectively reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from gasoline engines without negatively impacting performance.
Lyapunov rule based model reference adaptive controller designs for steam tur...IAEME Publication
1. This document presents a Lyapunov rule based model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) design for speed control of a tandem compound reheat steam turbine.
2. The mathematical modeling of the steam turbine unit is developed based on continuity equations. A linear model is obtained for the high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure sections of the turbine.
3. MRAC is designed using a Lyapunov rule to adapt the parameters of feedback, PI, and PID controllers for improved set point tracking and speed control of the steam turbine. Simulation results demonstrate the adaptation of controller parameters and improved speed control performance using MRAC.
1. The document describes an experimental study to optimize the process parameters of a two-stroke spark ignition engine using a variable carburetor system.
2. Simplex optimization method was used to determine the optimal air-fuel ratio, air volume, and fuel mass to improve engine performance.
3. The results show that after optimization, the engine achieved higher air-fuel ratio, air mass, and thermal efficiency, with lower fuel consumption compared to the existing carburetor system. The variable carburetor system enhanced engine performance.
Studies on performance parameters and exhaust emissions of crude mahua oil in...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with crude mahua oil. The study compared a conventional engine to an engine with a medium grade low heat rejection combustion chamber. The LHR chamber included an air gap insulated piston and liner. Testing was conducted at various injection timings and operating conditions of the crude mahua oil, including normal and preheated temperatures. The engine with the LHR chamber showed improved performance, lower smoke and higher NOx emissions compared to the conventional engine operated on crude mahua oil. The optimum injection timing was found to be 30 degrees bTDC for the LHR chamber compared to 32 degrees for the conventional engine.
Experimental investigation of thermal performance of petrol engine using fuel...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
CONTROL OF POLLUTANTS WITH CATALYTIC CONVERTER AND COPPER COATED CYLINDER HEA...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to evaluate and control the exhaust emissions from two stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine, with alcohol blended gasoline (80% gasoline, 20% methanol, by volume) having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ) coated on inner surface of the cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron and manganese ore as as catalysts and compared with conventional SI engine (CE) with pure gasoline operation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study using a neural network to model the specific fuel consumption of a turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine. Experimental data was collected from tests of the engine under various operating conditions and used to train the neural network model. The trained model was then able to accurately predict specific fuel consumption for conditions it was not directly trained on. Parametric studies were performed using the neural network model to investigate the effects of variables like crankshaft angle, engine speed, and load on specific fuel consumption. The neural network model provided results consistent with experimental data and was able to be used for analysis when direct experimental testing was not possible or practical.
An Analysis of Effect of Variable Compression Ratio in C.I. Engine Using Turb...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the effect of variable compression ratio in a single cylinder diesel engine using a turbocharger.
2) A turbocharger increases engine efficiency and performance by boosting the intake air pressure. This allows more air and fuel to enter the cylinders to increase power.
3) The study varies the compression ratio from 12.1 to 18.1 and analyzes the impact on performance parameters like brake power, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency at different loads.
The turbocharger improves engine performance by recycling exhaust energy to compress the intake air, allowing more fuel to be burned in each cylinder. Varying the compression ratio provides an opportunity to optimize these parameters.
Theoritical investigations of injection pressure in a four stroke di diesel e...IAEME Publication
This document discusses theoretical investigations of injection pressure in a four-stroke diesel engine using alcohol as fuel. A computer program was developed to simulate the engine's performance with diesel and at different alcohol injection pressures ranging from 180 to 160 bar. The results showed that an injection pressure of 165 bar for alcohol produced higher brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency that were closest to diesel fuel. It was concluded that alcohol can be used in diesel engines with an injection pressure of 165 bar as it allows an optimum amount of alcohol to be injected while compensating for alcohol's low viscosity.
The document describes a proposed method for extracting captions from videos. It involves three main steps: 1) Caption detection uses a stroke filter to identify stroke-like edges in captions, filtering out edges from complex backgrounds. 2) Caption localization spatially localizes captions in each video frame using an SVM classifier and temporally localizes captions appearing across multiple frames. 3) Caption segmentation separates caption pixels from background pixels. The proposed method aims to improve efficiency and accuracy over previous methods by considering temporal features to avoid extracting the same caption repeatedly.
This document compares different 16x16 and 4x4 multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It discusses the general structure of multipliers including Booth encoding, partial product compression using adders like carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders, and final addition. The document implements various multipliers in Verilog and compares their performance in terms of hardware resources and delay. It finds that radix-4 Booth encoding provides faster multipliers than radix-2 with similar power consumption and that Kogge-Stone adders provide faster addition than carry save adders.
This document discusses a study of fluid flow behavior under different gases and flow rates during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). An analytical model was developed to estimate fluid flow in GMAW torch nozzles under varying shielding gases (100% CO2, 100% Ar, 80% Ar/20% CO2) and gas flow rates. Experiments evaluated the model's predictions of fluid behavior and weld quality at different flow rates. Results show that with CO2, turbulence occurs over 35 L/min, while with Ar and the Ar/CO2 blend, turbulence is seen above 70 L/min. Maintaining flow rates below these thresholds is recommended for effective shielding during GMAW. The model provides a way
This document investigates the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO systems with different numbers of transmitting antennas. It begins with an introduction to fading in wireless channels and how MIMO can be used to combat it using multiple antennas. It then describes the Alamouti space-time coding scheme and how maximum likelihood decoding works. Simulations are presented comparing the BER of a BPSK modulated MIMO system with 2, 3, and 4 transmitting antennas under Rayleigh fading. The results show that increasing the number of transmitting antennas decreases the BER, with 4 antennas performing best due to a larger transmission matrix and more data being transmitted.
Este documento compara la Web 1.0 y la Web 2.0, señalando que la Web 2.0 permite una mayor colaboración entre usuarios al permitir que la gente publique y comparta contenido. Luego, explica que la Web 2.0 puede hacer grandes contribuciones a la educación porque sus herramientas son fáciles de usar, abren nuevos espacios de comunicación y fomentan un aprendizaje más social y basado en la construcción del conocimiento. Finalmente, indica que este power point buscó mostrar algunas cosas sobre la Web 2.0
El documento habla sobre el Día Internacional del Blog, que se celebra el 31 de agosto. Fue creado en 2005 por el blogger israelí Nir Ofir. En esta fecha, los bloggers comparten recomendaciones de al menos 5 blogs nuevos con temáticas diversas. También se realizan eventos y encuentros de bloggers alrededor del mundo para promover la cultura colaborativa.
1) O documento discute os impactos econômicos e tecnológicos da introdução do hidrogênio em Portugal, analisando diferentes cadeias de produção e distribuição.
2) Foram selecionadas 18 cadeias possíveis para análise, variando os métodos de produção, armazenamento, transporte e uso final do hidrogênio.
3) Os resultados preliminares indicam que as cadeias baseadas em eletrólise e gás natural podem ser mais baratas, porém a visão pode ser alterada para incentivar outras tecnologias
Projeto para o Departamento (DIMAp) do curso de Ciência da Computação na UFRN de criação de um Ecossistema Web para Estimular a Formação em Computação. Nossa motivação é ajudá-los a iniciar uma carreira profissional bem sucedida durante a graduação, tentar solucionar ou minimizar o problema da grande evasão de alunos do curso e aumentar a visibilidade do departamento em ámbito nacional ou quem sabe internacional.
This document summarizes the work of Tarasina Prima Borisovna, a math teacher at a private school in Novorossiysk, Russia, to create a positive social and psychological climate in her classroom. Over three school years, she achieved low conflict levels, no disruptive students, and high academic achievement among her students. She implemented various programs to promote healthy lifestyles, proper nutrition, and sports participation among her students. Her work has had positive results, including increased student involvement in extracurricular activities and social programs.
O documento apresenta o plano de ensino de História para o 3o trimestre do 3o ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os temas abordados incluem a pré-história, com foco nos índios de Cabo Frio, a história da cidade e seus monumentos, os habitantes locais e seus bairros.
O documento discute o uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) como instrumentos didático-pedagógicos. Em três frases, o documento analisa como as TIC estão transformando a educação ao permitir o acesso à informação, a comunicação em rede e a produção colaborativa de conteúdo educacional.
Miguel recoge a su amigo Enzo del aeropuerto y lo lleva a la casa que comparten, donde también viven Héloise y Ashley. Enzo conoce a Héloise y queda prendado de su belleza. Miguel consigue a Enzo un trabajo como barman los jueves por la noche.
La sexualidad es uno de los fundamentos de la experiencia humana y forma parte integral de cómo cada persona se expresa, comunica y siente. Además, debido a que los hombres y las mujeres tienen cuerpos diferentes, la sexualidad se experimenta de manera distinta entre los géneros.
El documento describe las diferentes estructuras externas que permiten a los animales desplazarse en su ambiente, incluyendo patas, alas, plumas, pelaje, garras, astas, cuernos, púas, caparazones y también el tipo de pico y hocico. Estas estructuras externas están relacionadas con la capacidad de los seres vivos para sobrevivir en su entorno natural.
El documento presenta información sobre varios científicos importantes como Galileo Galilei, Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Gregor Mendel y Alexander Fleming, describiendo brevemente sus contribuciones a la ciencia y los descubrimientos que realizaron en campos como la astronomía, la física, la matemática, la genética y la medicina.
O documento discute estratégias para sensibilizar o legislativo sobre HIV/AIDS, incluindo diálogo constante, ações passo a passo e resistência ao machismo para promover mudanças.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
El documento presenta a un maestro que cree en utilizar las TIC en la educación de una manera no adoctrinadora. Sus hobbies favoritos son el ciclismo amateur y la lectura, y su deseo es eliminar las desigualdades sociales.
1) The document describes a study investigating the effects of variable intake plenum length on the performance of a spark-ignition engine with electronically controlled fuel injectors.
2) Engine tests were conducted with additional plenum lengths of 16mm, 32mm, 48mm, and 64mm added to the original intake manifold.
3) The results showed that a 32mm plenum extension improved engine thermal efficiency, especially at lower engine speeds up to 3000rpm, while also reducing fuel consumption at high loads and low speeds.
IRJET- A Review of Testing of Multi Cylinder S.I. Petrol EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review of testing methods for multi-cylinder spark ignition petrol engines. It discusses the Morse test, which involves running the engine at a constant speed and cutting off the firing of each cylinder in turn to determine the individual indicated power of each cylinder. This allows calculation of the total indicated power and mechanical efficiency of the engine. The document provides background on engine dynamometers, reviews various literature on engine testing techniques, and discusses the future scope and conclusions of using the Morse test method for evaluating multi-cylinder engine performance.
IRJET- Analysis of I.C. Engine to Improve Performance due to Grooves on E...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes modifications to an internal combustion engine cylinder head to improve performance. The researchers created grooves in different configurations on the cylinder head of a single cylinder petrol engine. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects on performance parameters like brake power, fuel consumption, and emissions. Results showed that the modified cylinder heads with grooves improved fuel economy, increased power and torque, enhanced combustion, reduced emissions, and allowed the engine to run cooler compared to the conventional cylinder head. Therefore, grooves on the cylinder head can effectively improve engine performance.
REMAPPING AND SIMULATION OF EFI SYSTEM FOR SI ENGINE USING PIGGYBACK ECUBarhm Mohamad
The document describes remapping and simulating the electronic fuel injection (EFI) system of a BMW engine using a piggyback ECU. An experimental EFI system was reconstructed using a piggyback ECU and the control algorithms were simulated in LabVIEW. The simulation results were compared to experimental results for different engine loads and speeds. The piggyback ECU evaluation showed it can independently control fuel dose without depending on the factory ECU, with advantages of low cost and easy installation compared to remapping the factory ECU.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Multi Port Fuel Injection CNG Engine Manifo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a multi-port fuel injection compressed natural gas (CNG) engine intake manifold system. The authors designed the manifold using pressure wave tuning theory to determine the optimal runner lengths. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to evaluate the uniformity of the air-fuel mixture distribution and velocity profiles within the manifold. One-dimensional engine simulations were conducted to compare the performance of the new multi-port fuel injection system to the existing single-port system, finding that the multi-port system provided slightly higher power, torque, and volumetric efficiency.
Experimental and CFD Analysis of Exhaust Manifold to Improve Performance of I...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of different exhaust manifold designs to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine. Three manifold geometries - sharp bend, short bend, and long bend - were tested on a single cylinder diesel engine. Experimental results showed the long bend design reduced exhaust backpressure and increased brake thermal efficiency compared to the other designs. CFD analysis validated these results, demonstrating lower pressure and higher velocities within the long bend manifold. The study concluded the long bend manifold facilitates easier exhaust gas flow and lower backpressure to improve engine performance.
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION AND COMBUSTION CHAMBER GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION OF DIESE...IAEME Publication
Compression ignition diesel engines are very popular both in stationary and mobile applications. These engines find large applications because of their higher compression ratios,
robustness in design and higher thermal efficiencies. Air is sucked in to the chamber when the piston moves from TDC to BDC through the intake manifold during suction stroke. The fuel in atomized form is sprayed onto the compressed air in the chamber
1. The document discusses numerical combustion analysis and ignition timing optimization of a 4-stroke SI engine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization.
2. The researchers modeled the 2D combustion chamber geometry of a single cylinder 4-stroke SI engine in ANSYS. They conducted CFD analysis at different ignition timings and identified the optimal timing using GA.
3. The results showed that maximum brake torque, or timing (MBT), occurred at a spark advance angle of 39° before top dead center (TDC), which corresponds to 681° crank angle. This optimal timing was identified as producing the greatest gas pressure and torque.
COMBUSTION MONITORING THROUGH VIBRATIONAL DATA IN A TURBOCHARGED CITY CAR ENGINEIAEME Publication
Condition monitoring and optimization of diesel engine has been the focus of a
wide research approaches. Techniques have been developed in which in-cylinder
pressure measurements are used to calculate peak pressure and burn rates. In the
recent past, vibration, acoustic and speed measurements have received considerable
attention to this purpose. Methodologies have been developed in which these nonintrusive
measurements are employed to estimate the combustion progress. This work
is devoted to assess the potential application of a methodology developed by the
authors, in which the engine block vibration is used to estimate indicators able to
characterize the combustion development. Previous research activity demonstrated
that an accelerometer sensor placed in a selected position of the engine block is quite
sensitive to the combustion process in a naturally aspirated two-cylinder common rail
diesel engine mainly used in micro cars. The objective of this work is to evaluate the
applicability of the methodology to a more complex engine architecture (the same
engine was downsized by equipping it with a small turbocharger). Measurements were
performed in the engine operative field in which the turbocharger is truly effective.
The acquired signals were processed in time and frequency domains. Obtained results
proved the good accuracy of the estimation of combustion indicators (crank angle
corresponding to start of combustion, 50% of mass fraction burnt) via accelerometer
signal processing
The present work is the numerical investigation of Spark Ignition (SI) engines to
assess the effect of spark plug positions using open source Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) tool, OpenFoam is used. The standard k—ε turbulence model is used along with
the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations for simulating the flow field. Average
piston pressure is tracked for different Crank Angles (CA) from −180o to 180o for two
different sized engines (560cc and 70cc). Results clearly show that spark plug position
affects power output of engine. Spark plug position affect p-θ graph, hence performance
of engine, this effect is dominant in bigger engine than smaller one. Spark plug position
is expressed in dimensionless form in fraction away from centre
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VENT...IAEME Publication
Ventilation fan constitutes one of the critical components of traction motor. As the weight of the component is to be kept minimum, it is made up of aluminium alloy casting. But it has to withstand high centrifugal acceleration and shock loads. Any failure of the fan shall lead to consequential damages to the motor resulting in long outages and huge expenditure. This paper presents an integrated approach with an improved quality plan to meet the operational criteria of the fan.
CONTROL OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE COPPER COATED SPAR...IAEME Publication
Alcohols are important substitutes for gasoline, as their properties are comparable to gasoline. They are renewable in nature. Investigations were carried out to determine exhaust emissions of two stroke and four stroke of single cylinder, spark ignition (SI)engine having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ) coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with copper as catalyst with methanol blended gasoline (80% gasoline and 20% methanol by volume) and compared with conventional engine (CE) with neat gasoline operation. Carbon monoxide (CO) and un-burnt hydrocarbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from SI engine. Breathing of these emissions causes human hazards and also they cause environmental disorders. Hence control of these emissions is an urgent task. Exhaust emissions were varied with different values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). The engine was provided with catalytic converter with copper as catalyst. There was provision for injection of air into the catalytic converter. CCE showed improvement in the pollutants when compared with CE with both test fuels. Four-Stroke engine decreased exhaust emissions effectively in comparison with two-stroke engine with both versions of the engine. Catalytic converter with air injection significantly reduced pollutants with different test fuels on both configurations of the engine.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, GEOMETRY ACQUISITION AND GRID GENERATION OF DIESEL ENGI...meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Experimental Studies, Geometry Acquisition and Grid Generation Of Diesel Engi...meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of
intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this
study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient
and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift
ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition
and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
This document summarizes an investigation into optimizing the operating parameters of a diesel engine fueled with a blend of 70% Honge oil and 30% ethanol. The researchers used Taguchi's design of experiments method and grey relational analysis to determine the optimum combination of injection pressure, injection timing, and compression ratio that results in highest brake thermal efficiency and lowest smoke emissions. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array to efficiently explore the parameter space. Analysis of the results identified a combination of 220 bar injection pressure, 27 degrees before top dead center injection timing, and 18 compression ratio as providing the best performance.
Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
in increments of 3kg, were utilized for Diesel.
Compression Ignition Engine Performance Analysis at High Altitude Using Compu...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the performance analysis of a turbo compression ignition engine model at high altitudes up to 6000 meters using computational simulation techniques. A 1D engine model is created in AVL Boost software and simulated at sea level and various altitudes using different fuels. The results show a decrease in engine power and torque with increasing altitude due to lower atmospheric pressure and oxygen content. Power loss is around 25% at 4000 meters and 35% at 6000 meters compared to sea level. Fuel consumption also increases at higher altitudes. Using methane fuel improves performance compared to diesel but power loss still occurs with increasing altitude.
1) The study investigated the effect of varying fuel injection pressure and timing on particulate size, number, surface area, and volume distributions in a single cylinder diesel engine.
2) Results showed that particulate concentration increased with engine load but decreased with higher fuel injection pressure, as higher pressure improved fuel-air mixing.
3) Advancing injection timing reduced particulate concentration at high injection pressure by allowing more time for oxidation, but had varying effects at low pressure due to competing effects on mixing time and droplet size.
This document outlines an assignment for students to evaluate the performance of a 4-stroke petrol engine. It discusses key performance parameters like power, efficiency, fuel consumption, emissions. The objective is for students to understand how to calculate speed, fuel use, air use, and evaluate exhaust smoke and emissions in order to optimize engine performance. Parameters like power, efficiency, emissions are defined and methods to test them such as using a dynamometer are described.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
1. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
813 | P a g e
Optimisation of Fuel Injection Pump Parameters of Tata 1613 &
Tata 609 Engine Using Diesel & Biodiesel
Mohammad Javed1
, Prof. S.D. Ambekar2
1
ME Production, Mechanical Engineering Department, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad
2
Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad
Abstract
Often called 'the heart of the engine', the
fuel injection system is without any doubt one of the
most important systems. It meters the fuel delivery
according to engine requirements, it generates the
high injection pressure required for fuel
atomization, for air-fuel mixing and for combustion
and it contributes to the fuel distribution in the
combustion system-hence it significantly affects
engine performance emissions and noise. In this
Investigation optimization of control parameters
used for optimum control of fuel delivered by the
FIP of the Automotive engine is Analyzed. The
parameters observed were fuel delivery, input
current to driving motor, rpm of the pump, control
rack travel and number of strokes. The fuel-
injection system is the most vital component in the
working of CI engine. The engine performance
(power output, efficiency) is greatly dependent on
the effectiveness of the fuel injection system and its
parameters. The experiment is conducted on two
MICO Bosch FIP of TATA Engine (TATA 1613
and TATA 609 FIP) as per DoE using three input
parameters at different ranges and conditions. The
mathematical models are developed for Fuel
delivery of FIP using taguchi,anova regression.
This paper also explains the optimization of FIP
parameters using biodiesel.
Key words-Fuel delivery, InjectionPump (FIP),
DoE, Taguchi,Anova.
I. Introduction
The function of a fuel injection pump is to
pump metered quantity of fuel into the cylinder at the
right time. Therefore it’s essential while testing a fuel
injection pump to test and calibrate the injection
timing of the various injectors and the quantity of
fuel injected per injection.
The advancement in electronics and
measurement technologies has led to substantial
improvement of engine fuel-injection control
systems, both in hardware configuration and in
control methodology. The basic idea of fuel injection
control system is to control the output of fuel through
injectors based on a set of inputs. A diesel fuel
injector sprays an intermittent, timed, metered
quantity of fuel into a cylinder, distributing the fuel
throughout the air within. Therefore it’s essential
while testing a fuel injection pump to test and
calibrate the injection timing of the various injectors
and the quantity of fuel injected per injection as
shown in fig 1 The injection timing is a crucial factor
in deciding the combustion efficiency in a diesel
engine and to avoid knocking. Therefore the first step
of calibrating a fuel injection pump is to set the
injection timing of each injector as per the firing
order. The second important parameter is quantity of
fuel delivered. Delivery of right quantity of fuel is
very essential for efficient operation of an engine.
Excessive fuel leads to loss of efficiency and
incomplete combustion. Such combustion leads to
increased pollutants and smoke in exhaust.
Insufficient fuel leads to lean mixture in combustion
chamber this causes excessive heating of combustion
chamber. It is also necessary for all the injectors to
deliver same quantity of fuel to their respective
cylinders. The fuel delivered by fuel injector is
controlled by two parameters, control rack and speed
(RPM) of the fuel injection pump. The following are
the functional requirements of an injection system. a)
Accurate metering of fuel injected per cycle. b)
Timing of injection of fuel correctly. c) Proper
control of rate of injection. d) Proper atomization of
fuel. e) Proper spray pattern. f) Uniform distribution
of fuel droplets. g) To supply equal quantities of
metered fuel to all cylinder in case of multi cylinder
engines. h) No lag during beginning and end of
injection, to prevent dribbling.
Therefore we have tested two fuel injection pumps to
determine their operational characteristics and the
relation between the various inputs and the fuel
delivery. Mathematical models have been generated
using the collected data by regression analysis. In
order to determine the fuel delivery characteristics of
the pumps we tested them on a fuel injection pump
test rig. The parameters observed were fuel delivery ,
input current to driving motor, rpm of the pump,
control rack travel and number of strokes. The
outputs were fuel delivery and current. The inputs
which were varied were rpm, control rack travel and
number of strokes. The data collected was analyzed
to generate mathematical models using regression
analysis.
2. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
814 | P a g e
Figure 1 Fuel Injection Pump
II. Experimental details
a) Design of experiments
Taguchi and Konishi had developed Taguchi
techniques.[8] These techniques have been utilized
widely in engineering analysis to optimize the
performance characteristics within the combination
of design parameters. Taguchi technique is also
power tool for the design of high quality systems. It
introduces an integrated approach that is simple and
efficient to find the best range of designs for quality,
performance, and computational cost [9]. In this
study we have consider 3 factors which affect
majorly on performance characteristic such as (A)No
of strokes., (B) control rack travel (C) RPM. The
design of experiment was carried out by Taguchi
methodology using Minitab 14 software. In this
technique the main
Fig.2.1 Fuel Injection Pump Test Rig
Fig. 2.2 Fuel Pump(TATA 1613, 6 Cylinder)
objective is to optimize Fuel delivery of fuel injection
pump that is influenced by various process
parameters
b) Selection of orthogonal array
Since 3 controllable factors and three levels of
each factor were considered L9 (3**3) Orthogonal
Array was selected for this study
c) Experimental set up
A Series of experiment was conducted to
evaluate the influence of fuel injection pump
parameters on fuel delivery. The test was carried out
on fuel pump test rig. Following steps were
performed to conduct the experiment. 1. Disassemble
the pump for cleaning. 2. Clean the pump 3.Assemble
the pump 4.Mount the pump on the FIP test rig 5.
Make all the connections of fuel lines. 6. Calibrate
the firing order and timing of each individual injector
with the help of the dial provided.7. Set the lift as per
the specification in the manual. 8. Set the average
rpm, 500 stroke and the rack travel as per the manual
and adjust the nozzle so that all the nozzles delivers
equal amount of fuel. 9.Now set the required rpm,
stroke and the control rack travel and measure the
amount of fuel delivered 10.Repeat the same
procedure for biodiesel.
d) Work material
The first pump MICO BOSCH fuel injection
pump (combination number F002 A0Z 243-E 040
1264 00) is used by TATA Engineering and
Locomotive Co. Ltd. for vehicular application. The
second MICO BOSCH fuel injection pump
(combination number: 9400 030 659-E 040 0592 00)
is used by TATA Engineering, and Locomotive Co.
Ltd. It operates in TATA trucks and heavy duty
vehicles. In order to determine the fuel delivery
characteristics of the pumps we tested them on a fuel
injection pump test rig. The bio diesel used in this
experiment is extracted from soybean Oil having
following properties viz. Calorific value (MJ/Kg) -
39.76, Relative density 0.885, kinematic viscosity at
400
C is 4.08,cetane number is 40-53.
III. Experimental conditions
The experiments were carried out on fuel
injection pump test system for fuel delivery testing .
There are three input controlling factors selected
having three levels. Details of parameters and their
levels used shown in the table 3.1
Table 3.1(a): Process parameters and levels for
pump 1
A No of strokes 400 500 600
B
Control rack
travel
11.3 11.5 11.7
C rpm 800 900 1000
Table 3.1(b): Process parameters and levels for
pump 2
A No of strokes 400 500 600
B
Control rack
travel
9.2 9.4 9.6
C rpm 650 750 850
3. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
815 | P a g e
Table 3.2(a): Layout for Experimental Design
according to L9 Array for pump 1
EXP.
NO.
A
No of
strokes
B
Control rack
travel
C
rpm
1 400 11.3 800
2 400 11.5 900
3 400 11.7 1000
4 500 11.3 900
5 500 11.5 1000
6 500 11.7 800
7 600 11.3 1000
8 600 11.5 800
9 600 11.7 900
Table 3.2(b): Layout for Experimental Design
according to L9 Array for pump 2
EXP.
NO.
A
No of
strokes
B
Control rack
travel
C
rpm
1 400 9.2 650
2 400 9.4 750
3 400 9.6 850
4 500 9.2 750
5 500 9.4 850
6 500 9.6 650
7 600 9.2 850
8 600 9.4 650
9 600 9.6 750
IV. Results and Discussion
a) S/N Ratio Analysis-
In the Taguchi method, the term ‘signal’
represents the desirable value (mean) for the output
characteristic and the term ‘noise’ represents the
undesirable value for the output characteristic.
Taguchi uses the S/N ratio to measure the quality
characteristic deviating from the desired value. There
are several S/N ratios available depending on type of
characteristic: smaller is better (SB), nominal is best
(NB), or larger is better (LB). Smaller is better S/N
ratio used here. Smaller the better quality
characteristic was implemented and introduced in this
study.
Smaller the better characteristic
S/N = -10 log10 (MSD)
Where MSD= Mean Squared Division
Where Y1, Y2, Y3 are the responses and n is the
number of tests in a trial and m is the target value of
the result. The level of a factor with the smallest S/N
ratio was the optimum level for responses measured.
Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1 depict the factor effect on
fuel delivery . The smaller the signal to noise ratio,
the more favorable is the effect of the input variable
on the output.
Table 4.1(a): Summary Report for Different trials
conducted during Experimentation for pump1
Tria
l No.
Fuel delivery (ml) Avg. Fuel
delivery
(ml)
S/N
Ratio
Trial
1
Trial
2
Trial
3
1 20 19 20 19.67 25.86
2 23 22 23 22.67 27.10
3 26 25 27 26 28.28
4 33 34 34 33.67 30.54
5 36 35 36 35.67 31.04
6 38 39 38 38.34 31.66
7 45 44 45 44.67 32.99
8 42 42 43 42.34 32.53
9 40 41 40 40.34 32.11
Table 4.1(b): Summary Report for Different trials
conducted during Experimentation for pump2
Tria
l No.
Fuel delivery (ml) Avg. Fuel
delivery
(ml)
S/N
Ratio
Trial
1
Trial
2
Trial
3
1 20 21 20 20.34 26.15
2 22 21 22 21.67 26.70
3 25 23 24 24 27.58
4 28 27 28 27.67 28.83
5 32 33 32 32.34 30.27
6 31 30 31 30.67 29.73
7 38 37 38 37.67 31.51
8 34 33 35 34 30.62
9 36 35 36 35.67 31.04
Table 4.2(a) Estimated Model Coefficients for SN
ratios for pump 1
Term Coef SE
Coef
T P
Constant -
30.275
2
0.2771 -
109.2
3
0.000
Strokes 400 3.0903 0.3919 7.884 0.016
Strokes 500 -
0.8419
0.3919 -
2.148
0.165
Ctr 11.3 0.3703 0.3919 0.945 0.444
Ctr 11.5 -
0.0000
0.3919 -
0.000
1.000
Rpm 800 0.2481 0.3919 0.633 0.592
Rpm 900 0.3067 0.3919 0.783 0.516
Summary of Model-
S = 0.8314 R-Sq = 97.2% R-Sq(adj) = 88.8%
Table 4.2(b) Estimated Model Coefficients for SN
ratios for pump
Term Coef SE
Coef
T P
Constant -
29.228
1
0.1016 -
287.8
1
0.000
Strokes 400 2.2854 0.1436 15.91 0.004
4. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
816 | P a g e
3
Strokes 500 -
0.3964
0.1436 -
2.760
0.110
Ctr 9.2 0.3749 0.1436 2.611 0.121
Ctr 9.4 0.0344 0.1436 0.239 0.833
Rpm 650 0.4023 0.1436 2.801 0.107
Rpm 750 0.2555 0.1436 1.779 0.217
Summary of Model-
S = 0.3047 R-Sq = 99.4% R-Sq(adj) = 97.5%
Table 4.3(a) Response Table for Signal to Noise
Ratios Smaller is better (pump1)
Level strokes ctr rpm
1 -27.18 -29.90 -30.13
2 -31.12 -30.28 -29.97
3 -32.52 -30.65 -30.83
Delta 5.34 0.74 0.86
Rank 1 3 2
Table 4.3(b) Response Table for Signal to Noise
Ratios Smaller is better (pump2)
Level strokes ctr rpm
1 -26.94 -28.85 -28.83
2 -29.62 -29.19 -28.97
3 -31.12 -29.64 -29.89
Delta 4.17 0.78 1.06
Rank 1 3 2
From the Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1 it is clear
that, the optimum value levels for fuel delivery are at
a No of strokes(400),ctr (11.3), and rpm (800). Also,
for fuel delivery, from it can be seen that, the most
significant factor is No of strokes, followed by rpm,
and control rack travel.
MeanofSNratios
600500400
-27.0
-28.5
-30.0
-31.5
-33.0
11.711.511.3
1000900800
-27.0
-28.5
-30.0
-31.5
-33.0
strokes ctr
rpm
Main Effects Plot (data means) for SN ratios
Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better
Figure 4.1(a): Effect of process parameters on S/N
Ratio for pump 1
MeanofSNratios
600500400
-27
-28
-29
-30
-31
9.69.49.2
850750650
-27
-28
-29
-30
-31
strokes ctr
rpm
Main Effects Plot (data means) for SN ratios
Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better
Figure 4.1(b): Effect of process parameters on S/N
Ratio for pump 2
b) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Analysis of variance is a standard statistical
technique to interpret experimental results. It is
extensively used to detect differences in average
performance of groups of items under investigation.
It breaks down the variation in the experimental
result into accountable sources and thus find the
parameters whose contribution to total variation is
significant. Thus analysis of variance is used to study
the relative influences of multiple variables, and their
significance.
The purpose of ANOVA is to investigate
which process parameters significantly affect the
quality characteristic. The analysis of the
experimental data is carried out using the software
MINITAB 14 specially used for design of experiment
applications. In order to find out statistical
Significance of various factors like No of strokes (A),
rpm (B), and control rack travel (C), and their
interactions on fuel delivery, analysis of variance
(ANOVA) is performed on experimental data. Table
4.2 shows the result of the ANOVA with the fuel
delivery . The last column of the table indicates p-
value for the individual control factors. It is known
that smaller the p-value, greater the significance of
the factor. The ANOVA table for S/N ratio (Table
4.4a) indicate that, the No of strokes (p=0.029),
control rack travel (p= 0.627) and rpm (p=0.499) in
this order, are significant control factors effecting
fuel delivery. It means, the No of strokes is the most
significant factor and the control rack travel. has less
influence on the performance output.
5. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
817 | P a g e
Residual
Percent
5.02.50.0-2.5-5.0
99
90
50
10
1
Fitted Value
Residual
4540353025
5.0
2.5
0.0
-2.5
-5.0
Residual
Frequency
4.53.01.50.0-1.5-3.0-4.5
3
2
1
0
Observation Order
Residual
987654321
5.0
2.5
0.0
-2.5
-5.0
Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Fitted Values
Histogram of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Order of the Data
Residual Plots for fd
Residual
Percent
210-1-2
99
90
50
10
1
Fitted Value
Residual
3632282420
2
1
0
-1
Residual
Frequency
2.01.51.00.50.0-0.5-1.0-1.5
4
3
2
1
0
Observation Order
Residual
987654321
2
1
0
-1
Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Fitted Values
Histogram of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Order of the Data
Residual Plots for fd
Table 4.4(a) Analysis of Variance for SN ratios
Table 4.4(b) Analysis of Variance for SN ratios
c) Percent contribution-
Percent contribution to the total sum of
square can be used to evaluate the importance of a
change in the process parameter on these quality
characteristics
Percent contribution (P) = (SS’A / SST) *100
Table 4.5(a): Optimum Condition and Percent
Contribution for pump 1
SR.
No.
Factors
Level
Description
Level
Contribution
(%)
1
A: No of
strokes.
400 1 92.74
2 B: rpm 800 2 2.80
3 C:ctr 11.3 3 1.66
Table 4.5(b): Optimum Condition and Percent
Contribution for pump 2
SR.
No.
Factors
Level
Description
Level
Contribution
(%)
1
A: No of
strokes.
400 1 89.67
2 B: rpm 650 2 6.61
3 C:ctr 9.2 3 3.09
Fig 4.2(a) pie chart for pump 1
Fig 4.2(b) pie chart for pump 2
Figure 4.3(a): Residual Plots for fuel delivery of
pump1
Source D
F
Seq
SS
Adj
SS
Adj
MS
F P
Strokes 2 45.94
1
45.94
1
22.97
05
33.2
3
0.02
9
Ctr 2 0.822
8
0.822
8
0.411
4
0.60 0,62
7
rpm 2 1.390
1
1.390
1
0.695
1
1.01 0.49
9
Residu
al
Error
2 1.382
6
1.382
6
0.691
3
Total 8 49.53
65
Source D
F
Seq
SS
Adj
SS
Adj
MS
F P
Strokes 2 26.84
6
26.84
6
13.42
33
144.
6
0.00
7
Ctr 2 0.927
8
0.927
8
0.463
9
5.00 0.16
7
rpm 2 1.979
2
1.979
2
0.989
6
10.6
6
0.08
6
Residu
al
Error
2 0.185
6
0.185
6
0.092
8
Total 8 29.93
9
Figure 4.3(b): Residual Plots for fuel delivery of
pump2
6. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
818 | P a g e
c) Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is used for explaining or
modeling the relationship between a single variable
Y, called the response, output or dependent variable,
and one or more predictor, input, independent or
explanatory variables Mathematical models for
process parameters such as No of strokes,rpm &
control rack travel were obtained from regression
analysis using MINITAB 14 statistical software to
predict fuel delivery .
The regression equation for pump 1 during course off
is
Y = -73.0+0.0967A+0.0117B+4.17C
S = 3.11627 R-Sq = 92.2% R-Sq(adj) =
87.5%
Where,
Y = Response i.e Fuel delivery (ml)
A = No of strokes, B = Rpm, C = control rack travel
(mm),
If we put optimum parameters which are drawn by
ANOVA in equation 1 it will give optimum value of
quality characteristic which will minimum fuel
delivery.
Yopt = -73.0+0.0967A1 + 0.0117B2 + 4.17C3
Y opt = -73.0+0.0967*400+0.0117*800+4.17*11.3
Y opt = 22.161 ml (Predicted by Regression
Equation)
In multiple linear regression analysis, R2 is
value of the correlation coefficient and should be
between 0.8 and 1. In this study, results obtained
from fuel delivery in good agreement with regression
models (R2>0.80).
Similarly, The regression equation for pump 2 during
course off is
Y = -64.1+0.0683A+0.0167B+5.00C
S = 1.37032 R-Sq = 97.0% R-Sq(adj) =
95.2%
Where,
Y = Response i.e Fuel delivery (ml)
A = No of strokes, B = Rpm, C = control rack travel
(mm),
If we put optimum parameters which are drawn by
ANOVA in equation 1 it will give optimum value of
quality characteristic which will mimimize fuel
delivery.
Yopt = -64.1+0.0683A1 + 0.0167B2 + 5.00C3
Y opt = -64.1+0.0683*400+0.0167*650+5.00*9.2
Y opt = 20.075 ml (Predicted by Regression
Equation)
In multiple linear regression analysis, R2 is
value of the correlation coefficient and should be
between 0.8 and 1. In this study, results obtained
from fuel delivery in good agreement with regression
models (R2>0.80).
e) Conformation Experiments:
In Order to test the predicted result,
confirmation experiment has been conducted by
running another four trials at the optimal settings of
the process parameters determined from the Analysis
i.e. A1B2C3 for pump1 & pump 2.
Table 4.6 (a) Trial for pump 1
Observation
Trial
1
Trial
2
Trial
3
Trial
4
Avg.fuel
delivery
(N)
S/N
Ratio
1 22 23 23 22 22.5 27.03
Table 4.6 (b) Trial for pump 2
Observation
Trial
1
Trial
2
Trial
3
Trial
4
Avg.fuel
delivery
(N)
S/N
Ratio
1 20 21 21 21 20.75 26.33
The results are shown in above table and it
is observed that the average fuel delivery i.e. 22.5
and average S/N Ratio 27.03 which falls within
predicted 80% Confidence Interval. Similarly for
pump 2 average S/N ratio is 26.33 which falls in
predicted interval.
With the use of biodiesel in fuel injection
pump, process parameters does not show any
variations but the influence of biodiesel on some
tribology characteristics of fuel injection system
cannot be neglected. The tests have been performed
on a fully equipped fuel injection test bed and
surface roughness measurement device. The tested
fuel was neat biodiesel produced from soyabeen oil.
Attention was focused on the biodiesel influence on
the pump plunger surface roughness The influence of
biodiesel on the pump plunger surface is studied. The
surface area, positioned close to the top of the pump
plunger, has been selected. It is known that this
surface has a very important influence on the
injection pressure. It turned out that under the
microscope the surface looked always pretty the
same, regardless of the fuel used.
Table 4.7 (a) Biodiesel Influence on Surface
Roughness of Plunger skirt
Plunger skirt
Surface
Before
biodiesel
(µm)
After Biodiesel
(µm)
Plunger of
Pump 1
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
Plunger of
Pump 2
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.12
7. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
819 | P a g e
Table 4.7 (b) Biodiesel Influence on Surface
Roughness of Plunger Head
Pump Plunger
Head
Before
biodiesel
(µm)
After Biodiesel
(µm)
Plunger of
Pump 1
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.08
Plunger of
Pump 2
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
Fig. 4.4 Pump Plunger
In order to obtain the surface roughness
parameters, five mea-surements were performed on
both, plunger skirt and head, for each parameter. It
turned out that the influence of biodiesel usage is
rather minor for the plunger skirt. On the contrary,
the roughness parameters of the plunger head
exhibited significant changes after biodiesel usage.
One can see that the surface roughness at the
pump plunger head increased by a factor of two when
biodiesel was used. Luckily, the surface roughness at
the pump plunger head is not as important as the
roughness at the plunger skirt .For this reason, the
obtained results are not alarming, although some
further tribology investigations would be necessary to
evaluate the situation more precisely.
V. Conclusions
The Taguchi method was applied to find an
optimal setting of the fuel delivery parameters
process. The result from the Taguchi method chooses
an optimal solution from combinations of factors if it
gives optimized combined S/N ratio of targeted
outputs. . The results are summarized as follows:
Among three process parameters No of strokes
followed by Rpm and Control rack travel was
most influencing parameters on damping force
The Optimal level of process parameter were
found to be A1B2C3
The prediction made by Taguchi parameter
design technique & Regression analysis are in
good agreement with confirmation results
The result of present investigation are valid
within specified range of process parameter.
The parametric effect on fuel delivered by FIP of
Diesel engine have optimum control and
economic usage of fuel. The parameters
observed were fuel delivery. The inputs varied
are rpm of the pump, control rack travel and
number of strokes. This study helps to explain
the optimum parameters required to achieve
optimum performance of FIP system of engine.
This also helps in following functional
requirements of an injection system: a) Accurate
metering of fuel injected per cycle. b) Proper
control of rate of injection. c) Proper atomization
of fuel. d) Proper spray pattern. e) Uniform
distribution of fuel droplets. f) To supply equal
quantities of metered fuel to all cylinder in case
of multi cylinder engines. g) No lag during
beginning and end of injection to prevent
dribbling.
The influence of biodiesel on the pump plunger
surface is studied and concluded that greater
roughness, obtained after biodiesel usage, will not
worsen the sliding conditions at pump plunger skirt.
After biodiesel usage, the average value of the root
mean square roughness decreased which could even
be an indication for improved lubrication conditions.
References
[1] Breda Kegl,Marko Kegl and Stanislav
Pehan, Optimization of a Fuel Injection
System for Diesel and Biodiesel Usage,
University of Maribor, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Smetanova 17, SI-
2000 Maribor, Slovenia, Energy Fuels,
2008, 22 (2), pp 1046–1054
[2] Semin, Abdul Rahim Ismail and Rosli Abu
Bakar, Diesel Engine Convert to Port
Injection CNG Engine Using GA’seous
Injector Nozzle Multi Holes Geometries
Improvement: A Review, American J. of
Engineering and Applied Sciences 2 (2):
268-278, 2009
[3] Avinash kumar agrawal, shrawan kumar
singh et al, Effect of EGR on the exhaust
GA’s temperature and exhaust opacity in
compression ignition engines, Sadhana Vol.
29, Part 3, June 2004, pp. 275–284. Printed
in India
[4] Carlucci A.P et al, A combined optimization
method for common rail diesel engines,
ASME-ICE, Vol 38 PP 243-250, ASME
spring technical conference, 2002.
[5] Heywood J.B, I.C.Engine fundamentals, Mc
Graw Hill Newyork, 1988.
[6] Kegl B, Kegl M, Pehan S. Optimization of a
8. Mohammad Javed, Prof. S.D. Ambekar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.813-820
820 | P a g e
fuel injection system for diesel and biodiesel
usage. Energ Fuel 2008;22:1046–54.
[7] Kegl B, Hribernik A. Experimental analysis
of injection characteristics using biodiesel
fuel. Energ Fuel 2006;20:2239–48
[8] Taguchi G, Konishi S. Taguchi methods,
orthogonal arrays and linear graphs, tools
for quality American supplier institute.
American Supplier Institute; 1987 [p. 8–35].
[9] asavarajappa S., Chandramohan G., Paulo
Davim J., "Application of Taguchi
techniques to study dry sliding wear
behaviour of metal matrix composites",
Materials and Design, Vol. 28, 2007, pp.
1393 – 1398.
[10] R.H. Lochner, J.E. Matar, Design for
quality–An introduction to the best of
Taguchi and Western methods of statistical
experimental design, New York, 1990.
[11] R.K. Roy, Design of experiments using the
Taguchi approach, John Willey&Sons. Inc.,
New York, 2001.
[12] Roy, R.K.,“A Primer on the Taguchi
method”, Competitive Manufacturing
Series, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,
1990.