Two thirds of Africa's arable lands could be lost by 2025 due to climate change negatively impacting soils. Soil erosion, loss of organic carbon, and nutrient depletion are key threats. Africa loses 3% of agricultural GDP annually from soil and nutrient loss. Small family farms dominate agriculture in Africa. Climate change is projected to significantly reduce agricultural productivity in Africa by 2080, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Adaptation measures like climate-smart agriculture, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and indigenous practices like Zai pits can help increase resilience and food security if widely adopted.
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COP Session November 16, 2016
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Time & Location: 15:00 – 16:30, Room 1, Green Zone
Partners: ICARDA (Leading Role) & INRA Morocco
Agricultural technological innovation in MENA in the context of climate chang...ICARDA
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Ensuring climate resilience of agro-ecosystems and sustainable management of ...ICARDA
Dr. Rachid MRABET
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INRA Rabat
Cop 22 - Session November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
Climate Risk Management: Experience of MoroccoICARDA
Hamid MAHYOU
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COP22 Session - Novembere 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
The Role of Agricultural Policy Reform and Investment in meeting Future Food...ICARDA
Mark W. Rosegrant
COP Session November 16, 2016
Session Title: Coping with Climate Change in MENA Region: Meeting future food demand through science and innovation
Time & Location: 15:00 – 16:30, Room 1, Green Zone
Partners: ICARDA (Leading Role) & INRA Morocco
Agricultural technological innovation in MENA in the context of climate chang...ICARDA
Aly Abousabaa
Director General ICARDA
COP22 Session - November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
Ensuring climate resilience of agro-ecosystems and sustainable management of ...ICARDA
Dr. Rachid MRABET
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INRA Rabat
Cop 22 - Session November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
Climate Risk Management: Experience of MoroccoICARDA
Hamid MAHYOU
National Institute for Agronomic Research - Morocco
COP22 Session - Novembere 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
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http://www.borlaug100.org
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Assessment of genetic resources conservation and use in Near East and North A...ICARDA
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COP22 Session - 8th November 2016, Marrakech
Genetic Resources Regional Strategy: A strategic framework for genetic conservation and sustainable use in MENA .
Presentation delivered by Dr. Tray Thomas (The Context Network, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
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Potential yields and yield gaps in wheat: the bases of wheat yield progressCIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Dr. Tony Fischer (CSIRO, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
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Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agricultureILRI
Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Improving estimates of GHG emission factors from livestock production systems...ILRI
In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is estimated to account for over 60% of GHG emissions, primarily due to land use change and enteric methane production in ruminants; and over 80% of agriculture (both area and production) is smallholder systems. No empirical studies on enteric CH4 emissions and very few studies on GHG emissions from soils in these systems have been conducted. This study sampled 60 farms in western Kenya using static chambers (3 reps) and analyzed soils once for total C/N content, BD and texture and 4 times for soil IN concentration.
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Presentation delivered by Dr. Tray Thomas (The Context Network, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
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What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
Keating - Sustainable intensification and the food security challenge CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Presentation on success stories and challenges ahead to make global agriculture more climate smart. Brownbag presentation in the WorldBank on 15th May by Andy Jarvis from the CCAFS program of the CGIAR.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
Bridging the gaps: Challenges and Opportunities CGIAR
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Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Adapting Agriculture to climate change in Africa: the answers of science
1. 26/10/2018
1
Adapting Agriculture to
Climate Change in Africa:
the Answers from Science
Johannesburg, October, 25th, 2018
Rachid Moussadek & Rachid Mrabet
INRA Morocco
rachidmoussadek@yahoo.fr
Key threats to soils in Africa
Two thirds of Africa’s arable lands could be lost by 2025 because of
the negative impact of climate change.
Soil: At the Heart of Water and Food Security Nexus
Soil erosion, loss of soil organic carbon, and nutrient imbalance
(depletion)
The continent loses 3% of agricultural GDP
annually from soil and nutrient loss on
farmlands
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Vast majority of Africa’s farms are small and family
operated
Mean size
(ha)
% < 2 ha
Sub-Saharan Africa 2.4 69
West Asia - North
Africa
4.9 65
South Asia 1.4 78
East Asia 1.0 79
SE Asia 1.8 57
Central America 10.7 63
South America 111.7 36
Europe 32.3 30
USA 178.4 4
Eastwood et al., 2009
Africa has 33 million family
farms of less than 2 hectares,
accounting for more than
65 % of farms
Women are the backbone of
agriculture in Africa
Only 3% of farms have more
than 10 hectares
Yield Gaps Persist
ERS (2013)
Yield reduction in Africa due to past soil erosion may range
from 2 to 40%, with a mean loss of 8.2% for the continent.
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Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Productivity Are Likely to Be
Strongly Negative Overall – and African Agriculture Highly Vulnerable
Source: UNEP/GRID-ArendalMaps and Graphics Library, Wheeler 2011
Projected Changes in Agricultural Productivity by 2080
Agricultural productivity will come under pressure from Climate Change, with large parts
of Africa expected to experience downward yield pressure of above 15%.
Sub-Saharan Africa will be
hit particular hard.
It is estimated that across
Africa maize yields will drop
by 5% and wheat yields by
17% before 2050.
Knox et al. 2012
Future impacts vary by region
Need for Adaptation
Crop-level adaptations increase simulated
yields by an average of 7–15%, with
adaptations more effective for wheat and
rice than maize.
Challinor et al. 2014
Consensus on
yield decreases
is stronger in
tropical than
temperate
regions,
4. 26/10/2018
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND YIELD REDUCTION IN AFRICA
BY 2050
Crop Region Reduction (%) Reference
Maize Africa 10 Jones and Thornton
(2003)
Food crops West
Africa
11 Roudier et al. (2011)
Food crops Sahel 18 Roudier et al. (2011)
Maize SSA 5 Chijioke et al. (2011)
Wheat SSA 22 Chijioke et al. (2011)
Rice SSA 2 Chijioke et al. (2011)
Yam/ Sweet
potato
SSA 12 Chijioke et al. (2011)
Cassava SSA 8 Chijioke et al. (2011)
Sorghum/ Millet SSA (+1-2) Chijioke et al. (2011)
• The effect of CO2 fertilization is less on C-4 crops
• Inter-annual variability in yield will increase
African Agriculture at Cross Road
• Double its production
by 2030 and triple it by
2050.
• Zero hunger by 2025
(food available needs to be
increased by 47 percent of
current demand.)
• Developing agriculture
while protecting the
continent’s natural
resources depends on
sustainable intensification.
• Effective and sustainable
intensification efforts must
be geared to family farmers.
• Local markets are the main
and most dynamic
destination for agricultural
producers.
5. 26/10/2018
5
Climate Resilient Agriculture in Africa
Coupling and hybridizing
– Sustainable Intensification (SI): 4 for 100 per year of increased
production is necessary
– Sustainable expansion of croplands to increase by 1.5 percent or by
38.9 million hectares.
60% of the planet’s unexploited arable lands are
found in Africa, but land must be protected from
degradation and exhaustion
High potential in irrigated agriculture
Rainfed agriculture produces 90% of SSA’s staple food needs... ...and irrigated
supply provides only 5%
6. 26/10/2018
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African (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions « (I)NDC
analysis »: Adaptation measures
CSA= Climate Smart Agriculture
SLM = Sustainable Land Management
AF = Agroforestery
AE = Agro-ecology
Plans and policies are in progress for widening appropriation
by farmers of resilience
21
20
15
85
21
20
15
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
CSA
AF
AE
SLM
Countries Projects
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/73255
Richards et al., 2016
Agroforestry systems:
Cost-effective solutions to Climate Resilience
Beyond significant cocoa
production, Cocoa agroforestry
systems in Cameroun provide
wood, fruits, medicine and a
variety of ecological services.
REDD+ or AFOLU CONCEPTS Mbow et al., 2013
Maize Growing under Faidherbia Albida Trees in Tanzania
7. 26/10/2018
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Agroforestry and Soil Carbon Sequestration Rates
kg C ha−1 yr−1
World Bank 2012
Conservation Agriculture (CA)
is an approach to managing agro-ecosystems for
improved and sustained productivity, increased profits
and food security while preserving and enhancing the
resource base and the environment
① Minimizing soil disturbance, consistent with sustainable production.
② Maximizing soil surface cover by managing crops, pastures and crop
residues.
③ Stimulating biological activity through crop rotations, cover crops
and integrated nutrient and pest management.
8. 26/10/2018
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Conservation agriculture holds great
promise for Africa
Conservation agriculture holds great
promise for Africa
Kassam et al, 2017
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
AreainHectars
Year
Conservation Agriculture
• Yield increase
• Reduced Gaps
• Reduced
production costs
• Farmer incomes
• Resource
efficiency
• Energy
efficiency
• Drought
mitigation
• Erosion
reduction
• Ecosystem
services
• High
biodiversity
Coping technologies to lower/sporadic rainfall, floods and
rising temperatures.
2.7 million ha
157 million ha
in the world
Closing the yield gaps with CA
Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia,
Kenya and Tanzania
Corbeels, M., et al., 2013
Africa will never feed itself without conservation agriculture
Increased productivity (for
small, medium and large scale farmers).
Savings in labour (up to 60%).
yield CT = 0,0033 Rainfall + 1,4116
R2
= 0,1823
yield NT = 0,0028 Rainfall + 2,01
R2
= 0,1457
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Rainfall (mm)
GrainYield(Mg/ha)
No-tillage
Conventional Tillage
Mrabet, 2011
Morocco
9. 26/10/2018
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Internalizing benefits from environmental
preservation
Carbon sequestration with CA
Ben Moussa Machraoui et al. 2010
Tunisia
Sub-Sahara Africa:
0.28 and 0.96 Mg C ha−1 yr−1
Powlson et al. 2016
Potential SOC fixed annually by CA
compared to systems based on soil
tillage in Africa
145 Mt C per year =
533 Mt of
CO2 per
year
Almost 3 times
Europe’s
potential!
c
o2
González-Sánchez et al., 2018
11. 26/10/2018
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CHANGE IN 2050 IN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AT RISK OF HUNGER, RELATIVE TO THE BASELINE
SCENARIO, AFTER ADOPTION OF IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
Rosegrant et al. (2014)Zero-tillage is the best option for wheat
Trade-Offs Between Profitability and Carbon Sequestration of SLM
Technologies
World Bank 2012
12. 26/10/2018
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Science Based SLM up-scaling:
Gateways for expanding knowledge
Nexus Thinking
Vertical thinking and
thematic research
Integrated multi-component
approach
Nexus Approach
Time & Space Scales
Livelihoods
Trade-offs
Pathways
Policy shifts Ecological functions
Revision and transformation of old concepts
Broadening scopes and objectives From participative to partnership process
Plot Research Pilot & Plateforme Research & Development
KEY MESSAGES
Adapting agriculture to CC
– Enforcing research (long term SLM trials), technology transfer
and extension systems to generate SLM knowledge,
developments and innovations
– Developing knowledge and access to robust technologies and soil
information as well as enhancing skills for all stakeholders.
– Developing and marketing indigenous knowledge related to SLM.
– Identifying the policy space for agriculture resilience: defining and
allocating responsibilities.
– Sustaining links among governments, research and extension
offices, NGOs and civil society, private sector and farmers
communities.
– Implementing national and regional level efforts to extend and
scale-up CSA, SFM and AF…
