Data Day 2012_Fradkin_Intro to GIS
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This document provides an introduction to data mapping and geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses key concepts like coordinate systems, projections, data models, attributes, and cartography. It also outlines where to find spatial data sources like MassGIS and how to display data in GIS software. The goal is to explain the basic properties and techniques of working with geographic data.
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Data Day 2012_Fradkin_Intro to GIS
- 1. Introduction to Data Mapping Barry Fradkin GIS Analyst Metropolitan Area Planning Council Friday, January 27, 2012
- 2. About me…
- 3. Data Mapping • More geographic data becoming available • See patterns that aren’t otherwise apparent • What are the properties of spatial data? • Where can we find spatial data? • How do we make maps ourselves?
- 9. Coordinate Systems • Cartesian Coordinate System • Geographic Coordinate System – Latitude and Longitude • Boston 42°21′28″N, 71°03′42″W 42.359228, -71.061515
- 10. Understanding Projections • Earth is roughly spherical • Maps are 2-dimensional • Distortion is inevitable
- 11. Types of Projections • Mercator is common • Specialized projections for smaller areas • For Massachusetts: NAD 1983 State Plane Massachusetts (m or ft.)
- 12. Data Models • Feature geometry can be shown in two ways: • Vector – Points, lines, polygons – Discrete objects • Raster – Grid of cells – Continuous data
- 13. Attributes • The information behind the geometry • Similar to Excel or Access tables • Types of attributes: – Nominal (text) – Ordinal (rank) – Interval (numeric) ID Nominal Ordinal Numeric 1 residential low 10 2 industrial high 700 3 commercial medium 14.625 4 open space very low 0.263
- 14. Attribute Formatting • Headers: no spaces or special characters • UPPER CASE / lower case / Sentence Case • Number format makes a difference Number Format Minimum Value Maximum Value Short integer -32,768 32,767 Long integer −2,147,483,648 2,147,483,648 Float Many digits, decimals Many digits, decimals Double More digits, decimals More digits, decimals
- 15. Where to find the data? • MassGIS – Office of Geographic Information – Municipalities, roads, water, land use – US Census: blocks, block groups, tracts – Air photos, elevation, impervious surface • Data tables from state and federal gov’t. – Unique IDs can be used to join to geography
- 17. Compile your own data • Geocoding – Street addresses > Address Locator – Latitude/Longitude (decimal degrees) • Digitizing – Manually draw features from air photo – Georeference an existing map image • Join your own tables to existing geography
- 18. Displaying the Data • Data layers • Symbology – Colors – Point size – Line width • Labels – Font size – Positioning
- 19. Cartography • All maps should have: –North Arrow –Scale Bar –Legend –Title –Date –Source
- 20. Consider your audience • Make text large enough to be legible • 5 to 10% of men are colorblind • Colorbrewer.org:
- 21. GIS Software • Online mapping tools: – MassGIS OLIVER: http://www.mass.gov/mgis/mapping.htm – MetroBoston DataCommon: http://metrobostondatacommon.org/ – Google Maps, Google Earth, OpenStreetMap • Open Source Software – Quantum GIS, GRASS, SAGA
- 22. ESRI ArcGIS • ArcMap • ArcCatalog • ArcToolbox • ArcScene • ArcGlobe • Cheap non-profit license available • esri.com/nonprofit