The use of multiple antennas for diversity, including MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is one of the most promising wireless technologies for broadband communication applications. This antenna system is a vital study in today’s wireless communication system especially when the signal propagates through some corrupted environments. In our paper new techniques of improving bit error ratio and signal to noise ratio are discussed. Inter symbol interference is a major limitation of wireless communications. It degrades the performance significantly if the delay spread is comparable or higher than the symbol duration. To remove ISI, equalization needs to be included at the receiver end. This paper discusses the merits of the MIMO system and the techniques used for improving BER performance and SNR. In MIMO wireless communication, an equalizer is used to recover a signal that suffers from Inter symbol Interference (ISI) and the BER characteristics is improved and a good SNR can be obtained. Different equalization techniques are discussed in this paper.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
To keep up with rising demand and new technologies, the wireless industry is researching a wide array of solutions for 5G, the next generation of wireless networking. Technologies based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), including Massive MIMO, are among key concepts. As a leading provider of wireless simulation tools, Remcom is developing an innovative and efficient MIMO simulation capability.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
In recent past the influence of Radar has played a significant part in various fields. Radar sensing is one of
the prime application by which velocity and distance of a moving target can be found out. A joint RadCom
system to serve both radar sensing and wireless communication is proposed which ensures better
performance in terms of spectral efficiency, extended detection range and cost effectiveness. Such systems
demand for a common waveform which is designed in this work that perfectly matches to the system
requirements. OFDM multi carrier technique is chosen to generate a common waveform. Applicability of
multiple antenna technique for direction of arrival estimation is also considered. MIMO-OFDM technique
has gained much interest in the field of communication which improves the signal to noise ratio and lowers
the bit error rate. On the other hand the usage of MIMO reflects in the form of interference between
signals. In order to overcome this effect beamforming technique is used. In addition to theoretical
explanations we have also simulated and discussed the results for the proposed RadCom system using
MATLAB simulation tool.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Rapid developments in modern wireless communication permit the trade of spectrum scarcity. Higher data rate and wider bandwidth emerge the development in growing demand of wireless communication system. The innovative solution for the spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio (CR). Cognitive radio is the significant technology used to utilize the spectrum effectively. The important aspect of CR is sensing the spectrum band and detects the presence or absence of the primary user in the licensed band. Moreover, another serious issue in next generation (5G) wireless communication is to decide the less complex 5G waveform candidate for achieving higher data rate, low latency and better spectral efficiency. Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is one of the noticeable waveform candidates for 5G and its applications. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sensing methods in multi-carrier transmission for cognitive radio network applications. Especially, we integrate the sensing algorithm into UFMC transceiver to analyze the spectral efficiency, higher data rates and system complexity. Through the simulation results, we prove that the UFMC based cognitive radio applications outperform the existing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based CR applications.
To keep up with rising demand and new technologies, the wireless industry is researching a wide array of solutions for 5G, the next generation of wireless networking. Technologies based on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), including Massive MIMO, are among key concepts. As a leading provider of wireless simulation tools, Remcom is developing an innovative and efficient MIMO simulation capability.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
In recent past the influence of Radar has played a significant part in various fields. Radar sensing is one of
the prime application by which velocity and distance of a moving target can be found out. A joint RadCom
system to serve both radar sensing and wireless communication is proposed which ensures better
performance in terms of spectral efficiency, extended detection range and cost effectiveness. Such systems
demand for a common waveform which is designed in this work that perfectly matches to the system
requirements. OFDM multi carrier technique is chosen to generate a common waveform. Applicability of
multiple antenna technique for direction of arrival estimation is also considered. MIMO-OFDM technique
has gained much interest in the field of communication which improves the signal to noise ratio and lowers
the bit error rate. On the other hand the usage of MIMO reflects in the form of interference between
signals. In order to overcome this effect beamforming technique is used. In addition to theoretical
explanations we have also simulated and discussed the results for the proposed RadCom system using
MATLAB simulation tool.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
Radio over fiber system based on a hybrid link for next generation of optical...IJECEIAES
Radio over fiber technology will play an important role in solving problems facing wireless technology. Envisaging a global village, people could transmit and receive “anytime, anywhere, and anything”. In addition, the explosive growth in internet applications such as the World Wide Web, demonstrates the tremendous increase in bandwidth and low power that the coming world of multimedia interactive applications will require from future networks. ROF technology uses multicarrier modulation like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which provides an opportunity of having an increased in bandwidth together with an affordable cost and this idea has recently become a suitable topic for many research works. On the other hand, SAC-OCDMA (Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access) technique is able to enhance the data rate of system and increase the number of user. In this paper we introduce a ROF link using a hybrid OFDM/SAC-OCDMA technique.
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
Impulse Radio Ultra WideBand (IR-UWB) commu- nication has proven to be an important
technique for supporting high-rate, short-range, and low-power communication. In this paper, using
detailed models of typical IR-UWB transmitter and receiver structures, we model the energy
consumption per information bit in a single linkof an IR-UWB system, considering packet overhead,
retransmissions, and a Nakagami-m fading channel. Using this model, we minimize the energy
consumption per information bit by finding the optimum packet length and the optimum number of
RAKE fingers at the receiver for different transmission distances, using Differential Phase-shift keying
(DBPSK), Differential Pulse-position Modulation (DPPM) and On-off Keying (OOK), with coherent
and non-coherent detection. The increasing demand for wireless communication introduces efficient
spectrum utilization challenge. To address this challenge, cognitive radio (CR) is emerged as the key
technology; which enables opportunistic access to the spectrum. CR is a form of wireless
communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones..
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
A Mathematical Approach for Hidden Node Problem in Cognitive Radio NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio (CR) technology has emerged as a realistic solution to the spectrum scarcity
problem in present day wireless networks. A major challenge in CR radio networks is the hidden node
problem, which is the inability of the CR nodes to detect the primary user. This paper proposes energy
detector-based distributed sequential cooperative spectrum sensing over Nakagami-m fading, as a tool to
solve the hidden node problem. The derivation of energy detection performance over Nakagami-m fading
channel is presented. Since the observation represents a random variable, likelihood ratio test (LRT) is
known to be optimal in this type of detection problem. The LRT is implemented using the Neyman-Pearson
Criterion (maximizing the probability of detection but at a constraint of false alarm probability). The
performance of the proposed method has been evaluated both by numerical analysis and simulations. The
effect of cooperation among a group of CR nodes and system parameters such as SNR, detection
threshold and number of samples per CR nodes is investigated. Results show improved detection
performance by implementing the proposed model.
Reducing the Peak to Average Power Ratio of Mimo-Ofdm SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this paper, we proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based partial transmit sequence (PTS)
technique in order to achieve the lowest Peak-to-Average Power Ratio(PAPR) in Multiple Input Multiple
Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. Our approach consist of
applying the PSO based PTS on each antenna of the system in order to find the optimal phase factors,
which is a straightforward method to get the minimum PAPR in such a system. The simulation results
demonstrate that the PSO based PTS algorithm when applied to MIMO-OFDM systems with a wide range
of phase factors, tends to give a high performance. In addition, there is no need to increase the number of
particles of the PSO algorithm to enhance the performance of the system. As a result of this, the complexity
of finding the minimum PAPR is kept at a reasonable level.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION USING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPUTATIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Texture information is exploited for classification of HSI (Hyperspectral Imagery) at high spatial resolution. For this purpose, framework employs to LBP (Local Binary Pattern) to extract local image features such as edges, corners & spots. After the extraction of LBP feature two levels of fusions are applied along with Gabor feature & spectral feature, i.e. Feature level fusion & Decision level fusion. In Feature level fusion multiple features are concurred before pattern classification. While in decision level fusion, it works on probability output of each individual classification pipeline combines the distinct decisions into final one. Decision level fusion consists of either hard fusion, soft fusion method. In hard fusion we consider majority part & in soft fusion linear logarithmic opinion pool at probability level (LOGP). In addition to this, extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is included which is more efficient than support vector machine (SVM), used to provide probability classification output. It has simple structure with one hidden layer & one linear output layer. ELM trained much faster than SVM.
An overview of Massive MIMO technology and it's scope for the next generations of wireless communications. Presented at a seminar in Ulm University in the department of Communications Engineering.
Spectrum sensing is an essential concept in cognitive radio. It exploits the inefficient utilization
of radio frequency spectrum without causing destructive interference to the licensed users. In
this paper we considered spectrum sensing of Digital Video Broadcast Terrestrial (DVB-T)
signal in different scenario. We compared various spectrum sensing algorithms that make use of
the second order statistics; the energy detector was also included for comparison. The results
show that it is possible to obtain good detection performance by exploiting the correlation
method.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technologyijtsrd
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been widely used in an area of wireless cellular communication system, providing the both increased capacity and reliability. However, the use of multiple antennas in mobile terminals may not be very practical due to limited space and other implementation issues. In this paper, cooperative MIMO has been used in a way to optimise the implementation and working of conventional MIMO systems in terms of BER and Spectral Efficiency while maintaining a minimal number of antennas on each handset. Cooperative MIMO with V-BLAST transmission over Rayleigh flat fading channels and amplify and forward protocol with one relay node for modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, QAM using various decoding techniques has been analysed. Decoding algorithms like ZF, MMSE and ML have been analysed with respect to their BER performances. Since, there is throughput loss in cooperative MIMO due to extra resources required for relaying, adaptive modulation has been used with C-MIMO to meet the demands for high data rates in Long Term Evolution Network. Sukhreet Kaur | Dr. Amita Soni"New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/12919/new-adaptive-cooperative-mimo-for-lte-technology/sukhreet-kaur
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
Radio over fiber system based on a hybrid link for next generation of optical...IJECEIAES
Radio over fiber technology will play an important role in solving problems facing wireless technology. Envisaging a global village, people could transmit and receive “anytime, anywhere, and anything”. In addition, the explosive growth in internet applications such as the World Wide Web, demonstrates the tremendous increase in bandwidth and low power that the coming world of multimedia interactive applications will require from future networks. ROF technology uses multicarrier modulation like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which provides an opportunity of having an increased in bandwidth together with an affordable cost and this idea has recently become a suitable topic for many research works. On the other hand, SAC-OCDMA (Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access) technique is able to enhance the data rate of system and increase the number of user. In this paper we introduce a ROF link using a hybrid OFDM/SAC-OCDMA technique.
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
Impulse Radio Ultra WideBand (IR-UWB) commu- nication has proven to be an important
technique for supporting high-rate, short-range, and low-power communication. In this paper, using
detailed models of typical IR-UWB transmitter and receiver structures, we model the energy
consumption per information bit in a single linkof an IR-UWB system, considering packet overhead,
retransmissions, and a Nakagami-m fading channel. Using this model, we minimize the energy
consumption per information bit by finding the optimum packet length and the optimum number of
RAKE fingers at the receiver for different transmission distances, using Differential Phase-shift keying
(DBPSK), Differential Pulse-position Modulation (DPPM) and On-off Keying (OOK), with coherent
and non-coherent detection. The increasing demand for wireless communication introduces efficient
spectrum utilization challenge. To address this challenge, cognitive radio (CR) is emerged as the key
technology; which enables opportunistic access to the spectrum. CR is a form of wireless
communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones..
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
A Mathematical Approach for Hidden Node Problem in Cognitive Radio NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio (CR) technology has emerged as a realistic solution to the spectrum scarcity
problem in present day wireless networks. A major challenge in CR radio networks is the hidden node
problem, which is the inability of the CR nodes to detect the primary user. This paper proposes energy
detector-based distributed sequential cooperative spectrum sensing over Nakagami-m fading, as a tool to
solve the hidden node problem. The derivation of energy detection performance over Nakagami-m fading
channel is presented. Since the observation represents a random variable, likelihood ratio test (LRT) is
known to be optimal in this type of detection problem. The LRT is implemented using the Neyman-Pearson
Criterion (maximizing the probability of detection but at a constraint of false alarm probability). The
performance of the proposed method has been evaluated both by numerical analysis and simulations. The
effect of cooperation among a group of CR nodes and system parameters such as SNR, detection
threshold and number of samples per CR nodes is investigated. Results show improved detection
performance by implementing the proposed model.
Reducing the Peak to Average Power Ratio of Mimo-Ofdm SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this paper, we proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based partial transmit sequence (PTS)
technique in order to achieve the lowest Peak-to-Average Power Ratio(PAPR) in Multiple Input Multiple
Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. Our approach consist of
applying the PSO based PTS on each antenna of the system in order to find the optimal phase factors,
which is a straightforward method to get the minimum PAPR in such a system. The simulation results
demonstrate that the PSO based PTS algorithm when applied to MIMO-OFDM systems with a wide range
of phase factors, tends to give a high performance. In addition, there is no need to increase the number of
particles of the PSO algorithm to enhance the performance of the system. As a result of this, the complexity
of finding the minimum PAPR is kept at a reasonable level.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION USING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPUTATIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Texture information is exploited for classification of HSI (Hyperspectral Imagery) at high spatial resolution. For this purpose, framework employs to LBP (Local Binary Pattern) to extract local image features such as edges, corners & spots. After the extraction of LBP feature two levels of fusions are applied along with Gabor feature & spectral feature, i.e. Feature level fusion & Decision level fusion. In Feature level fusion multiple features are concurred before pattern classification. While in decision level fusion, it works on probability output of each individual classification pipeline combines the distinct decisions into final one. Decision level fusion consists of either hard fusion, soft fusion method. In hard fusion we consider majority part & in soft fusion linear logarithmic opinion pool at probability level (LOGP). In addition to this, extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is included which is more efficient than support vector machine (SVM), used to provide probability classification output. It has simple structure with one hidden layer & one linear output layer. ELM trained much faster than SVM.
An overview of Massive MIMO technology and it's scope for the next generations of wireless communications. Presented at a seminar in Ulm University in the department of Communications Engineering.
Spectrum sensing is an essential concept in cognitive radio. It exploits the inefficient utilization
of radio frequency spectrum without causing destructive interference to the licensed users. In
this paper we considered spectrum sensing of Digital Video Broadcast Terrestrial (DVB-T)
signal in different scenario. We compared various spectrum sensing algorithms that make use of
the second order statistics; the energy detector was also included for comparison. The results
show that it is possible to obtain good detection performance by exploiting the correlation
method.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technologyijtsrd
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been widely used in an area of wireless cellular communication system, providing the both increased capacity and reliability. However, the use of multiple antennas in mobile terminals may not be very practical due to limited space and other implementation issues. In this paper, cooperative MIMO has been used in a way to optimise the implementation and working of conventional MIMO systems in terms of BER and Spectral Efficiency while maintaining a minimal number of antennas on each handset. Cooperative MIMO with V-BLAST transmission over Rayleigh flat fading channels and amplify and forward protocol with one relay node for modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, QAM using various decoding techniques has been analysed. Decoding algorithms like ZF, MMSE and ML have been analysed with respect to their BER performances. Since, there is throughput loss in cooperative MIMO due to extra resources required for relaying, adaptive modulation has been used with C-MIMO to meet the demands for high data rates in Long Term Evolution Network. Sukhreet Kaur | Dr. Amita Soni"New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/12919/new-adaptive-cooperative-mimo-for-lte-technology/sukhreet-kaur
Mansfield Career Mode 2026/27 Youth ChallengeHybridzzy
This is a slideshow of my Mansfield Career Mode! It is a Youth Challenge! The Rules of that are on Slide 2! Upvote my squad on FUTHEAD and so check out my other careers1 More careers are to come!
Karakteristik metode penelitian dan pengembangan adalah metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan produk tertentu, dan menguji keektifan produk tersebut. Untuk dapat menghasilkan produk tertentu digunakan penelitian yang bersifat analisis kebutuhan (digunakan metode survey atau kualitatif) dan untuk menguji keefektifan produk tersebut supaya dapat berfungsi di masyarakat luas, maka diperlukan penelitian untuk menguji keektifan produk tersebut (digunakan metode eksperimen).
Tahap pengembangan model meliputi: 1) Studi pendahuluan dengan menerapkan pendekatan diskriptif kualitatif, dan 2) Pengembangan desain model dan perangkat pendukung yang mengacu pada desain model penelitian menurut Wademan. Langkah pengembangan Model Wademan adalah 1) Problem identification, 2) Identification of tentative products and design principles, 3) Tentative products and theories, 4) Prototyping and assessment of preliminary products and theories, dan 5) Problem resolution and adVancing theory
TECHNIQUES IN PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF MOBILE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM...Onyebuchi nosiri
Mobile wireless communication providers are expected by their numerous subscribers to provide network that can allow higher data rates, and good voice quality. However, this may be restricted due to some technical problems such as limited availability of radio frequency spectrum, bandwidth, channel capacity, geographical areas and transmission problems caused by various factors like fading and multipath distortion. All these lead to overall system performance degradation. This has led to various studies on how improvement on the performance of wireless communication can be realized using different techniques. This paper is a review of some scholarly works on this subject. To achieve this some recent scholarly articles were accessed online and their findings were highlighted. It was observed that all the articles reviewed had results drawn only from theoretical analysis. Based on this, one of the recommendations is that theoretical analysis should be supported with data obtained from carrying out RF measurements in the field where possible.
Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
Min input and min output of the system can be conduct by the process of interest in the process of view of synchronisation and software Engineer at the system can be a good idea for this colour combination of view of the best part of the system can be conduct by the process of view till now I'm interested for the system based engineering and technology related issues in college and software engineer h today’s increasing demand for security, especially in public places such as
airports, train stations, supermarkets, schools, and crowded street, surveillance cameras are
used for monitoring daily activities and detecting abnormal events. This task focuses on the
localization of anomalies using both temporal and partial information in videos. Anomalies
can be defined as events deviating from normal behavior [1], e.g., fighting, sneaking,
or unattended bags at an airport. The purpose of using surveillance cameras is the early
detection of anomalous human behaviors. This is a critical task in many cases where human
intervention is necessary, e.g., for crime prevention or countering terrorism. However,
this process requires labor-intensive and continuous human attention, which is a tedious
process, since abnormal events only happen 0.01% of the time and 99.9% of the surveillance
time is wasted [2]. Moreover, a surveillance system produces a lot of redundant video data,
which require unnecessary storage space. For reducing human errors and storage costs, it
is necessary to build an efficient surveillance system for detecting any strange behaviors
that may lead to dangerous situations. This requires deep and comprehensive study of
human activity recognition, to understand the features representative of each action.
Anomaly detection in video has a wide range of applications, such as for traffic
accident detection, criminal activity detection, and illegal activity detection. In addition,
detecting anomalous items or abandoned objects, such as guns or knifes, is necessary in
sensitive area
IMPLEMENTATION OF LINEAR DETECTION TECHNIQUES TO OVERCOME CHANNEL EFFECTS IN ...IJCI JOURNAL
Spatial diversity technique enables improvement in quality and reliability of wireless link. Antenna
diversity along with understanding effects of channel on transmitted signal and methods to overcome the
channel impairment plays an important role in wireless communication where sharing of channel occurs
between users. In this paper single input single output system (SISO) is compared with multiple input
multiple output system (MIMO) in terms of bit error rate performance. Bit error rate performance is also
evaluated for MIMO with least squares (LS) and Minimum mean square error (MMSE) linear detection.
Further analysis and simulation is done to understand the effect of channel imperfections on BER.
Performance Analysis of OFDM in Combating Multipath FadingIOSR Journals
Mobile Communication system has been on high rampage for high data transmission over wireless
medium with various challenges caused by the transmission Channel. OFDM is been discovered in recent years
to deal with this problems because of its ability to elegantly cope with multipath interference. This paper
investigates the performance of different modulation schemes using M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) and Mary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) in information transmission with OFDM technique over Ideal
channel AWGN and worst channel Rayleigh Fading channel in terms of Bits Error Rate (BER). Analysis was
made for different types of modulation schemes BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM gray coded bit mapping.
Also, a feasibility of OFDM been used to combat multipath fading was analyzed with comparison between a
single carrier technique and OFDM multicarrier technique. Variation between SNR results with respect to BER
is plotted to show the trade off differences between the modulation schemes with the result showing that OFDM
allows data transmission with minimal error over fading channel than a Single Carrier
Performance Analysis of OFDM in Combating Multipath FadingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Mobile Communication system has been on high rampage for high data transmission over wireless medium with various challenges caused by the transmission Channel. OFDM is been discovered in recent years to deal with this problems because of its ability to elegantly cope with multipath interference. This paper investigates the performance of different modulation schemes using M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) in information transmission with OFDM technique over Ideal channel AWGN and worst channel Rayleigh Fading channel in terms of Bits Error Rate (BER). Analysis was made for different types of modulation schemes BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM gray coded bit mapping. Also, a feasibility of OFDM been used to combat multipath fading was analyzed with comparison between a single carrier technique and OFDM multicarrier technique. Variation between SNR results with respect to BER is plotted to show the trade off differences between the modulation schemes with the result showing that OFDM allows data transmission with minimal error over fading channel than a Single Carrier. Keywords: OFDM, Single Carrier, AWGN, Rayleigh fading, BER, M-ary PSK, M-ary QAM
Improvement of MFSK -BER Performance Using MIMO Technology on Multipath Non L...theijes
Digital communications has evolved rapidly with a lot of success. The new trend seems to be the reinvention of already existing and even discredited or discarded theories or in this case, channels. Extensive research into optimizing or enhancing already existing schemes is still gaining momentum with practical results for all to experience and utilize. This paper describes the design and BER performance of an M-ary frequency shift keyed (FSK) signaling and demodulation scheme improved by MIMO antenna technology for wireless communications. MFSK and MIMO systems were briefly reviewed including AWGN, Non LOS fading and an important factor employed to estimate the performance of digital transmission. The research was performed using MATLAB for simulation and evaluation of the BER
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. 62 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Techniques for Improving BER and SNR in MIMO Antenna for Optimum PerformanceIJMTST
Even now many there are many MIMO wireless
routers on the market, and as this RF technology is
becoming more widespread, more MIMO routers
and other items of wireless MIMO equipment will
be seen.MIMO technology has attracted attention
in wireless communications, since it offers
significant increases data throughput and link
range without additional bandwidth or transmit
power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency
(more bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) and
link reliability or diversity (reduced fading).
Because of these properties, MIMO is a current
theme of international wireless
research.Point-to-point (single user) MIMO
communication promises large gains for both
channel capacity and reliability, essentially via the
use of space-time codes (diversity gain oriented)
combined with stream multiplexed transmission
(rate maximization oriented). Multiuser MIMO
(MU-MIMO) information theory advocates for the
use of spatial sharing of the channel by the users.
II. OFDM
The main limiting factors in high data rate
transmission are noise, inter-symbol interference
(ISI) and multipath effects. The effects of ISI on the
transmission are negligible as long as the delay
spread is significantly shorter than the duration of
one transmitted symbol. At higher data rates this
problem becomes very obvious. In order to mitigate
the effects of ISI many techniques are suggested
like equalization which can be used to suppress the
echoes caused by the channel. Recently a new and
more robust technique is suggested known as
OFDM.
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing. The basic idea is to divide the
available spectrum into several sub-carriers
transmitted in parallel to each other. This parallel
transmission support high data rates with minimal
amount of ISI. For high efficiency the OFDM
sub-carriers must be overlapping and orthogonal.
The orthogonality allows simultaneous
transmission of lot sub-carriers in a tight frequency
space without interference.
The spectrum of each sub-carrier has a “null” at
the centre frequency of each of the other sub-carrier
in the system.
Fig.1 orthogonality of sub-carriers
OFDM is a wideband system with many
narrowband sub-carriers. The mathematical MIMO
channel model is based on a narrow band
non-frequency selective channel. The latter is
supported by OFDM as well. Fading effects in
wideband systems normally occur only at
particular frequencies and interfere with few
sub-carriers. The data is spread over all carriers, so
that only a small amount of bits get lost, and these
can be repaired by forward error correction (FEC).
.Each subcarrier is modulated using varying levels
of QAM modulation, e.g. QPSK, QAM, 64QAM or
possibly higher orders depending on signal quality.
Each OFDM symbol is therefore a linear
combination of the instantaneous signals on each
of the sub carriers in the channel. Because data is
transmitted in parallel rather than serially, OFDM
symbols are generally MUCH longer than symbols
on single carrier systems of equivalent data rate.
III. EQUALIZATION TECHNIQUES
In wireless communication, an equalizer in
general is implemented in the receiver side in order
to recover the signal very efficiently from the Inter
symbol interference problems . This
implementation of equalizers improves the Bit
Error Rate and hence provides good Signal to Noise
ratio. These equalization techniques are also called
as combining techniques as the signals from
various paths are combined together. The
Equalization techniques are as follows:
A. Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC):
In this MRC technique, each of the signals is
multiplied with a weight function which is
proportional to the signal amplitude. Hence the
diversity branch which has strong signals is
amplified further and the branches with weak
signals are further attenuated. In this diversity
3. 63 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Volume: 2 | Issue: 04 | April 2016 | ISSN: 2455-3778IJMTST
combining technique, signals from various
channels are added together and the gain of each
channel is proportional to the RMS value of the
signal and is inversely proportional to the mean
square noise level of that particular channel. This
is also called as pre-detection combining or
ratio-squared technique and is well suited for
independent AWGN channels.
IV. MIMO
A. History of MIMO
ArogyaswamiPaulraj and Thomas Kailath
proposed the concept of Spatial Multiplexing using
MIMO in 1993. Their US Patent No. 5,345,599
issued in 1994 on Spatial Multiplexing emphasized
applications to wireless broadcast. In 1996, Greg
Raleigh and Gerard J. Foschinirefine new
approaches to MIMO technology, which considers
configurations where multiple transmit antennas
are co-located at one transmitter to improve the
linkthroughput effectively. Bell Labs was the first
to demonstrate a laboratory prototype of spatial
multiplexing(SM) in 1998, where spatial
multiplexing is a principal technology to improve
the performance of MIMO communication systems,
Block Diagram of MIMO
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
As a last step, we include additive noise in our
input/output model. We make the standard
assumption that w(t) is zero-mean additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) with power . The
assumption of AWGN essentially means that we are
assuming that the primary source of the noise is at
the receiver or is radiation impinging on the
receiver that is independent of the paths over
which the signal is being received. This is normally
a very good assumption for most communication
situations.
The system was initially tested under AWGN
channel conditions using BPSK modulation
scheme. Next, tests were conducted under Rayleigh
fading channel conditions. Under these conditions,
the system performance degraded enormously
making it imperative to come up with a solution.
The Rayleigh fading channel and the solutions to
minimize the effect of channel will be discussed in
detail in the next chapter.
B. Alamouti STBC:
Space-time block codes are used for MIMO
systems to enable the transmission of multiple
copies of a data stream across a number of
antennas and to exploit the various received
versions of the data to improve the reliability of
data-transfer. Space-time coding combines all the
copies of the received signal in an optimal way to
extract as much information from each of them as
possible.
Space time block coding uses both spatial and
temporal diversity and in this way enables
significant gains to be made.
Space-time coding involves the transmission of
multiple copies of the data. This helps to
compensate for the channel problems such as f
i/p data A/D
converter BPSK
Modulation
S/P
converter
IFFT P/S
Converter
Alamouti STBC
o/p data D/A
converter Demodulation
P/S
converter
FFT S/P
CONVERTE
R
Channel
4. 64 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Techniques for Improving BER and SNR in MIMO Antenna for Optimum PerformanceIJMTST
When using space-time block coding, the data
stream is encoded in blocks prior to transmission.
These data blocks are then distributed among the
multiple antennas (which are spaced apart to
decorrelate the transmission paths) and the data is
also spaced across time.
A space time block code is usually represented by
a matrix. Each row represents a time slot and each
column represents one antenna's transmissions
over time. ading and thermal noise. Although there
is redundancy in the data some copies may arrive
less corrupted at the receiver.
Within this matrix, Sij is the modulated symbol
to be transmitted in time slot i from antenna j.
There are to be Ttime slots and nT transmit
antennas as well as nR receive antennas. This
block is usually considered to be of 'length' T.
Since the transmission is done over two periods
of time, the decoding will also be done over two
periods of time. At the receiver, the received
vector Y can be represented by the following
equation:
This is for the first time period. For the second time
period, the equation is as follows:
where represents the received OFDM symbol
at the first time period, for antennas 1 and 2,
respectively, and where represents the
received OFDM symbol at the second time period
for antennas 1 and 2, respectively. Both equations
can easily be combined and arranged to produce
the following result:
The next step is to find a way to isolate the
transmitted symbols, x1 and x2. One way to
reduce the number of unknowns is by using a
channel estimator to estimate the channel
coefficients. In Nutaq’s OFDM reference design,
channel estimation OFDM symbols are sent with
each transmitted packet to enable estimating those
channel coefficients at the receiver. Given the
following matrix:
we can isolate x1 and x2by simply multiplying the
matrix Y by the inverse of H. However, since this
matrix is not square, we need to use the
Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse H+ to solve our
equations:
Using this inverse matrix expression, the noisy
estimated transmitted symbols can be found using
the following expression:
The last step would be to make a final decision on
the transmitted symbols. In Nutaq’s OFDM
5. 65 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Volume: 2 | Issue: 04 | April 2016 | ISSN: 2455-3778IJMTST
reference design, the decision is made based on the
minimum squared Euclidian distance criterion. In
the next figure, we can see that the addition of
diversity to the system brings a significant
performance gain in terms of BER in simulation.
C. Advantages
Higher data rates in wireless access
Improves reliability and coverage.
capacity scales linearly with number of
antennas
Larger spectral efficiency
Larger number of users
Better interference suppression.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
It isobserved that the Bit Error Rate of alamouti
equalizer based receiver is less as compared to
maximum ratio combining . The BER for
Theoretical MRC is 0.0581, Simulated ALMOUTI
is 0.0402 . This shows that alamouti has lower
BER as compared to MRC in every case
VI. CONCLUSION
To conclude this paper provides the complete
knowledge of the key issues in the field of mobile
communication. When data is transmitted at high
bit rates over mobile radio channels, the channel
impulse response can extend over many symbol
periods which leads to intersymbol Interference.
The ultimate goal is to provide universal personal
and multimedia communication without regard to
mobility or location with a high data rates. To
achieve such an objective a strong equalization
technique is taken. The receiver scheme is based
on Almouti STBC. Bit Error Rate performance for
MIMO-STBC in correlated Rayleigh flat fading
channel is better than Maximum ratio combining
Equalizer. The performance iscompared with the
two types of equalizer based receiver namely MRC,
STBCAs the number of transmitters is less and
more increasing in number and BER decreases for
a particular value of Eb/No value. BER
performance of STBC Equalizer is superior then
MRC Equalizer. The BER values from fig.1 are
0.0581 for MRC and 0.0402 for Almouti STBC. It is
inferred that theSTBC equalizer is the best of the
other equalizextend upto orthogonal
MIMO-STBC,Integer MIMO-STBC.
REFERENCES
[1] VaishaliW.Sonone,Dr.N.B.Chopade” Techniques for
improving BER and SNR in MIMO antenna for
optimum performance”
[2] Fundamentals of wireless communications-David
,Pramodviswanath
[3] Wireless communication & network – 2nd edition by
Theodore S. Rappaport
[4] Pramodini D V and A G Ananth,” study of
performance of linear & non-linear narrow band
receiver for 2x2 MIMO systems with STBC
multiplexing and almouti coding”
[5] Digital communication , 3rd edition by john R. Barry
,Edward A
[6] H. Zhang, H. Dai, Q. Zhou, and B. L. Hughes, 2006
on the “Diversity- multiplexing tradeoff for ordered
SIC receivers over MIMO channels,” IEEE
International Conference on Communications (ICC),
Istanbul, Turkey.
[7] K. Cho and D. Yoon, 2002,on “The general BER
expression of one and two-dimensional
amplitudemodulations," IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 50.
[8] N.Satish Kumar, Dr.K.R.Shankar Kumar,
“Performance Analysis of M*N Equalizer based
Minimum Mean SquareError (MMSE) Receiver for
MIMO Wireless Channel”, International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 16–
No.7, February 2011
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Eb/No, dB
BitErrorRate
BER for BPSK modulation with 2Tx, 2Rx Alamouti STBC (Rayleigh channel)
theory (nTx=1,nRx=1)
theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)
theory (nTx=2, nRx=1, Alamouti)
sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, Alamouti)