This document summarizes an empirical study that investigated indoor non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation at 24 GHz and 60 GHz millimeter wave bands. Measurements were conducted using 24 GHz Ubiquity AirFiber point-to-point links and 60 GHz phased array transceivers. The results showed that the 24 GHz band performed better than 60 GHz in NLOS propagation within offices. Specifically, the 24 GHz links achieved gigabit throughput over distances of up to 15 meters, while 60 GHz signals were significantly attenuated over similar distances or by obstructions along the transmission path. Therefore, the study concluded that 24 GHz networks could support wireless gigabit connectivity within modern office buildings.
Millimeter-wave frequencies between 30-300 GHz could augment current cellular spectrum bands for 5G wireless communications. Mm-wave spectrum would allow significantly larger bandwidth allocations, translating to higher data rates. Key challenges include mm-wave signals being blocked by buildings and attenuated by rain/foliage more easily than lower frequencies. However, shorter wavelengths allow for beamforming with high antenna gains to overcome propagation losses. A proposed mm-wave mobile broadband system would take advantage of this vast, underutilized spectrum using directional transmissions and a dense network of small cells.
Millimeter wave technology enables 5G communication by utilizing spectrum in the 30-300 GHz range. It allows for significantly wider channel bandwidths than 4G. Issues include high propagation losses that can be mitigated by beamforming and network densification. Initial 5G deployments may use a hybrid system with millimeter wave for high-speed data and 4G for control to address challenges like device power constraints. Narrow beams reduce interference but make initial access difficult, requiring techniques like MIMO. Building penetration is limited at millimeter wave frequencies.
This document summarizes research on channel modeling for millimeter wave MIMO communications. It discusses two scenarios: 1) An outdoor deployment using lampposts, where reflections from walls and the ground can cause fading that MIMO techniques can help mitigate. 2) An indoor link where spatial multiplexing is possible even in line-of-sight environments due to the compact sizes of antennas at millimeter wavelengths, though blockages significantly impact performance. The key differences in millimeter wave propagation compared to lower frequencies include higher path losses mitigated by high antenna directivity, sparser multipath environments, and greater sensitivity to blockages.
Integrated Optical Wireless Network For Next Generation Wireless SystemsCSCJournals
Next generation wireless networks need to support broadband wireless services at significantly reduced cost. The existing wireless systems can hardly provide transmission capacity of the order of few Mbps. However, millimeter waves and optical fiber can provide data capacity of the order of Gbps and Tbps respectively. Hence the requirements of broadband wireless system can be achieved through the integration of optical fiber and millimeter wireless systems. We suggest modified millimeter wireless system, with optical fiber as feeder network. Simulations have been carried out for AWGN and optical fiber channels using MATLAB code, so as to compare their individual performance. When compared it is observed that the performance of multimode optical fiber (MMOF) link even for distance of 80 KM is better than that of the AWGN channel with SNR of 50 dB and above. Hence, an integrated fiber radio network is an excellent cost effective media for higher data rate (>100Mbps).
Perspectives and challenges with millimetre wave communications (author Isabe...Edouard DEBERDT
This document discusses the potential for using millimeter-wave (mmW) communications technology between 30-300 GHz to increase network capacity for 5G networks. It outlines three approaches to increasing capacity: allocating additional spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, and cell densification. MmW frequencies could enable dense deployments without interference due to their propagation characteristics. The document then examines specific mmW frequency bands between 28-80 GHz and their available bandwidths and usage scenarios. Key challenges discussed include developing mmW channel models, beamforming techniques, and medium access control protocols.
Radio over Fiber Technology for WiMAX SystemsSajid Marwat
1) The document discusses using radio over fiber (RoF) technology to transmit WiMAX signals over optical fiber in order to reduce costs for wireless network operators.
2) It proposes deployment scenarios for RoF in WiMAX networks and reviews related experimental work.
3) Simulation results show that RoF transmission of WiMAX signals over standard single-mode fiber is feasible for fiber lengths up to 8 km.
This document discusses cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSN). It defines cognitive radio as a radio that is aware of its surroundings and adapts intelligently. A CRSN allows radios to dynamically tune to different frequencies and protocols based on environmental conditions to improve accessibility, adaptability, scalability, reliability and interconnectivity. The document outlines the CRSN mechanism of sense, analyze, decide and tune in using sensing and reconfigurable antennas. It compares cognitive radios to conventional radios, highlighting cognitive radios' ability to identify unused spectrum and adapt to interference. Benefits of CRSN include meeting FCC regulations and maximizing throughput. Applications of cognitive radio include compact wireless access points.
1. The document discusses schemes for generating millimeter-wave (MMW) signals using dual injection locking for 5G wireless communication systems. It describes remote heterodyne detection and dual mode lasers as two main techniques.
2. Remote heterodyne detection uses optical heterodyning to generate very high frequency MMW signals by mixing two laser signals. It has advantages like reduced dispersion but is sensitive to laser phase noise. Dual mode lasers can generate pure MMW signals but have narrow locking ranges.
3. The paper reviews four studies on different implementations of these schemes using dual wavelength fiber lasers, directly modulated dual mode lasers, dual injection locked Fabry-Perot lasers, and an
Millimeter-wave frequencies between 30-300 GHz could augment current cellular spectrum bands for 5G wireless communications. Mm-wave spectrum would allow significantly larger bandwidth allocations, translating to higher data rates. Key challenges include mm-wave signals being blocked by buildings and attenuated by rain/foliage more easily than lower frequencies. However, shorter wavelengths allow for beamforming with high antenna gains to overcome propagation losses. A proposed mm-wave mobile broadband system would take advantage of this vast, underutilized spectrum using directional transmissions and a dense network of small cells.
Millimeter wave technology enables 5G communication by utilizing spectrum in the 30-300 GHz range. It allows for significantly wider channel bandwidths than 4G. Issues include high propagation losses that can be mitigated by beamforming and network densification. Initial 5G deployments may use a hybrid system with millimeter wave for high-speed data and 4G for control to address challenges like device power constraints. Narrow beams reduce interference but make initial access difficult, requiring techniques like MIMO. Building penetration is limited at millimeter wave frequencies.
This document summarizes research on channel modeling for millimeter wave MIMO communications. It discusses two scenarios: 1) An outdoor deployment using lampposts, where reflections from walls and the ground can cause fading that MIMO techniques can help mitigate. 2) An indoor link where spatial multiplexing is possible even in line-of-sight environments due to the compact sizes of antennas at millimeter wavelengths, though blockages significantly impact performance. The key differences in millimeter wave propagation compared to lower frequencies include higher path losses mitigated by high antenna directivity, sparser multipath environments, and greater sensitivity to blockages.
Integrated Optical Wireless Network For Next Generation Wireless SystemsCSCJournals
Next generation wireless networks need to support broadband wireless services at significantly reduced cost. The existing wireless systems can hardly provide transmission capacity of the order of few Mbps. However, millimeter waves and optical fiber can provide data capacity of the order of Gbps and Tbps respectively. Hence the requirements of broadband wireless system can be achieved through the integration of optical fiber and millimeter wireless systems. We suggest modified millimeter wireless system, with optical fiber as feeder network. Simulations have been carried out for AWGN and optical fiber channels using MATLAB code, so as to compare their individual performance. When compared it is observed that the performance of multimode optical fiber (MMOF) link even for distance of 80 KM is better than that of the AWGN channel with SNR of 50 dB and above. Hence, an integrated fiber radio network is an excellent cost effective media for higher data rate (>100Mbps).
Perspectives and challenges with millimetre wave communications (author Isabe...Edouard DEBERDT
This document discusses the potential for using millimeter-wave (mmW) communications technology between 30-300 GHz to increase network capacity for 5G networks. It outlines three approaches to increasing capacity: allocating additional spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, and cell densification. MmW frequencies could enable dense deployments without interference due to their propagation characteristics. The document then examines specific mmW frequency bands between 28-80 GHz and their available bandwidths and usage scenarios. Key challenges discussed include developing mmW channel models, beamforming techniques, and medium access control protocols.
Radio over Fiber Technology for WiMAX SystemsSajid Marwat
1) The document discusses using radio over fiber (RoF) technology to transmit WiMAX signals over optical fiber in order to reduce costs for wireless network operators.
2) It proposes deployment scenarios for RoF in WiMAX networks and reviews related experimental work.
3) Simulation results show that RoF transmission of WiMAX signals over standard single-mode fiber is feasible for fiber lengths up to 8 km.
This document discusses cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSN). It defines cognitive radio as a radio that is aware of its surroundings and adapts intelligently. A CRSN allows radios to dynamically tune to different frequencies and protocols based on environmental conditions to improve accessibility, adaptability, scalability, reliability and interconnectivity. The document outlines the CRSN mechanism of sense, analyze, decide and tune in using sensing and reconfigurable antennas. It compares cognitive radios to conventional radios, highlighting cognitive radios' ability to identify unused spectrum and adapt to interference. Benefits of CRSN include meeting FCC regulations and maximizing throughput. Applications of cognitive radio include compact wireless access points.
1. The document discusses schemes for generating millimeter-wave (MMW) signals using dual injection locking for 5G wireless communication systems. It describes remote heterodyne detection and dual mode lasers as two main techniques.
2. Remote heterodyne detection uses optical heterodyning to generate very high frequency MMW signals by mixing two laser signals. It has advantages like reduced dispersion but is sensitive to laser phase noise. Dual mode lasers can generate pure MMW signals but have narrow locking ranges.
3. The paper reviews four studies on different implementations of these schemes using dual wavelength fiber lasers, directly modulated dual mode lasers, dual injection locked Fabry-Perot lasers, and an
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Millimeter wave technology uses frequencies between 25GHz and 300GHz for 5G cellular networks. This allows for higher bandwidth and multi-Gbps data rates compared to existing wireless technologies. Millimeter waves enable highly directional beamforming through small antennas and narrow beams. This reduces interference while improving security. However, millimeter waves experience greater path loss and attenuation than lower frequencies, requiring line-of-sight propagation or reflective surfaces for connectivity. Further research is working to address limitations and realize the full potential of millimeter wave spectrum for 5G and beyond.
An overview of cognitive radio, comparison of cognitive radio vs. conventional radio, real-world applications for cognitive radio networks, how cognitive radios improve spectrum efficiency and address the wireless spectrum shortage.
5G and Millimetre Wave Communications (author Isabelle tardy)Edouard DEBERDT
1) 5G networks will require 1000x greater capacity than current networks, which can be achieved through additional spectrum, improved spectral efficiency, and cell densification. However, cell densification risks greater interference. Millimeter wave frequencies provide non-interfering options for dense deployments.
2) Key challenges for 5G mmWave communications include integrating mmWave into 5G networks for indoor, outdoor, access, backhaul and fronthaul. Beamforming and antenna technologies must balance performance, complexity and power. MAC protocols need new control channel architectures and handling of initial access and handover.
3) Standards like IEEE 802.11ad and ay specify mmWave communication, primarily indoors in 57-
This document discusses cognitive radio in 5G networks. It begins with describing the evolution of mobile standards from 1G to 4G. It then introduces the concepts of 5G and cognitive radio. The key points are:
- 5G will provide very high data rates up to 1 Gbps and connect many more devices.
- Cognitive radio can improve spectrum efficiency by allowing unlicensed users to access licensed spectrum holes.
- The document proposes a cognitive radio based 5G network that can integrate various wireless technologies and help manage network complexity using cognitive radio's abilities.
INVESTIGATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY LICENSED SPECTRUM UTILIZATION IN NIGERIA: A ...ijwmn
This study was carried out to investigate the spectrum utilization of the licensed Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum in Rumuokwuta, Port Harcourt. An outdoor measurement of spectrum occupancy was carried out in a high-rise building situated at Rumuokwuta urban area in Port Harcourt, Nigeria using RF explorer spectrum analyzer and a personal computer laptop system. Spectrum activities in the band of 240-960 MHz were monitored for 24 hours. The frequency band was subdivided into 24 sub bands each with a span size of 30 MHz. Scanning of bands was made efficient using a python script that scans a range, analyzed the frequencies and signal strengths for 112 data points, saves data in CSV file format, scans the next range until the 24 ranges were scanned. The process was repeated to achieve 15 iterations. With a noise floor of - 110dBm, a threshold of -95dBm was used to determine the presence of signal, hence the spectrum occupancy of measured bands. Results showed that out of the 24 investigated sub bands; only one band was completely occupied with spectrum occupancy of 100%. 12 bands were partially occupied while 11 were completely free. The average spectrum occupancy for the whole band was obtained as 11.64%. This showed good location for dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio deployment, especially in Television White Space (TVWS).
NetSim(http://www.tetcos.com/ ) Simulator provide Cognative Radio network
follow this link for more Details
http://www.tetcos.com/
Cognitive radio (CR) is a form of wireless communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones
Cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its environment and can learn and adapt to better utilize available spectrum. It aims for highly reliable communication and efficient spectrum usage. Cognitive radios use radio scene analysis to detect spectrum holes by analyzing signals over time and space. They also estimate interference temperature using spectral estimation and adaptive beamforming. Transmit power control and dynamic spectrum management allow cognitive radios to opportunistically access spectrum holes while avoiding interference. Future work may focus on language understanding, MIMO techniques, and nanoscale processing to improve cognitive radio capabilities.
NetSim Webinar on Cognitive Radio NetworksSANJAY ANAND
Why use a Network Simulator for research ?
Introduction to NetSim
Cognitive Radio Basics
Designing Cognitive Radio networks using NetSim
Modifying Cognitive Radio source C code in NetSim
How to develop custom metrics?
Q & A
Ne xt generation dynamic spectrum access cognitive2006surveyyoooh
This document summarizes a survey on next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks. It discusses the inefficiency of fixed spectrum assignment in current wireless networks and introduces cognitive radio technology as the key enabler of opportunistic spectrum access. The document defines cognitive radio, outlines its physical architecture and cognitive capabilities, and describes the main functions of cognitive radio networks including spectrum sensing, management, mobility, and sharing. It also discusses the challenges these functions pose for upper layer protocols and the need for cross-layer design in cognitive radio networks.
Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And...Keith Nolan
Keith Nolan - spectrum, regulatory, technical and market issues surrounding the use of cognitive radio to improve spectrum usage efficiency and data capacity, IEEE VTS UKRI meeting, July 2012, Dublin, Ireland
This document discusses cognitive radio networks (CR). CR networks are defined as networks that are aware of their surroundings and can dynamically reconfigure their characteristics. The document outlines topics that will be discussed including CR antennas, mechanisms, accessibility, adaptivity, scalability, reliability and interconnectivity. It provides examples of how CR networks improve these qualities and can sense spectrum usage, analyze it, decide on parameters, and tune transmissions accordingly using reconfigurable antennas. The document compares CRs to conventional radios and outlines benefits of CRs such as functioning in challenging conditions and identifying unused spectrum. It mentions xG Technology developed CR network technology called xMax.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio networks including: the objectives of allowing unlicensed secondary users to access licensed spectrum; the centralized and distributed architectures; main issues like sensing, signaling, and spectrum decision; standards like IEEE 802.22; techniques for spectrum sensing, allocation, and sharing; cognitive radio platforms; future research directions; and conclusions. It surveys the technology and challenges of cognitive radio networks to enable efficient spectrum utilization.
This document is Kanagalu Manoj's PhD dissertation on estimating coverage for mobile cellular networks from signal strength measurements. The dissertation introduces the evolution of mobile communications and the cellular concept. It then discusses key cellular network concepts such as frequency reuse, handoff, and trunking. The dissertation aims to analyze how coverage estimation depends on the number of signal strength measurements, present techniques to improve estimates with limited measurements, and design networks for required reliability based on measurement distances.
Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive, intelligent radio and network technology that can automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission parameters enabling more communications to run concurrently and also improve radio operating behavior.
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers...shankar kumar
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers for wireless communication.introduction of antenna design and output response of all packaging antenna.
5 g Millimeter Wave Directional Cell DiscoveryAbdul Qudoos
This document discusses problems and solutions related to directional cell discovery in 5G millimeter wave networks. It describes how high frequencies and small antenna sizes in millimeter wave led to reduced coverage areas initially. Using multiple antennas helped increase capacity by combining transmitted power. Other challenges discussed include delays from directional beamforming and solutions proposed like using legacy base stations for initial synchronization and context sharing to reduce discovery times. Query-based access to stored context information and decreasing cell sizes are presented as solutions to reduce load on the network from frequent context calculations.
Cognitive radio networks allow for secondary users to access unused licensed frequencies, known as spectrum holes. The document discusses the history and introduction of cognitive radio, characteristics including cognitive capability, reconfigurable capability, and self-organized capability. It then covers cognitive radio networks architecture including infrastructure-based, ad-hoc, and mesh architectures. It also discusses security issues, attacks on cognitive networks, applications, cognition techniques, and future research directions such as seamless spectrum handovers and proactive spectrum selection and interference avoidance.
This document discusses indoor radio propagation modeling and network planning. It describes building databases that can represent indoor environments in either pixel or 3D vector formats. It also covers several propagation models, including COST 231 Multi Wall, ray tracing, and dominant path, that can be used to predict signal coverage and path loss within complex indoor scenarios like buildings, tunnels, stadiums, airports, and metros. Example predictions are shown for different indoor environments computed using the propagation models.
Sintering of Silica-Nickel NanocompositesIJRES Journal
This document summarizes research on the sintering of silica-nickel nanocomposites. Silica-nickel composite powders with varying nickel contents were synthesized via a sol-gel process and heat treated. The powders were then pressed and sintered at temperatures from 1100-1250°C. Densification of the composites increased with both higher sintering temperature and longer sintering time. Higher nickel content also led to greater densification. Maximum densification occurred at 1250°C for 2 hours for compositions with 15-20% nickel. The nickel particles formed during heat treatment were in the nanoscale range of 27-60 nm as characterized through XRD and TEM analysis.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Millimeter wave technology uses frequencies between 25GHz and 300GHz for 5G cellular networks. This allows for higher bandwidth and multi-Gbps data rates compared to existing wireless technologies. Millimeter waves enable highly directional beamforming through small antennas and narrow beams. This reduces interference while improving security. However, millimeter waves experience greater path loss and attenuation than lower frequencies, requiring line-of-sight propagation or reflective surfaces for connectivity. Further research is working to address limitations and realize the full potential of millimeter wave spectrum for 5G and beyond.
An overview of cognitive radio, comparison of cognitive radio vs. conventional radio, real-world applications for cognitive radio networks, how cognitive radios improve spectrum efficiency and address the wireless spectrum shortage.
5G and Millimetre Wave Communications (author Isabelle tardy)Edouard DEBERDT
1) 5G networks will require 1000x greater capacity than current networks, which can be achieved through additional spectrum, improved spectral efficiency, and cell densification. However, cell densification risks greater interference. Millimeter wave frequencies provide non-interfering options for dense deployments.
2) Key challenges for 5G mmWave communications include integrating mmWave into 5G networks for indoor, outdoor, access, backhaul and fronthaul. Beamforming and antenna technologies must balance performance, complexity and power. MAC protocols need new control channel architectures and handling of initial access and handover.
3) Standards like IEEE 802.11ad and ay specify mmWave communication, primarily indoors in 57-
This document discusses cognitive radio in 5G networks. It begins with describing the evolution of mobile standards from 1G to 4G. It then introduces the concepts of 5G and cognitive radio. The key points are:
- 5G will provide very high data rates up to 1 Gbps and connect many more devices.
- Cognitive radio can improve spectrum efficiency by allowing unlicensed users to access licensed spectrum holes.
- The document proposes a cognitive radio based 5G network that can integrate various wireless technologies and help manage network complexity using cognitive radio's abilities.
INVESTIGATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY LICENSED SPECTRUM UTILIZATION IN NIGERIA: A ...ijwmn
This study was carried out to investigate the spectrum utilization of the licensed Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum in Rumuokwuta, Port Harcourt. An outdoor measurement of spectrum occupancy was carried out in a high-rise building situated at Rumuokwuta urban area in Port Harcourt, Nigeria using RF explorer spectrum analyzer and a personal computer laptop system. Spectrum activities in the band of 240-960 MHz were monitored for 24 hours. The frequency band was subdivided into 24 sub bands each with a span size of 30 MHz. Scanning of bands was made efficient using a python script that scans a range, analyzed the frequencies and signal strengths for 112 data points, saves data in CSV file format, scans the next range until the 24 ranges were scanned. The process was repeated to achieve 15 iterations. With a noise floor of - 110dBm, a threshold of -95dBm was used to determine the presence of signal, hence the spectrum occupancy of measured bands. Results showed that out of the 24 investigated sub bands; only one band was completely occupied with spectrum occupancy of 100%. 12 bands were partially occupied while 11 were completely free. The average spectrum occupancy for the whole band was obtained as 11.64%. This showed good location for dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio deployment, especially in Television White Space (TVWS).
NetSim(http://www.tetcos.com/ ) Simulator provide Cognative Radio network
follow this link for more Details
http://www.tetcos.com/
Cognitive radio (CR) is a form of wireless communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones
Cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its environment and can learn and adapt to better utilize available spectrum. It aims for highly reliable communication and efficient spectrum usage. Cognitive radios use radio scene analysis to detect spectrum holes by analyzing signals over time and space. They also estimate interference temperature using spectral estimation and adaptive beamforming. Transmit power control and dynamic spectrum management allow cognitive radios to opportunistically access spectrum holes while avoiding interference. Future work may focus on language understanding, MIMO techniques, and nanoscale processing to improve cognitive radio capabilities.
NetSim Webinar on Cognitive Radio NetworksSANJAY ANAND
Why use a Network Simulator for research ?
Introduction to NetSim
Cognitive Radio Basics
Designing Cognitive Radio networks using NetSim
Modifying Cognitive Radio source C code in NetSim
How to develop custom metrics?
Q & A
Ne xt generation dynamic spectrum access cognitive2006surveyyoooh
This document summarizes a survey on next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks. It discusses the inefficiency of fixed spectrum assignment in current wireless networks and introduces cognitive radio technology as the key enabler of opportunistic spectrum access. The document defines cognitive radio, outlines its physical architecture and cognitive capabilities, and describes the main functions of cognitive radio networks including spectrum sensing, management, mobility, and sharing. It also discusses the challenges these functions pose for upper layer protocols and the need for cross-layer design in cognitive radio networks.
Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And...Keith Nolan
Keith Nolan - spectrum, regulatory, technical and market issues surrounding the use of cognitive radio to improve spectrum usage efficiency and data capacity, IEEE VTS UKRI meeting, July 2012, Dublin, Ireland
This document discusses cognitive radio networks (CR). CR networks are defined as networks that are aware of their surroundings and can dynamically reconfigure their characteristics. The document outlines topics that will be discussed including CR antennas, mechanisms, accessibility, adaptivity, scalability, reliability and interconnectivity. It provides examples of how CR networks improve these qualities and can sense spectrum usage, analyze it, decide on parameters, and tune transmissions accordingly using reconfigurable antennas. The document compares CRs to conventional radios and outlines benefits of CRs such as functioning in challenging conditions and identifying unused spectrum. It mentions xG Technology developed CR network technology called xMax.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio networks including: the objectives of allowing unlicensed secondary users to access licensed spectrum; the centralized and distributed architectures; main issues like sensing, signaling, and spectrum decision; standards like IEEE 802.22; techniques for spectrum sensing, allocation, and sharing; cognitive radio platforms; future research directions; and conclusions. It surveys the technology and challenges of cognitive radio networks to enable efficient spectrum utilization.
This document is Kanagalu Manoj's PhD dissertation on estimating coverage for mobile cellular networks from signal strength measurements. The dissertation introduces the evolution of mobile communications and the cellular concept. It then discusses key cellular network concepts such as frequency reuse, handoff, and trunking. The dissertation aims to analyze how coverage estimation depends on the number of signal strength measurements, present techniques to improve estimates with limited measurements, and design networks for required reliability based on measurement distances.
Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive, intelligent radio and network technology that can automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission parameters enabling more communications to run concurrently and also improve radio operating behavior.
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers...shankar kumar
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers for wireless communication.introduction of antenna design and output response of all packaging antenna.
5 g Millimeter Wave Directional Cell DiscoveryAbdul Qudoos
This document discusses problems and solutions related to directional cell discovery in 5G millimeter wave networks. It describes how high frequencies and small antenna sizes in millimeter wave led to reduced coverage areas initially. Using multiple antennas helped increase capacity by combining transmitted power. Other challenges discussed include delays from directional beamforming and solutions proposed like using legacy base stations for initial synchronization and context sharing to reduce discovery times. Query-based access to stored context information and decreasing cell sizes are presented as solutions to reduce load on the network from frequent context calculations.
Cognitive radio networks allow for secondary users to access unused licensed frequencies, known as spectrum holes. The document discusses the history and introduction of cognitive radio, characteristics including cognitive capability, reconfigurable capability, and self-organized capability. It then covers cognitive radio networks architecture including infrastructure-based, ad-hoc, and mesh architectures. It also discusses security issues, attacks on cognitive networks, applications, cognition techniques, and future research directions such as seamless spectrum handovers and proactive spectrum selection and interference avoidance.
This document discusses indoor radio propagation modeling and network planning. It describes building databases that can represent indoor environments in either pixel or 3D vector formats. It also covers several propagation models, including COST 231 Multi Wall, ray tracing, and dominant path, that can be used to predict signal coverage and path loss within complex indoor scenarios like buildings, tunnels, stadiums, airports, and metros. Example predictions are shown for different indoor environments computed using the propagation models.
Sintering of Silica-Nickel NanocompositesIJRES Journal
This document summarizes research on the sintering of silica-nickel nanocomposites. Silica-nickel composite powders with varying nickel contents were synthesized via a sol-gel process and heat treated. The powders were then pressed and sintered at temperatures from 1100-1250°C. Densification of the composites increased with both higher sintering temperature and longer sintering time. Higher nickel content also led to greater densification. Maximum densification occurred at 1250°C for 2 hours for compositions with 15-20% nickel. The nickel particles formed during heat treatment were in the nanoscale range of 27-60 nm as characterized through XRD and TEM analysis.
Effect of LVOF Sprayed Coating in Oxidation & Hot Corrosion Performance of Bo...IJRES Journal
Oxidation and hot corrosion is the major degradation mechanism of failure of boiler and gas turbine components. These failures occur because of the usage of wide range of fuels such as coal, oil at increased temperatures. To obviate these problems, in current investigation Al2O3+40%TiO2 powder has been deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192by LVOF (Low velocity oxy fuel process). The oxidation and hot corrosion performances of Al2O3+40%TiO2 coated as well as bare Boiler Steel SA-192 has been evaluated in air and with aggressive environment Na2SO4+60%V2O5 under cyclic conditions at an elevated temperatures of 8500C & 9500C. The kinetics of the corrosion is approximated by weight change measurements made after each cycle for total duration of 50 cycles. Each cycle consists of keeping the samples for 1 hour duration in Kanthol wire tube furnace at 8500C and 9500C followed by 20 minute cooling in ambient air. Weight change data has been taken after each cycle by digital electronic balance machine with an accuracy of 1 milligram. Graphs have been plotted between weight gains per surface area to number of cycles. Boiler Steel SA-192 has shown poor performance in oxidising and in hot corrosion environment it suffered intensive spallation in the form of removal of scales. To improve oxidation and hot corrosion resistance Al2O3+40%TiO2 coating has been successfully deposited on Boiler Steel SA-192 by Low velocity oxy fuel process using CERAJET spray nozzle (A proprietary item of MECPL, Jodhpur). Coating has shown approximately 90% & 92% improvement respectively in the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of Boiler Steel SA-192have been observed .
Implementation of the trinity of the control system based on OPCIJRES Journal
The WinCC+PLC control system is a typical real-time control system. Many Engineering colleges Introduce corresponding control experiments in relevant courses to enhance the students' understanding of this knowledge. But it needs both venues and funds and has unsafety factors to equipped with varieties of experimental subjects for the laboratory. This paper gives a very good solution to this problem by introducing MATLAB virtual control object in the classic WinCC+PLC control system. What’s more,it realizes the seamless connection between the MATLAB and the WinCC+PLC control system after analysing how to make the PID controller in STEP7 .
Introduction to WEDM and Constant Tension ControlIJRES Journal
Based on the introduction of WEDM and its development trend, narrates the requirements and development of tension control and all kinds of constant tension control device of a simple classification summary, finally indicating the direction of wire cutting technology in China need to develop.
Mobile Cloud Computing: Academic Services for Palestinian Higher Education In...IJRES Journal
Recently, Many Palestinian higher education institutions had a successful experience in utilizing e-Services and e-learning. Most of University services are currently applied as an electronic application web. Services such as lecture schedule, exams schedule, viewing the academic information, grades report, library services, Email services, eLearning services, News and Announcements, but these services are only supported by web based applications or desktop application which restrict the access of the users using computers or laptops. Users need to access the University services anytime and anywhere as mobile services, so in this paper we present a system called Mobile Cloud Computing Academic Services at Palestinian Higher Education Institutions (MCCAS) which is a mobile application to facilities access. MCCAS serve the students and the lecturers of Palestinian higher education institutions. According to a study we have done, there is a strong evidence on the readiness of academic staff and students to accept and use Academic Services on Mobile in their education environment. Also most institutions of higher education in Palestine have a suitable infrastructure, as wireless network or Wi-Fi. The study shown that students had an adequate knowledge and awareness to use technology in their education environment. Furthermore, this will support the utilization of technology in Palestinian higher education institutions. Agile methodology was adapted to develop MCCAS application. It incorporates the SDLC phases starting from the Planning, analysis, design, implementation, test and evaluation up to the Maintenance phase in each iteration. The evaluation was conducted on 220 students and 51 person from the academic staff at 8 universities from Gaza strip and west Bank, to determine users’ perception on MCCAS to measure the usability, ease of use, satisfaction. Also the results showed that MCCAS success in helping the users doing their transactions successfully and accurately any time anywhere. It is hoped that the result of this study will encourage the universities to engage MCCAS in their services. The system is evaluated by using SPSS T-independent test, Cronbach alpha and average method, the system's acceptance was 90.05%.
Application Of The Three-In-One Control Platform Based On OPC In The Lifting-...IJRES Journal
The document describes a three-in-one control platform that uses MATLAB, WINCC, and S7 300 PLC to optimize scheduling for a lifting-sliding stereo garage. Genetic algorithms in MATLAB are used to find the optimal scheduling scheme, which is passed to WINCC via OPC. WINCC then sends the scheme to the PLC to control the garage movements. The platform aims to minimize vehicle loading/unloading times. It includes details on encoding schemes, fitness functions, parameter selection, and the monitoring interface design in WINCC.
Jaw crusher kinematics simulation and analysisIJRES Journal
Jaw crusher is a kind of the relatively new compound pendulum jaw crusher, it has two crushing chamber and has an inverted crank rocker mechanism. The design is mainly to meet the following requirements: 1, crusher capacity 30-50t / h. 2, the maximum grain size of the material feed 120mm. 3, the largest nesting size should not exceed 30mm. According to the design requirements we design the complex dual-chamber pendulum jaw crusher. Design study of the current status of the development of the jaw crusher and the future trend of development, and the design parameters of the detailed calculations. And the most important is the use of ADAMS software crusher kinematics simulation and analysis .
A High Order Continuation Based On Time Power Series Expansion And Time Ratio...IJRES Journal
In this paper, we propose a high order continuation based on time power series expansion and time rational representation called Pad´e approximants for solving nonlinear structural dynamic problems. The solution of the discretized nonlinear structural dynamic problems, by finite elements method, is sought in the form of a power series expansion with respect to time. The Pad´e approximants technique is introduced to improve the validity range of power series expansion. The whole solution is built branch by branch using the continuation method. To illustrate the performance of this proposed high order continuation, we give some numerical comparisons on an example of forced nonlinear vibration of an elastic beam.
Uncertainties in the Determination of the W Boson MassIJRES Journal
In the standard model1 of particle physics, the mass of the W boson, MW, is an intrinsic measurement to make with the highest possible precision. The value is correlated with the mass of the top quark, mt, and the mass of the Higgs boson, MH, in higher order processes of the standard model framework. Because of this, accurate measurements of MW and mttest the internal consistency of the standard model. For example, comparing the constrained measurements of MH to the actual value of the boson not only helps validate the standard model as a coherent whole, but helps further define the properties of the Higgs boson itself. Due to the interrelated nature of the standard model’s constituents, understanding MWin full detail is of critical importance, especially if we intend to further understand the electroweak portion of the model. The standard model is a primarily predictive tool employed when undertaking experiments in particle physics. An advanced understanding of the subatomic physical world cannot be achieved without completion of the standard model. The goal of this project is to determine the Parton Distribution Function (PDF) uncertainty in the MWmeasurementat the D0 experiment. Using these PDFs and the W boson to electron-neutrino decay events generated by ResBos2, we study the primary causes of these uncertainties. We do this by using the detector fast simulation, Parametric Monte Carlo Simulation (PMCS). There are four distinct PDFs that we analyze: CTEQ6.62, CT10w, CT10, and CT10[12] where only the up and down quarks are considered. This analysis also helps us understand what additional measurements could be made to improve the PDF uncertainty.
Experimental Comparison of Trajectory Planning Algorithms for Wheeled Mobile ...IJRES Journal
In this paper, we present an experimental approach to compare various trajectory planning methods for practical application of wheeled mobile robots. The first method generates a trajectory according to the acceleration limits of the mobile robot and its relationship with the curvature of the planned path. The second method is an improvement of the conventional convolution-based trajectory generation method, on which the heading angles of a curved path is being considered. Due to the limited scope of the considered constraints of the previous approaches, A third approach that conserves the merits of the convolution operator is proposed to consider the high curvature turning points of a sophisticated curve such as a Lemniscate of Gerono,which causes geometrical limitations during robot navigation. All methods are compared experimentally on a two-wheeled mobile robot. The goal of the experiment is to determine which approach meets the criteria of time optimality and sampling time uniformity while considering the physical limits of the mobile robot and the geometrical constraints of the planned path.
Experimental Study of Sulphate Attack on Neutralized Red MudIJRES Journal
Concrete exposed to sulfate solutions can be attacked and suffer deterioration by expansion. The deterioration of reinforced concrete by sulfate attack causes the reinforcing steel to be exposed to the action of aggressive agents starting the corrosion of the reinforcement. It is known that the concrete resistance to sulfates can be significantly improved producing a dense waterproof concrete. Both the physical resistance of concrete to the penetration and capillary-induced migration of aggressive agents and the chemical resistance of the concrete to the deleterious reactions described above are important attributes of sulfate resisting concrete. Thus factors influencing the permeability and surface porosity of the concrete and the chemical resistance of cement are prime performance parameters of concrete exposed to sulphate attack. In this project physical resistance of concrete is traditionally achieved by specifying mix design parameters such as maximum water–cement ratio and minimum cement content, while the chemical resistance is by the use of sulphate resisting cement.
Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Antioxidant Activities of Some New P...IJRES Journal
A series of substituted pyrazoline derivatives 5(a-c) have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted chalcones 4(a-c) with isatinhydrazide. The starting materials, chalcones were prepared by clasien schimidt condensation of appropriate 1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone with substituted aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide and in poly ethylene glycol (PEG-400). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR & Mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for Antioxidant Activity by DPPH method.
Wine from Water Melon Juice Using Palm Wine Yeast IsolateIJRES Journal
clear wine was produced from water melon juice using saccahanomyce, cereuisiac isolated from palm wine. Saccahanomyce, cereuisiac was found to have the essential/important features for wine production. It was employed in the production of wine at a regulated temperature 15oC±2oC. Method was employed for the wine production; the sensory evaluation of the wine was carried out with respect to brix level, pH, alcoholic content, colour, texture, flavor and taste. The result obtained revealed a brix level of 8.3%, pH of 3.50, alcoholic content of 9.86%.The colour was white, texture was sweet and flavor was generally acceptable. The statistical analysis carried out also showed that there was no difference in the values obtained from the text samples when compared with that of standard. Finally, it is suggested a good alternative to foreign wine that have dominated our local markets.
This is a preliminary communication on the computer language Cs, which provides the full security of a computer. We call the security internal. The language inherits the syntax of language C++ but with the new rules of declaration of arrays, with an extension of cycle operations, and without pointers, goto, and functions like calloc-free (allocation-deallocation of memory). The language can provide external security (from cyber-attacks), if its operation system changes the incoming programs in accordance with standards of Cs. And if its Internet provider is special.
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
High Step-Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy Sy...IJRES Journal
In this project, A novel high step-up converter, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed.Through a voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors, a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step-up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio.The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the lifetime of the input source. In addition, due to the lossless passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved.
A Simple and Robust Algorithm for the Detection of QRS ComplexesIJRES Journal
The objective of this paper is to develop an easy, efficient and robust algorithm for the analysis of electrocardiogram signals. The technique used in this algorithm is based on the use of Moving Average Filters and Adaptive Thresholding for QRS complex detection. Several established ECG databases published on PhysioNet with sampling frequency ranging from 128Hz- 1KHz, were used for analyzing the technique. The accuracy of the algorithm is determined on the basis of two statistical parameters: sensitivity (SE) and Positive Predictivity (+P).
A Mathematical Model for the Enhancement of Stress Induced Hypoglycaemia by A...IJRES Journal
The normal distribution is a very commonly occurring continuous probability distribution. In this paper the Multivariate Normal distribution is used for finding the mgf of the curve for the enhancement of stress induced Hypoglycaemia with consideration of the variablesProlactin, ACTH, Growth Hormone, Blood Pressure, Plasma Glucose, Plasma Renin, Epinephrine, Cortisol. These variables are treated with the drugs (citalopram and tianeptine) and the joint moment generating function for the variables in Citalopram, Tianeptineand Placebo casesare found out and are given as curves in the Mathematical Results
Heart Disease Prediction Using Data Mining TechniquesIJRES Journal
There are huge amounts of data in the medical industry which is not processed properly and hence cannot be used effectively in making decisions. We can use data mining techniques to mine these patterns and relationships. This research has developed a prototype Heart Disease Prediction using data mining techniques, namely Neural Network, K-Means Clustering and Frequent Item Set Generation. Using medical profiles such as age, sex, blood pressure and blood sugar it can predict the likelihood patients getting a heart disease. It enables significant knowledge, e.g. patterns, relationships between medical factors related to heart disease to be established. Performance of these techniques is compared through sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. It has been observed that Artificial Neural Networks outperform K Means clustering in all the parameters i.e. Sensitivity, Specificity and Accuracy.
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Millimeter wave communication is a communication that involves higher frequency transmission with vey small wavelength .It is mostly preferable because of higher data rates but mostly is affected by atmospheric conditions
New microstrip patch antenna array design at 28 GHz millimeter-wave for fift...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a study and an array design consisting of two microstrip patch antennas connected in series in a 2×1 form. This antenna provides better performance for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system. The microstrip line feeding technique realizes the design of this antenna. This feed offers the best bandwidth, is easy to model, and has low spurious radiation. The distance between the feed line and the patch can adapt to the antenna’s impedance. In addition, the antenna array proposed in this paper is designed and simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulation software at the operating frequency of 28 GHz for the 5G band. The support material used is Rogers RT/duroid® 5880, with relative permittivity of 2.2, a thickness of h=0.5 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The simulation results obtained in this research paper are as: reflection coefficient: -35.91 dB, standing wave ratio (SWR): 1.032, bandwidth: 1.43 GHz, gain: 9.42 dB, directivity: 9.47 dB, radiated power: 29.94 dBm, accepted the power: 29.99 dBm, radiation efficiency: 29.95, efficiency: 99.83%. This proposed antenna array has achieved better performance than other antenna arrays recently published in scientific journals regarding bandwidth, beam gain, reflection coefficient, SWR, radiated power, accepted power, and efficiency. Therefore, this antenna array will likely become an important competitor for many uses within the 5G wireless applications.
This document describes the design and simulation of a tapered slot antenna (TSA) array for underwater communication in the microwave band. A single TSA element was designed on an FR4 substrate with an exponentially tapered slot fed by a microstrip line. The design was then expanded into 1×2, 1×4, and 2×4 element arrays. Simulation results showed the single element achieved over 55% impedance bandwidth with a peak gain of 4.82 dBi. The 1×2, 1×4, and 2×4 arrays achieved higher peak gains of 6.85 dBi, 9.65 dBi, and 10.75 dBi, respectively, while maintaining over 50% bandwidth and radiation efficiency above
ANALYSIS OF ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATIONIRJET Journal
This document discusses analysis of antenna arrays for millimeter wave communication. It begins by introducing millimeter wave frequency bands between 30-300 GHz, which enable high-speed wireless communication but also face challenges from atmospheric absorption and limited range. The document then discusses using antenna arrays at 60 GHz and 28 GHz for applications like 5G networks and wireless backhaul. It describes a stacked patch array at 60 GHz providing over 20 dBi gain and a slot array providing 25.4 dBi gain. A lens is used to steer the beam. At 28 GHz, dipole and crossed dipole arrays in an integrated circuit package can steer beams over 35 and 50 degrees respectively. Antenna arrays overcome limitations of single antennas and enable beamforming for directed
The document summarizes the mmMAGIC project which investigates using millimeter wave frequencies between 6-100 GHz for 5G mobile broadband services. The project aims to develop new mobile radio access technologies for 5G in these frequencies, conduct channel measurements to develop channel models, and demonstrate concepts through hardware prototypes and real-life testing. Initial contributions from the University of Bristol include millimeter wave channel measurement campaigns, ray tracing simulations to predict coverage, and developing instrumentation for channel sounding and signal generation/analysis.
5G will be the 5th generation of cellular technology providing high-speed wireless connectivity. It will have high throughput, wide coverage, and use high carrier frequencies and massive bandwidth. Key features include speeds over 100 Mbps for downloading and uploading, support for multimedia and video streaming, and global access. 5G will use technologies like OFDM, mmWave frequencies, and massive MIMO to achieve data rates 1000x faster than previous generations and support new applications and more connected devices. Significant engineering challenges remain around network densification, mobility, and costs to fully realize the potential of 5G.
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
mmWave technology operates at very high frequencies between 30-300 GHz. It can provide faster internet speeds and lower latency for 5G networks. While mmWave signals have a shorter range and can be blocked by obstacles, it allows for wider bandwidth and potential speeds of over 10Gbps. Key applications of mmWave include small cell access to provide gigabit speeds to users and high-speed wireless backhaul between small cells and networks. Ongoing research continues to address challenges of mmWave to allow it to enhance connectivity and support more devices.
The document discusses the benefits of 60 GHz unlicensed wireless communications. Key benefits include: (1) Oxygen absorption limits signal range providing security and allowing frequency reuse; (2) Narrow antenna beams allow interference-free operation; (3) 7 GHz of continuous spectrum enables fiber-like data speeds. Engineering overcomes rain attenuation to provide carrier-class availability even in poor weather. The 60 GHz band is well-suited for high-speed internet, data, and voice applications.
The 60 GHz spectrum has several key benefits for wireless communication:
1) Oxygen molecules in the atmosphere absorb electromagnetic signals at 60 GHz, weakening signals over distance and limiting interference between links. This allows for higher frequency reuse.
2) The narrow beams produced by high-frequency antennas at 60 GHz further limit interference and increase security compared to lower frequencies.
3) The combined effects of oxygen absorption and narrow beams mean that 60 GHz links have much more localized radiation patterns, reducing risks of interference and interception.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Bandwidth enhancement of compact microstrip rectangular antennas for UWB appl...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes the design and simulation of compact microstrip rectangular patch antennas for ultra-wideband applications. The antennas were designed to have good impedance matching over the FCC-defined UWB frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz. Defected ground structures were used to improve the bandwidth of the rectangular patch antennas. Simulation results showed the antennas achieved an impedance bandwidth of 133.33% from 3-15 GHz with stable radiation patterns and gains up to 4.9 dBi. Measurements agreed well with simulations and validated the antennas' wide bandwidth performance from 3.1-14.5 GHz, covering the FCC UWB band. The compact antennas are suitable for UWB applications including WLAN, WiMAX
Millimeter wave mobile communication has several advantages over traditional cellular frequencies. It utilizes the 30-300GHz spectrum which has much larger channel bandwidths available, enabling significantly higher data rates. Key benefits include multi-Gbps speeds, narrow beams allowing frequency reuse, and inherent security. However, mm-waves also have challenges including higher attenuation over distance, difficulty passing through walls, and interference from rain and oxygen. Potential applications include small cell 5G networks, wireless backhaul between small cells, and outdoor coverage up to 300 meters using beamforming.
Multipath propagation results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths through atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from objects. This causes constructive and destructive interference and phase shifting of signals. Rayleigh fading occurs when magnitudes of arriving signals have a Rayleigh distribution due to destructive interference. Rician fading occurs when one component dominates, typically line of sight, and the magnitudes have a Rician distribution. Cell splitting improves mobile system efficiency by increasing channel reuse through defining smaller cells between existing cells, increasing capacity.
A COMPACT FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR 5G MODERN VEHICULAR APPLICATIONIRJET Journal
This document presents a compact fractal antenna designed for 5G vehicular applications. The antenna uses a fractal iterative structure based on a progressive defect patch with a triangular array. It is designed to achieve broadband operation using fractal geometry and a rectangular slot for feeding. Simulation results show the antenna achieves return losses of less than -10dB and high gain across its operating band, making it suitable for applications requiring efficient and directive performance such as 5G vehicular communication. The proposed antenna design is analyzed and its performance is evaluated based on parameters including reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, impedance, radiation patterns, and gain.
DESIGN OF MONOPOLE BASED FRACTAL BINARY TREE FOR UWB APPLICATIONS PPT.pptxMoturiSatyanarayana
This document describes the design of a monopole-based fractal binary tree antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. It proposes a microstrip-fed UWB monopole antenna with a parasitic patch and fractal binary tree structure. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software to achieve a passband frequency of 2.45GHz for Bluetooth in addition to UWB performance. Simulation results including return loss, radiation patterns, gain and VSWR are presented. Potential applications of the antenna include short-range high-speed wireless systems such as wireless local area networks and communication systems for military and automotive uses.
Similar to Empirical Investigation of Indoor/NLOS Propagation at Millimeter Wave Bands For Gigabits Throughput Realization: 24 And 60ghz Links (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
The document presents a dynamic two-phase model for a fluidized bed reactor used to produce polypropylene. The model divides the reactor into an emulsion phase and bubble phase, with reaction assumed to occur in both phases. Simulation results show the temperature profile is lower than previous single-phase models due to considering both phases. Approximately 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase, demonstrating the importance of accounting for both phases.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
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Empirical Investigation of Indoor/NLOS Propagation at Millimeter Wave Bands For Gigabits Throughput Realization: 24 And 60ghz Links
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 1 Issue 6 ǁOct 2013 ǁPP.09-17
www.ijres.org 9 | Page
Empirical Investigation of Indoor/NLOS Propagation at
Millimeter Wave Bands For Gigabits Throughput Realization: 24
And 60ghz Links
Femi-Jemilohun Oladunni .Juliet, Walker Stuart.
School Of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United
Kingdom
ABSTRACT : The growth in the communication industry demands a high bandwidth capacity to cope with
the multimedia application services. The lower frequency bands allocated for communication, apart from being
congested, is also incapable of the gigabits throughput delivery needed for the various applications. Therefore,
it is highly imperative to engage the millimeter wave frequency bands to provide the adequate frequency
spectrum. The peculiarities of the millimeter wave propagation are challenges to achieve this goal. This work
conducted empirical measurements of the indoor propagation performances of 24 and 60GHz frequency bands.
The results show that 24GHz band performs better in NLOS propagation than 60GHz hence, WLAN with
gigabits throughputs can be deployed within offices in a modern building using the 24GHz Ubiquity Air fiber
ptp links.
Keywords -Ubiquity, AirFibre, point-to point
I. INTRODUCTION
The telecommunication industry has experienced an explosive growth pressure in the recent decades.
This has led to demand for higher data rates throughputfor wireless multimedia applications, hence, a major tilt
in the wireless communication sector to engage the higher frequency bands especially the millimeter waves
bands, for indoor propagation. This is as a result of the huge availability of, coupled with less congested
bandwidths, that permits dense frequency re-use opportunity for effective and optimal spectrum utilization for
present and future mobile multimedia application purposes . These bands withtheir peculiar propagation
characteristics of atmospheric absorption and free space path losses, notwithstanding, can support high
throughput rate to the other of gigabits per seconds (Gbps) using their wide spectral allocations to provide huge
spectral efficiency wireless network systems. [1].The ever increasing supply of, and demand for, broadband
multimedia to match up with the ever increasing capacity of wireless networks, has led to wireless transfer
demand that is far beyond what the current bands in the ISM and UNII can accommodate The high data rates
intended for 4G infrastructures will require the use of unlicensed spectrum with sufficient bandwidth to
accommodate such huge capacities [2]. A way out is to resort to the millimeter wave bands. Millimeter wave
bands correspond to the radio spectrum that span between 30GHz- 300GHz with wavelength between 10mm-
1mm. Also, the limitations and congestion matters in ISM and UNNI frequency bands, has necessitated the
attempt by the communication industry to explore the unlicensed frequencies band around the millimeter wave
band. The 60 GHz frequency band presents a very large bandwidth that has been allocated to mobile
communication.[3, 4]. Since the quest for high speed and large channel capacity, digital data rates for
multimedia wireless communication cannot be realized in the frequency of lower bands, millimeter wave has
come to the lime light of research community as well as industrial sector. As the major option for short range
high speed communication system that matches the task of providing a wide spectrum bandwidth required by
multimedia consumer oriented applications such as uncompressed video streaming, and kiosk flash downloading
services. All of these require multi gigabit throughput that can only be got in 60GHz, hence it is most
importantly now been used for short distance radars and indoor communications.The directional antenna
technology embedded in these frequency bands enables the wireless network system to attain higher bit rates
and improve spectrum re-use, likewise the narrow beams which characterize these bands helps to attenuate the
effects of multipath propagation[5]. A study and comparison of indoor propagation property at 24GHz and
60GHz is conducted in this work.
II. REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORKS
A numerous investigations of indoor propagation have been carried out on the lower frequency
spectrum and micro wave bands, but there are few authors submissions on the propagation features of
Millimeter frequency spectrum especially in the indoor scenarios, as the multimedia applications continues to
2. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 10 | Page
increase in geometrical rate as the days go by, the necessity to engage themillimeterin the indoor propagation
application to cope with the demand for gigabit throughput is highly needed for the real time applications
.Hence investigation into Millimeterindoor propagation is a welcoming venture at this point in time in
communication industry.
[6] reported in their work the indoor propagation factors at 17 and 60 GHz, focusing on the narrow
beamwidth of the channels for a requirement to achieve efficient system network in relation to area coverage
and frequency re-use. [7]worked on the simulation and analysis of 60GHz millimeter wave indoor propagation
characteristic based on shooting and bounding ray tracing/image to determine a foundational indoor coverage
forMillimeter communication system., however, the simulated environment was non-ideal. In like manner[8]
reported the results of their investigation on the indoor Millimeter channel at 6oGhz in application to
perspective WLAN systems, their work demonstrated the need for a steerable directional antenna for LOS or
low-order NLOS reflected path for effective results in a typical indoor scenario, while polarization mismatch
between the antenna and propagation channel may incur up to 10-20 dB signal degradation.[9]investigated the
indoor propagation measurements at 60GHz in a modern office and by a ray tracing simulations to determine the
effects of antenna directivity and polarization on indoor multipath propagation characteristics of the channel.
[10] in their work used combined E/H-plane ray tracing method to model indoor wireless channel from 2.4 to
24GHz, they were able to predict loss for both LOS and NLOS paths as well as RMS spread for LOS. This work
differs by investigating the indoor characteristics of Millimeter wave spectrum with emphasis on 24 and 60 GHz
indoor propagation comparison in realizing gigabits throughputs capacity in wireless systems. By design and for
the fact that Millimeter has very small wavelengths, connections on these bands require perfect LoS for strong
and reliable capacity, hence obstructions on the path of the transmission such as trees, buildings, windows, will
significantly impact link performance, it is therefore expected that these bands will perform worse in the indoor
propagation where there are lots of obstruction to absorb the signal transmission preventing LoS environment.
Fortunately, the results of the empirical investigation proved otherwise.
III. BACKGROUND STUDY
3.1 60GHZ PHASED ARRAY TRANSCEIVER:
This is implemented in standard digital CMOS and packaged with embedded antenna array, capable of
robust 10m non-line of sight communication. The transceiver pair supports the WirelessHD and draft 802.11ad
(WiGig) standards at maximum data rates of 7.14 GB/s and 6.7 GB/s, respectively. The computed array factor
of the transceiver pair together with the WirelessHD chip in operation link performs a dynamic beam search to
avoid interferer blocking the path of the transmission system, finding a new optimal path for the transmission
through the electronically steerable phased array. This process takes less than 1ms. . The source uses 32
transmitting elements to transmit to 32 receiver elements of the sink. While on the reverse lower data rate
direction, the sink uses 8 transmitting element to transmit to 4 receiver elements on the source [11].
3.2 24GHz UNLICENSED BAND:
24 GHz license free band is replacing the 2.4 and 5GHz bands point-to-point links where interference
is substantially reducing data throughput and sensitivity. 24GHz is in the millimeter wave band and has a very
low noise floor because this band is not heavily laden with millions of devices. 24 GHz radio signals do not go
as far as the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands because there is more atmospheric attenuation at this frequency and higher
attenuation due to rain. Radio waves are more directional; has a narrower beam of energy. This means that
signals at 24 GHz do not bounce around like the signals at 2.4 and 5 GHz to create a noisy environment.
Additionally, because radios at these frequencies have traditionally been very costly and bulky, few have been
deployed. This means that 24 GHz is an interference free frequency and will not suffer the degradation and
difficulties of the noisy 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency bands. One of the best advantages of the 24 GHz band is its
inherent security. Virtually all 24 GHz operation uses either horn or parabolic dish antennas [12] [13].
Figure.1: comparison of Beam Widths of microwave and millimeter wave bands
3. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 11 | Page
3.3 UBIQUITY AIRFIBER 24 GHz POINT-TO-POINT RADIO ADVANCED ANTENNA SYSTEM:
Ubiquiti air Fiber 24 GHz Point-to-Point radios, a truly revolutionary 24 GHz Point-to-Point radio from
Ubiquiti Networks. Air Fiber delivers revolutionary performance of 1.4+ Gbps, aggregate throughput and 13+
km in range. Packets per second greater than 1 Million with EIRP of approximately 33dBm, Channel bandwidth
of 100MHz ,operating channel 24.1 and 24.2GHz, Modulation of 64QAM MIMO, 16QAM MIMO, QPSK
MIMO, and SISO. It has a gains of 33dBi, beamwidth less than 3.5 degrees. The Ubiquiti air Fiber features a
dual-independent 2x2 MIMO 24GHz hi-gain reflector antenna system. The air Fiber can operate in both FDD
(Frequency Division Duplex) and HDD (Hybrid Division Duplex) modes, resulting in unparalleled speed and
spectral efficiency in the 24GHz worldwide license-free band. Ubiquitin’s Innerfeed and AirMax (MIMO
TDMA Protocol) technologies are designed to create a simple, yet extremely powerful and robust wireless unit,
which is capable of 100+Mbps real Point-to-Point throughput up to a 13km+ range [14].
3.4 WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A PLANE INTERFACE:
When a vertical or parallel polarized wave hits an interface, the wave divides into two, reflected and
transmitted parts. If the plane wave incident on the interface at an angle θi to the normal, electric and magnetic
fields can be defined as follows according to [6];
(1)
(2)
In a similar manner, the reflected fields travelling at an angle to the normal can be defined as follows:
(3)
(4)
And the transmitted fields can be written as:
(5)
) (6)
From (1) and (6) we can write
(7)
Hence,
(8)
From Snell’s law,
(9)
And
(10)
(11)
(12)
Solving the above yields,
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
The reflection and transmission coefficients of a smooth homogeneous dielectric plate are given as:
(17)
And
4. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 12 | Page
(18)
Where , , is the wavelength in the free space,
d is the thickness of sample plate, n= με is the complex refractive index of the sample plate and ε is the
permittivity in farads per meter.
3.4. INCIDENCE ANGLES ON ROUGH SURFACE ESTIMATION:
(13) and (15) solve the specular reflection from smooth surfaces; the scattering of the impinging energy
by a rough surface causes an attenuation in the reflected parts of the transmitted signal. Rayleigh criterion helps
to determine the roughness of the materials. The following equations define the path and phase difference
between the two rays.
Where , , is the wavelength in the free space,
(19)
(20)
When , then the surface is very rough, means the surface is smooth and gives
intermediate situation
Therefore,
= (21)
< gives a rough surface otherwise it is smooth and in a perfectly smooth surface, is very small causing
the two rays to be almost at the same phase.
Figure.2: Comparison of hc plotted against the angle of incidence for 24GHz and 60GHz
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0 20 40 60 80
hc(m)
ϴi (Degrees)
DETERMINATION OF SMOOTHNESS AND ROUGHNESS OF
SURFACES AT 24 AND 60GHz
60GHz
24GHz
5. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 13 | Page
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
An empirical approach is adopted in this work to investigate real time applications of millimeter wave
bands in indoor wireless networks systems. The experimental setups are shown in figures below:
.
60GHz Source
Blu-Ray player
60GHz Sink
Monitor
HDMI
Cable
USB
Cable
Fig 3:60GHz Transmission Measurement set up
Figure.4: A set up of 24GHz point-point links for data transmission and throughput measurements
The setup for source and sink transceivers for the propagation measurements of 60GHz is shown in
figure 3. The SiBeam P5 HDMI reference kits contain two host MCUs. One host is on the SK9200DB debug
board and the other host is on the module board. The SBAM2 (SiBeam Applications Manager) software is
installed on a PC with XP operating system to monitor status, set configuration and control other parameters of
the WiHD transceiver modules. The SK9200DB Boards (Source and Sink) are connected to the PC through the
USB cable, the source is connected to the Blu-Ray player via an HDMI cable, both source and sink are
Ubiquiti slave PC for monitoring
measurements
Ubiquiti master
Modified
camera
tripod
24GHz Spectrum
Analyser
6. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 14 | Page
connected to monitors separately for monitoring signal transmitted and received. The beam locked array antenna
has a narrow beamwidth, hence transmitted signal is targeted to the desired destination, while in the beam
steering , though the mainlobe of the beam steered antenna is focused on the target, the reflections and multipath
effects greatly induced the signal strength received..
Fig 4 shows the setup of the Ubiquity AF 24GHz ptp links transmitter and receiver. Both the
transmitter and receiver are mounted on modified camera tripods. This affords repeated and accurate
transmission measurements without the influence of human body. The transmitter and receiver are powered with
12volts, 1.4Amps .
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(a) (b)
Fig 5: 60GHz Transmission in a typical office (a) Locked Beam (b) Beam Steering
The beam locked array antenna has a narrow beamwidth, hence transmitted signal is targeted to the
desired destination, while in the beam steering , though the mainlobe of the beam steered antenna is focused on
the target, the reflections and multipath effects greatly induced the signal strength received. It is observed from
figure 2.3 that the received signal strength in beam locked is higher compared to beamsteering in the
experimental measurement carried out in a typical office setting (-19dBm and -24dBm) respectively. There is
clear similarity between the two graphs, in that there is steady signal attenuation in received power with increase
in distance up to 8m apart. This is in accordance with the Frii’s law of propagation. In the beam locked scenario,
there is a pick up at this point for 1m, followed by a constant transmission for another 2m away, after which a
drastic drop of about -16dBm in the received signal with increase in the coverage. This could be accounted for
by the obstruction of the glass door on the path of the transmission. The received signal in the beam steering
case was relatively stable; this could have been due to multipath and reflections effects. It must be emphasized
that indoor propagation at 60GHz was strictly on LOS, otherwise, any obstruction on its paths resulted in total
links break.
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 5 10 15
SignalStrength(dBm)
Distance (m)
60GHz locked Beam Transmission in
Office environment
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 5 10 15
SignalStrength(dBm)
Distance(m)
60GHz Beamsteering Transmission in
Office environment
7. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 15 | Page
Figure.6: Floor plan of level five indicating signal attenuation measurement across offices
Figure.7: Indoor Propagation across offices against distance
Figure 6 is the building floor plan where the transmission measurements of 24GHz were carried out.
There is a wall partition between the two offices where this experiment was conducted. Though there is signal
attenuation with distance, the reception across the wall was acceptable especially at the lower modulation rate
scheme with sensitivity of -88dBm for the air fiber ptp link. This confirms the capability of 24GHz compared to
60GHz to penetrate walls between offices in a modern building, hence WLAN deployed on this frequency band
can be used for multimedia applications and gigabits required services in offices.
-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
SignalStrength(dBm)
Transmitter and Receiver Separation (m)
24GHz Transmission with Distances
8. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 16 | Page
(a) (b)
Figure.8: Floor Plans of Network building indicating Signal strength measurement along the corridors (a) Level
four (b) Level five
Figure.9: Signal Transmission against Distances at hall way corridors of level four and five of the network
building
The floor plans of the locations where this experiment was conducted are shown in figure8. Relating
the scenario in each floor with the results of transmission, shows that the presence of office equipment in floor
five aided in good reception as a result of multipath and reflection propagation being experienced here. Unlike
the case in floor four, though the long corridor served as wave guide to the transmission, the signal strength here
is lower to what is obtained in floor five
5.1. COMPARISON OF 24 AND 60 GHZ INDOOR PROPAGATIONS:
Both frequency bands are millimeter waves with propagation characteristic of LOS. The experiment
demonstrated this obviously in the 60GHz transmission. Any attempt to obstruct the path of transmission leads
to total link break, whereas, in the case of 24GHz, there was still good receptions with couple of obstructions in
the paths of transmission. This shows that 24GHz can be deployed with good performance in the NLOs situation
for real time applications.
VI. CONCLUSION
The shortage of frequency spectrum as well as congestion in the microwave and lower frequency bands
will not support the multimedia application requirements for the unprecedented growth in communication
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
0 10 20 30 40 50
SignalStrength(-dBm)
Distance (m)
Comparison of Signal Transmission at Level four and Five
Hall Ways of the Network Buildng
Level Four
Level Five
9. Empirical investigation of Indoor/NLOS propagation at Millimeter wave bands for gigabits
www.ijres.org 17 | Page
industry. Therefore, a solution is sought in the higher frequency spectrum for gigabits throughput realization.
This paper has shown through empirical analysis, the possibility of engaging millimeter wave spectrum for the
supply of the higher bandwidths that will meet the demands of gigabits per second data rates by multimedia
applications. It has been demonstrated that a modern building office can be flooded with gigabit per second data
rate especially when 24GHz device like the AF 24GHz ubiquiti point to point device is used in the indoor
propagation scenario.
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