The document provides guidelines for changing direct speech into indirect speech, including changes to pronouns, tense, time, place and interrogative expressions. Direct speech is converted to indirect speech by changing pronouns, verbs, adverbs of time and place, and sometimes the entire sentence structure. Conjunctions and reporting verbs are also used appropriately depending on whether it is a statement, question, command or exclamation.

1. Direct to Indirect

2. Time and Place Direct Indirect here there this that these those now then yesterday The previous day today That day tomorrow The next day thus so ago before

3. Change of Pronouns Direct Indirect I He / she me Him /her My/mine His/her myself Himself/herself We they us them our their ourselves themselves You (singular) He/she/him/her/his/her You (plural) They/them/their He,she,it He/she/it they they

4. Change of tense Direct Indirect Simple present Simple past Present continuous Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect Simple past Past or past perfect For said

5. Change of tense Direct Indirect - - For say,says,will say No tense change Universal truth

6. statement conjunction Reporting verb Direct indirect that say-say He says," I am poor". He says that he is poor. Will say-will say She will say, " I am innocent". She will say that she is innocent. Says to-said He says to lalitha," I have paid the bill". He said lalitha that he had paid the bill. Said to-told He said to me," I am going to erode today ". He told me that he was going to erode that day. Universal truth The teacher said," The sun rises in the east". The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

7. Interrogative conjunction Reporting verb Direct indirect Wh type- no conjunction Said - asked My friend said," where are you going". My friend asked where I was going. Said to -asked My father said to me, " when will you return". My father asked me when I would return. asked-asked The teacher asked,"Anand why are you late today" The teacher asked anand why he as late that day. Yes/no question type If/whether Says to-said He says to lalitha," I have paid the bill". He said lalitha that he had paid the bill. Said to-told He said to me," I am going to erode today ". He told me that he was going to erode that day. Universal truth The teacher said," The sun rises in the east". The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

8. imperative conjunction Reporting verb Direct indirect To Don't-not to Commands Said ,said to- commanded The captain said to the soldiers," capture the city today itself" The captain commanded the soldiers to capture the city that day itself. Superior to inferior Said,said to-ordered The manager said to the peon," Bring the file" The manager ordered the peon to bring the file. Doctor to patient Parents to children Said,said to- advised The doctor said to the patient," Take these tables regularly" The doctor advised the patient to take those tables regularly. Teacher to students Said-advised Said to - asked Teacher said, " study well" Teacher advise to study well. please-requested “Please give me an old shirt", the beggar said to me. The beggar requested me to give him an old shirt.

9. Exclamatory conjunction Reporting verb Direct indirect that Said,said to -exclaimed “What a lovely climate!",the traveler said. The traveler exclaimed that the climate was very lovely. Alas! Oh!- exclaimed sorrowfully “Alas! I lost my purse", she said. She exclaimed sorrowfully that she lost her purse. Hurrah ! - exclaimed joyfully Hurrah! We have won the match", they said They exclaimed joyfully that they had won the match.