The ULIS project focuses on creating an expert system for multilingual management of interlingual semantic web knowledge bases using the Meaning-Text Theory. It proposes an architecture and formal representation for interlingual lexical units and aims to facilitate multilingual access to data on the web. The work includes detailed structures of lexical function and interlingual knowledge representations, emphasizing the need for effective machine translation and management of linguistic knowledge.

1. ULiS: An Expert System on Linguistics
to Support Multilingual Management
of Interlingual Semantic Web Knowledge bases
Maxime Lefrançois & Fabien Gandon
Edelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France
{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr
MSW 2011

2. 3000 < natural languages < 7000 >31 billion RDF triples
295 data sets
Interlinked by >503 million RDF links
?
multilingual access to the web of data
The ULiS project
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 2

3. OUTLINE
The Meaning-Text Theory
The ULiS project: multilingual access to web of data
Proposal 1:
An architecture that unlocks motivating scenarios
The ILexicOn : defining interlingual lexical units
Proposal 2:
A formal way to represent lexicographic definitions
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 3

4. 1. The Meaning-Text Theory
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011

5. The Meaning-Text Theory
A theoretical linguistic framework to
construct models of natural language
Mel’čuk et. al., late 70’s > today
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 5

6. The Meaning-Text Theory
Systems of explicit rules
that express correspondences
between meaning and text
SemRs
7 levels of linguistic representation
For a set of synonymous utterances DSynRs
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 6

7. The Meaning-Text Theory
The masterpiece:
The Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary
Meta- Ontology Data
SemRs
Explanatory
Combinatorial
Dictionary DSynRs
Description of the SSynRs
Explanatory
Combinatorial Explantory: DMorphRs
Dictionary Formal semantic explanations
SMorphRs
Combinatorial: DPhonRs
Lexical combinations
SPhonRs
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 7

8. Structure of the ECD entry
Semantic zone:
(formal?) (text or SemR?) lexical definition of lexical units
Semantic actants: arguments of the semantic predicate
denotational vs. connotational semantic elements (ex: EN hot air, FR wind, RU water).
Phonological/Graphematic zone:
orthograph + prosody
The cooccurrence zone
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 8

9. Structure of the ECD entry
- The cooccurrence zone
Morphological sub-zone:
inflections, derivations.
Syntactic sub-zone:
Government pattern
Correspondance semantic – syntax (based on Dependency grammars)
ways to express a semantic predicate in the language
How the lexical unit participates in specific constructions as a dependent
Lexical sub-zone
semantic derivations and collocations
Stylistic sub-zone
Usage labels
Pragmatic sub-zone
real-life situations where expressions are appropriate.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 9

10. Structure of the ECD entry
- Examples of lexical functions
lexical functions :
paradigmatic
Syn(telephoneV) = phoneV
Anti
Conv21(preced) = follow
Gener(republic) = state
Figur(rain) = curtain (a curtain of rain)
S0 (analyse) = analysis
A0(city) = urban
V0(analysis) = analyse
Adv0(slow) = slowly
S1(teach) = teacher ; S2(teach) = subject ; S3(teach) = pupil;
… 19 in total
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11. Structure of the ECD entry
- Examples of lexical functions
lexical functions :
syntagmatic
Magn(laughV) = one’s head off
Bon(service) = first-class
Locin(height) = at [a height of…]
Oper1(supportN) = [to] lend [~ to N]
Oper2(supportN) = [to] receive [~ to N]
Func1(blownN) = comes [from ~]
… 34 in total
+ non-standard lexical functions
WithNoSugar(coffee) = black
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 11

12. 2. The ULiS project:
Multilingual access to the web of data
?
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011

13. +RDF?
A pivot-based NLP technique
+MTT?
Universal Networking Language
Interlanguage
Convert
Deconvert
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 13

14. The ULiS project
a Universal Linguistic System
Interlanguage
Convert
Deconvert
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 14

15. The ULiS project
a Universal Linguistic System
to redesign
Pivot-based NLP
technique
100% using
ULiS
Semantic Web
formalisms
Meaning-Text
Theory
compliant with
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 15

16. 2.The ULiS project
Scenario
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011

17. The ULiS project - scenario
- Machine Translation
-
-
The RDF-World
RDF interlingual
representations
IR RDF
RDF situational John01 kill@past Mary01. John01 tuer@past Mary01.
representations SR RDF
John01 kill@past Mary01.
SR RDF
John01 tuer@past Mary01
John EN Mary
killed John FR Mary
a tué
InputTEXT
John killed Mary. John a tué TEXT
Output1 Mary.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 17

18. The ULiS project - scenario
- Machine Translation
-
-
The RDF-World
RDF interlingual
representations
RDF situational John01 kill@past Mary01. John01 tuer@past Mary01.
representations John01 kill@past Mary01. John01 tuer@past Mary01
John killed Mary John a tué Mary
John killed Mary. John a tué Mary.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 18

19. The ULiS project - scenario
- Machine Translation
- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases
-
The RDF-World
SELECT ?person
SPARQLRDF + X RDF
SPARQL WHERE {
Request ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01. IKB
IDBpedia
RDF X RDF
ikb:John01 RDF
Output
}
RDF interlingual
representations
IR RDF IR RDF
RDF situational Who kill@past@? Mary01 John01 kill@past Mary01.
representations SR RDF
Who kill@past@? Mary01 SR RDF
John01 kill@past Mary01.
EN
Who killed Mary ? John EN Mary
killed
InputTEXT
Who killed Mary? John killed TEXT
Output2 Mary.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 19

20. The ULiS project - scenario
- Machine Translation
- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases
-
The RDF-World
SELECT ?person
SPARQL WHERE {
ikb:John01 RDF
Request ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01.
}
IDBpedia Output
RDF interlingual
representations
RDF situational Who kill@past@? Mary01 John01 kill@past Mary01.
representations Who kill@past@? Mary01 John01 kill@past Mary01.
Who killed Mary ? John killed Mary
Who killed Mary? John killed Mary.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 20

21. The ULiS project - scenario
- Machine Translation
- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases
- Management of the Universal Linguistic Knowledge base
The RDF-World
SPARQLRDF + X RDF X RDF
SPARQL
RDF
Request ULKRDF
IKB RDF Output
RDF interlingual
representations
IR RDF IR RDF
RDF situational
representations SRFR RDF SRFR RDF SRFR RDF
InputTEXT Output1TEXT Output2TEXT
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 21

22. 2.The ULiS project
Architecture
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011

23. The ULiS project - architecture
Meta- Ontology Data
SemRs
DSynRs
Description of the SSynRs
Explanatory
Explanatory
Combinatorial
Combinatorial DMorphRs
Dictionary
Dictionary
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 23

24. The ULiS project - architecture
InterlingualKnowledgeBase X RDF
Meta- Ontology Data
SemRs
DSynRs
Description of the SSynRs
Explanatory
Explanatory
Combinatorial
Combinatorial DMorphRs
Dictionary
Dictionary
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 24

25. The ULiS project - architecture
InterlingualKnowledgeBase X RDF
INTERLINGUAL
NOT INTERLINGUAL = SITUATIONAL
+RDF!
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 25

26. The ULiS project - architecture
InterlingualKnowledgeBase X RDF
ILexiMOn
ILexicOn
« Interlingual
Lexical pure interlingual features of the ECD
IRs RDF
Meta-Ontology »
DSynRs
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SLexiMOn
SLexicOn SMorphRs
« Situational
Lexical Other features of the ECD
Meta-Ontology » DPhonRs
SPhonRs
SRs RDF
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 26

27. The ULiS project - architecture
InterlingualKnowledgeBase
(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:range,ikb:Country)
X RDF
(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:domain,ikb:Person) (ex:Maxime,ikb:isFrom,geo:France)
ILexiMOn ILexicOn
IRs RDF
ileximon:ILexicalUnit ilexicon:Person ex:John01
DSynRs
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SLexicOn
SLexiMOn
enlexicon:Person SMorphRs
sleximon:SLexicalUnit eslexicon:Persona
frlexicon:Personne DPhonRs
SPhonRs
SRs RDF
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 27

28. The ULiS project - architecture
InterlingualKnowledgeBase X RDF
IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules
ILexiMOn
ILexicOn
« Interlingual
Lexical pure interlingual features of the ECD
IRs RDF
Meta-Ontology »
DSynRs
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SLexiMOn
SLexicOn SMorphRs
« Situational
Lexical Other features of the ECD
Meta-Ontology » DPhonRs
+ Links
+ Transformation rules
SPhonRs
SRs RDF
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 28

29. The ULiS project – Done / To do ?
InterlingualKnowledgeBase X RDF
IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules
ILexiMOn
ILexicOn
« Interlingual
Lexical pure interlingual features of the ECD
IRs RDF
Meta-Ontology »
Formal lexicographic definitions of DSynRs
interlingual lexical units…
in RDF! SSynRs
DMorphRs
SLexiMOn
SLexicOn SMorphRs
« Situational
Lexical Other features of the ECD
Meta-Ontology » DPhonRs
+ Links
+ Transformation rules
SPhonRs
SRs RDF
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 29

30. The ULiS project – Bricks
(I)SLexicOn
(I)SLexiMOn (I)ISlexicOn
(I)ILexiMOn (I)SKOS, (I)FOAF, …
(I)SPIN (I)OWL
(I)RDF-S
(I)RDF
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 30

31. 3. The ILexicOn:
defining interlingual lexical units
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011

32. With the Semantic Web formalisms,
We designed a simple ILexiMOn…
Interlingual Lexical Units Classes may
be formally defined in the ILexicOn…
…by supporting the projection
of their semantic decomposition
on themselves
Lefrançois & Gandon, ILexicOn.

33. The three layers
owl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean
OWL owl:intersectionOf is-a
is-a
owl:propertyChainAxiom
owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf
subClassOf is-a subClassOf
core-ILexiMOn layer
:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation
is-a :onISemanticRelation
subClassOf
:allValuesFrom
:ILexicalPrimitive
is-a :isObligatory range
:Entity :hasEntity
ILexicOn layer
:State true
:Person
class/instance A B
A is an instance of B
intersectionOf
property
A B
:Alive A is a subClass of B
Data-layer
B
A p
hasEntity C A B
:Mary01 :Alive01 A is the intersection A is linked to B
of B and C through property p
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 33

34. ILUc ILUi
ILexicOn IRs RDF
Die Die:Die01
1.Person Person:Mary01
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 35

35. Conceptual participants
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 36

36. Die< End< Event
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 37

37. ConP inheritance
1.Time 1.Time
Die< End< Event
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 38

38. ConP inheritance
1.Time 1.Time
Die< End< Event
ilexicon:Event a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ([ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,
ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasTime,
ileximon:allValuesFrom ilexicon:Time,
ileximon:isObligatory "true"^^xsd:boolean.
]
...
).
ilexicon:End a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:Event
...
).
ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End
...
).
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 39

39. ConP partial inheritance
1.Time
Die< End
1.Alive< 1. State
ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End
[ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,
ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasState,
ileximon:allValuesFrom ilexicon:Alive,
ileximon:isObligatory "true"^^xsd:boolean.
1.Person 1.Person< 1.Entity ]
...
).
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 40

40. ? ConP composition
1.Time
hasTime
Die< End
Named ConP slots
hasState
(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations
hasDead 1.Alive
hasEntity
?
1.Person = 1.Person
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 41

41. ConP composition
1.Time
hasTime hasState / hasEntity
Die
hasState hasDead
hasDead 1.Alive is equivalent to:
hasEntity
(hasState/hasEntity)<hasDead
?
1.Person = 1.Person
Ilexicon:hasDead owl:propertyChainAxiom ( ilexicon:hasState, ilexicon:hasEntity),
rdfs:domain ilexicon:Die,
rdfs:range ilexicon:Person.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 42

42. Kill<Cause<Event
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 43

43. 1.Time
hasTime
Kill<Cause<Event
hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die<Event
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 44

44. 1.Time
hasTime
1.Time Kill
hasTime hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die<Event
hasDead
1.Person
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 45

45. ConP composition
( hasEvent / hasDead ) < hasKilled
1.Time
hasTime
1.Time Kill
hasTime hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die
hasDead
hasKilled
1.Person
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 46

46. ? ConP merging
1.Time
hasTime
1.Time Kill
hasTime hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die
hasDead
hasKilled
1.Person
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 47

47. ConP merging
( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime
1.Time
hasTime
1.Time hasKillTime Kill
hasTime hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die
hasDead
hasKilled
1.Person
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 48

48. ConP merging
( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime < hasTime
hasTime
1.Time
hasKillTime
Kill
hasTime
hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die
hasDead
hasKilled
1.Person
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 49

49. Optional / obligatory ConP
hasTime
1.Time ?.Person
hasBeneficiary
hasKillTime
Kill
hasTime
hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die
hasDead
hasKilled
1.Person
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 50

50. Infanticide<Kill
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 51

51. Relation between two ConPs
(hasRelation/hasEntity) < hasKilledChild < hasKilled
(hasRelation/hasObject) < hasKillerParent < hasAgent
hasKillerParent
Infanticide<Kill
hasAgent
hasKilled 1.Person
hasRelation
hasKilledChild hasObject
1.Parent<Relation<State
1.Person hasEntity
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 52

52. Inference in the data : (IRs RDF)
hasTime
Time:t01
hasKillTime
hasKillerParent
hasTime Infanticide:i01
hasEvent
hasAgent
hasKilled Person:John01
Die:d01
hasRelation
hasKilledChild hasObject
hasDead
Parent:p01
Person:Mary01 hasEntity
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 53

53. Conceptual participants
Named ConP slots
(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations
ConP inheritance
ConP partial inheritance
ConP composition
ConP merging
Optional / obligatory ConP
Relation between two ConPs
Formal definitions of ILUCs
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011

54. Three layers
owl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean
OWL owl:intersectionOf is-a
is-a
owl:propertyChainAxiom
owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf
subClassOf is-a subClassOf
core-ILexiMOn layer
:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation
is-a :onISemanticRelation
subClassOf
:allValuesFrom
:ILexicalPrimitive
is-a :isObligatory range
:Entity :hasEntity
ILexicOn layer
:State true
:Person
class/instance A B
A is an instance of B
intersectionOf
property
A B
:Alive A is a subClass of B
Data-layer
B
A p
hasEntity C A B
:Mary01 :Alive01 A is the intersection A is linked to B
of B and C through property p
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 55

55. ULiS: A Universal Linguistic System
- to redesign Pivot-based NLP techniques
- 100% using the Semantic Web Formalisms
- compliant with the Meaning-Text Theory
ILexicOn: The Interlingual Lexical Ontology
- formal lexicographic definitions
- Lexical functions
- Populate: SUMO, FrameNet…
- SLexicOn
- Rules, SPIN & VISL-CG3
Thank You
Maxime Lefrançois & Fabien Gandon
Edelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France
{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr
This presentation on
http://maxime-lefrancois.info