This document discusses device-to-device (D2D) communication in 5G networks. It covers several applications of D2D communication such as vehicular communication, public safety, disaster relief, millimeter wave communication, handover and mobility issues, unmanned aerial vehicles, internet of things, and its potential role in 6G networks. Some key points include: D2D can improve capacity and latency in 5G; it supports applications like vehicular communication, proximity services and public safety; challenges include interference management and handover procedures for mobile D2D pairs.

1. D2D Communication in 5G
D2D Communication in 5G
Presented by
Dr. Sanjay Dhar Roy
Associate professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR
A presentation on
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2.  Introduction
 D2D-5G-Vehicular Communication
 D2D-5G-Public Safety and Disaster
 D2D-5G-Millimeter Wave Communication
 D2D-5G-Handover and Mobility
 D2D-5G-UAV
 D2D-5G-IoT
 D2D-6G
 Our Works
 References
Contents
Contents
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3.  Fast, uninterrupted, sharing, streaming,
browsing; data rates (1 - 10Gbps)
 Latency (1 ms round trip)
 5G and IoT: smart homes, smart industries,
smart logistics, smart farming, smart grids,
smart vehicles, smart health (refer to Slide 7)
Introduction: 5G
Introduction: 5G
3
-Mamta Agiwal, A. Roy, N. Saxena, “Next generation 5G wireless networks,” IEEE Communication
Surveys and Tutorials, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2016
- www.ericsson.com

4. Introduction: 5G
Introduction: 5G
-5G architecture: BS centric to device centric
-Ultra dense network required in subway, malls and offices;
integration of 5G BSs with legacy cellular networks like 4G, 3G and 2G
-Energy efficient networks: BSs with sleep mode; Cell zooming (cell size
dynamically changes depending on traffic load); Small BSs run by renewable
energy sources like solar panels, wind turbines , energy harvesting at UE side.
-C-RAN will reduce overhead and energy drain by simplifying conventional
cell sites and shifting all processing to the centralized cloud data center.
-Asadi, Arash, Qing Wang, and Vincenzo Mancuso, "A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular
networks," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 16.4 (2014): 1801-1819.
4
-Mamta Agiwal, A. Roy, N. Saxena, “Next generation 5G wireless networks,” IEEE Communication Surveys and
Tutorials, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2016

5. Introduction: D2D
Introduction: D2D
 An UAV or a drone can be a solution in an
emergency situation
-Ahmed, Shakil, Mohammad Rashid, Fakhrul Alam, and Bapon Fakhruddin. "A Disaster Response Framework Based on IoT and
D2D Communication under 5G Network Technology." In 2019 29th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications
Conference (ITNAC), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2019.
5
D2D released in 3GPP in LTE Rel-12, a
component of 5G
D2D- Communication between two UEs
without routing through BS
Capacity gain; data rate gain and latency gain
D2D applications: Proximity based services
like advertisement, V2X, Interactive cloud
game; Public safety support.

6. Introduction: D2D
Introduction: D2D
 Utilization of directional millimeter
wave (mm-wave) for D2D
communication system provides low
power, high data rate transmission with
manageable interference
 Resource allocation, mode selection
and interference cancellation in
licensed band D2D communication
-Alnoman, Ali, and Alagan Anpalagan. "On D2D communications for public safety applications." In 2017
IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC), pp. 124-127. IEEE, 2017.
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 D2D communication: Infrastructure
based or infrastructure less application

7. Introduction: D2D-IoT
Introduction: D2D-IoT
 Other use cases of
communication
systems based on
IoT and D2D
-V2V
-Remote healthcare,
-Disaster relief,
-Ubiquitous
computing,
- Proximity services
-Yaacoub, Elias, and Osama Kubbar. "Energy-efficient device-to-device communications in LTE public
safety networks." In 2012 IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp. 391-395. IEEE, 2012. 7

8. D2D-5G-Vehicular Communication
D2D-5G-Vehicular Communication
 D2D communications underlying
cellular network can support
vehicle-to vehicle(V2V)
communications.
 V2X with road side unit to prevent
accident and traffic jam
 3 CUEs and 6 V2V pairs (divided in
3 groups in round robin fashion)
-Liu, Z., Han, X., Liu, Y. and Wang, Y., 2018. D2D-based vehicular communication with delayed
CSI feedback. IEEE Access, 6, pp.52857-52866.
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 It is difficult to obtain the accurate CSI in the highly mobile vehicular environment. CSI
of vehicular links is reported to the BS periodically. The delayed CSI feedback exists in
the links of V2V and vehicle-to-CUE. The delayed message and the dynamic
environment in the V2V network result in the uncertainty of channel gain. In order to
improve the reliability of transmission, the vehicular delay time and the speed
information are considered in the channel model.

9. D2D-5G-Public safety
D2D-5G-Public safety
 Public safety communications amongst the first
responders and victims.
 D2D based clustering scheme to expand cellular
coverage for public safety communications.
 The authors propose a D2D clustering scheme to
expand cellular coverage. Cluster heads are
selected from a group of public safety user
equipment based on different metrics such as
remaining battery power, SINR, number of
discovered out of coverage devices and mobility.
 Each cluster head provides synchronization, radio
resource management information and coverage
to its cluster members. (PS UE: high battery, high
computing and transmit power)
-Gyawali, S., Xu, S., Ye, F., Hu, R.Q. and Qian, Y., 2018, June. A D2D based clustering scheme for public safety
communications. In 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring) (pp. 1-5).
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10.  Disaster zones may suffer from loss of communication.
 In this work, the users who are trapped in the disaster zone and have limited
or low battery levels could seek help from neighbouring devices with high
battery levels. The selection is assisted by a disaster management server (DMS)
and disaster management cache (DMC) at eNB. The selected neighbour then
acts as a relay to extend communication outside the disaster area. This will
improve duration probability of users.
 A model for saving battery using D2D (SOS requester (low level battery) and
SOS rescuer(high level battery) )
 D2D communication will slow down device battery drain and prolong power
using low power transmission.
-Navrati Saxena, Mamta Agiwal, Hasnah Ahmed, Ahishek Roy, “D2D-based survival on sharing for enhanced
disaster time connectivity,” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, September 2018.
D2D to enhance battery life in 5G for disaster management
D2D to enhance battery life in 5G for disaster management
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11. D2D-5G-Post Disaster Relief
D2D-5G-Post Disaster Relief
 Infrastructure damaged/
unavailable during the golden hour
of post disaster scenario
 Network coverage is critically
important than capacity during
disaster and post disaster for
effective search and rescue.
 In post disaster scenario, limited backup power supply to user
devices, users initiate the D2D discovery process only when cellular SNIR is sharply
deteriorated.
 The authors consider cellular and D2D communication as
mutually exclusive for each user in the disaster zone.
- Deepak, G. C, Alexandros Ladas, Christos Politis, “Robust Device-to-Device 5G
Cellular Communication in Post-Disaster Scenario,” 16th IEEE CCNC, 2019
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12. D2D-5G-Millimeter wave Communication
D2D-5G-Millimeter wave Communication
 D2D communication is expected
as essential feature of mm-Wave
5G cellular networks.
 It improves network capacity and
build connections between two
wireless devices.
 Due to the directional antenna and
high propagation loss, mmWave
communication has relatively low
multi-user interference (MUI).
-Kaur, A., Kaushik, S., Bajpai, R. and Gupta, N., 2020, October. Performance Analysis of
Millimeter-Wave Based Device-to-Device Communications System. In 2020 27th International
Conference on Telecommunications (ICT) (pp. 1-4). IEEE 2020. 12

13. D2D-5G-mmWave Communication
D2D-5G-mmWave Communication
 D2D and mmWave are complementary in 5G.
 Out of (3-300) GHz spectrum, only (57-64 GHz)
[oxygen absorption band] and (164-200 GHz)
[vapour absorption band] are unsuitable for
communication.
 D2D communication has interference issues in
unlicensed ISM band: no QoS guarantee
 In licensed band, accurate interference
management is required between cellular and
D2D.
 Directional communication in mmWave allows
better interference management with high
throughput.
-Gek Hong (Allyson) SIM, Adrian Loch, Arash Asadi, Vincenzo Mancuso, and Joergy Widmer,“5G mmWave
and D2D symbiosis: 60 GHz for proximity based services,” IEEE Wireless Communcations Magazine; August
2017
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14. D2D-5G-Handover and Mobility issues
D2D-5G-Handover and Mobility issues
-Currently, the handover mechanism
for D2D pairs is not standardized
yet. LTE-A considers the handover
procedure of a single user (hard
HO).
-W. K. Lai, Chin_Shiuh Shieh, Fu-Sheng Chou, Chia-Yu Hsu, “ Handover management for D2D Communication in
5G Networks,” 2020 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication and the Internet 14
-There are multiple eNBs which are prospective HO targets for a MS. Users
will report their RSRPs from all eNBs and based on a utility function
involving direction of a MS and its satisfaction with the current eNB, HO for a
D2D pair may be executed. Otherwise, normal LTE-A HO will be executed.
-When a D2D pair moves across cell
boundaries, the control channels of the two
UEs may connect to different BSs; which
may result in latency.

15. D2D-5G-Handover
D2D-5G-Handover
-5G : ultra-Reliable Low Latency
Communication (uRLLC);Enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB);Massive Machine Type
Communication (mMTC)
 The measurement report Mu of UE u received
at S-gNB is checked and HO decision taken. --
-The S-gNB sends a HO request to the T-gNB
and simultaneously starts finding a D2D relay
UE(like soft HO) to relay the buffered content
at the S-gNB.
-A mode selection process is performed to
select the best out of D2D mode or Direct
mode (sometimes suitable D2D may not be
available).
 V2X for road safety application in 5G
-Naveen Kumar, Sunil Kumar, and Karthikeyan Subramanium,“Achieving zero ms Handover Interruption
in New Radio with Higher Throughput using D2D Communication,” IEEE WCNC, 2019.
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16. D2D-5G-UAV
D2D-5G-UAV
 Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as flying base
stations (BSs) to provide emergency coverage for
UEs, due to their mobility and flexibility.
 UAV platforms: HAP (hundreds of km) and LAP
(within hundreds of meter)
 Fixed wing type (F-UAV) [good for power limited
application] and rotary wing type (R-UAV) [for 3D
movement; F-UAV cannot have vertical movement]
 Time varying interference at GND users in 3D UAV
network is difficult to model. The authors propose a
mixed mobility model for a 3D UAV network.
- Pankaj K. Sharma, Dong In Kim, “Random 3D Mobile UAV Networks: Mobility Modelling and Coverage
Probability,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun., October 2017
-In the figure: A multi-hop D2D
communication guarantees the
reliable transmission and extends
the UAV coverage for IoTDs in
disaster zone
-Liu, Xiaonan, Guan Gui, Nan Zhao, Weixiao Meng, Zan Li, Yunfei Chen, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "UAV coverage for
downlink in disasters: Precoding and multi-hop D2D." In 2018 IEEE/CIC International Conference on
Communications in China (ICCC), pp. 341-346. IEEE, 2018.
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17. D2D-5G-UAV
D2D-5G-UAV
 UAVs for reliable communication during grand temporary social events,
military operations and disaster situations.
 An UAV as a mobile cloud computing system for providing application
offloading opportunities to mobile users.
 USE CASE: The use of moving cloudlets can play important role in disaster
response, emergency relief or military scenarios where mobile devices with
limited data processing capabilities can benefit from the cloudlet aided
execution of data analysis application for the assessment of the status of
victims, enemies or hazardous terrain and structures.
 The UE may be a smart phone, monitoring sensor and wearable device.
- S. Jeong, O. Simeone and J. Kang, “Mobile Edge Computing via a UAV Mounted Cloudlet:
Optimization of Bit Allocation and Path Planning,” IEEE TVT 2018.
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18. D2D-5G-IoT
D2D-5G-IoT
 Long range MTC over resource constrained devices requires low power wide area
(LPWA) technology, for e.g., NB-IoT (3 km for urban; 15 km for rural).
 D2D provides mechanism to transmit the NB-IoT UE acquired data to the BS using
nearby cellular devices, which act as relaying nodes to support D2D communication.
 Deterministic D2D (2D2D) for delay sensitive
applications such as monitoring the vital sign of a heart
,regulating heavy traffic in smart city, the amount
of packet drop and delay is not permissible.
 -The MBS selects a group of UEs by analysing
their channel gains and the residual energy levels to
help D2D communication.
- Using AI based ranks and the current signal to
handle the packet, the MBS allocates a relaying
UE for the NB-IoT UE.
- Ali Nauman, M.A. Jamshed, R. Ali, Y. B. Zikria, S. W. Kim, “An intelligent deterministic D2D
communication in NB-IoT,” 2019 15th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing
Conference (IWCMC), Tangier, Morocco, 2019, pp. 2111-2115, doi: 10.1109/IWCMC.2019.8766786.
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19. D2D in 6G
D2D in 6G
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20. D2D in 6G
D2D in 6G
-6G: expected data rate- 1Tbps; Latency < 1 msec
-6G will use higher frequency, so high path loss. Thus transmission distance
will become much shorter, 6G will be extremely dense. Massive MIMO,
beamforming will be used extensively.
-AI techniques like ML will make 6G more intelligent
-UE/ smart phone will be more powerful with powerful processor, high
storage, long battery life, multiple sensorsPersonal mobile will be AI
driven personal mobile workstation.
-Space-air-terrestrial-sea integrated network will be the choice.
-Computation and storage resources of UEs are far from the requirement of
users. End to end transmission time will be very small, so there will be lots
of idle UEs. Computational task of a UE will be shared with other UEs in
D2D mode.
-Zhang, S., Liu, J., Guo, H., Qi, M. and Kato, N., 2020. Envisioning device-to-device
communications in 6G. IEEE Network, 34(3), pp.86-91. 20

21. Proposed Work
Proposed Work
PBPS
IBPS
Cluster 1 Cluster 2
Non-functional area
Functional area
Incremental distance
Decremental distance
EH-
link
Fixed distance
D
Cluster N
BS
UE
Figure 1: System model for multi-hop D2D communication from FA to NFA
-Ghosh, Sayanti, Soumen Mondal, Sanjay Dhar Roy, and Sumit Kundu. "D2D communication with energy harvesting
relays for disaster management." International Journal of Electronics (2020): 1-19
21

22. • The achievable
throughput for fixed
D2D distance is less
compared to
incremental and
decremental distances
Figure 2 : Comparative study of different types of D2D distances in NFA
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23. D2D-IoT Relay Hopper
D2D-IoT Relay Hopper
-In the first step, the IoT devices satisfying
the QoS constraint are selected and matched
with appropriate reuse candidates, that is, the
cellular user equipments (CUEs) by an optimum
resource allocation scheme.
-Next, link reliability of these links are
computed and weak links are discarded.
-Finally, the disconnected IoT devices are rerouted to the IoT gateway via IoT devices
possessing strong links following a relay hopper model.
-A. Pradhan, S. Basu, S. Sarkar, S. Mitra and S. D. Roy, "Implementation of relay hopper model for reliable
communication of IoT devices in LTE environment through D2D link," 2018 10th International Conference on
Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS), Bengaluru, 2018, pp. 569-572, doi:
10.1109/COMSNETS.2018.8328275.
23

24. -Asadi, Arash, Qing Wang, and Vincenzo Mancuso. "A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular
networks." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 16.4 (2014): 1801-1819.
-Kar, Udit Narayana, and Debarshi Kumar Sanyal. "An overview of device-to-device communication in cellular
networks." ICT Express (2017).
-Ahmed, Shakil, Mohammad Rashid, Fakhrul Alam, and Bapon Fakhruddin. "A Disaster Response Framework Based on IoT
and D2D Communication under 5G Network Technology." In 2019 29th International Telecommunication Networks and
Applications Conference (ITNAC), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2019.
-Gyawali, S., Xu, S., Ye, F., Hu, R.Q. and Qian, Y., 2018, June. A D2D based clustering scheme for public safety
communications. In 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
-Gandotra, P., Bhatia, V. and Lall, B., 2020, November. Paradigm Shift in Public Warning Systems: A Two-tier Approach
towards Broadcasting. In 2020 IEEE REGION 10 CONFERENCE (TENCON) (pp. 309-313). IEEE.
-Alnoman, Ali, and Alagan Anpalagan. "On D2D communications for public safety applications." In 2017 IEEE Canada
International Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC), pp. 124-127. IEEE, 2017.
-Ali, Kamran, Huan X. Nguyen, Quoc-Tuan Vien, Purav Shah, and Zheng Chu. "Disaster management using D2D
communication with power transfer and clustering techniques." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 14643-14654.
-Kaur, A., Kaushik, S., Bajpai, R. and Gupta, N., 2020, October. Performance Analysis of Millimeter-Wave Based Device-to-
Device Communications System. In 2020 27th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT) (pp. 1-4). IEEE 2020.
-Peer, M., Bohara, V.A. and Srivastava, A., 2020, September. Multi-Hop D2D Framework for Disaster-Resilient
Communication Network. In 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF) (pp. 584-589). IEEE.
-Nasir, Ali A., Xiangyun Zhou, Salman Durrani, and Rodney A. Kennedy. "Relaying protocols for wireless energy harvesting
and information processing." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 12, no. 7 (2013): 3622-3636.
References
References
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25. -Agiwal, M., Roy, A. and Saxena, N., 2016. Next generation 5G wireless networks: A comprehensive survey. IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18(3), pp.1617-1655.
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challenges, solutions, and future directions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(5), pp.86-92.
-Qiao, J., Shen, X.S., Mark, J.W., Shen, Q., He, Y. and Lei, L., 2015. Enabling device-to-device communications in
millimeter-wave 5G cellular networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(1), pp.209-215.
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In 2012 IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp. 391-395. IEEE, 2012.
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Wireless Communications, 21(5), pp.14-23.
-Li, Y., Chi, K., Chen, H., Wang, Z. and Zhu, Y., 2017. Narrowband Internet of Things systems with opportunistic D2D
communication. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(3), pp.1474-1484.
-Liu, Z., Han, X., Liu, Y. and Wang, Y., 2018. D2D-based vehicular communication with delayed CSI feedback. IEEE
Access, 6, pp.52857-52866.
-Ouali, K., Kassar, M. and Sethom, K., 2018. Handover performance analysis for managing D2D mobility in 5G cellular
networks. IET Communications, 12(15), pp.1925-1936.
-Zhang, S., Liu, J., Guo, H., Qi, M. and Kato, N., 2020. Envisioning device-to-device communications in 6G. IEEE
Network, 34(3), pp.86-91.
- Liu, Xiaonan, Guan Gui, Nan Zhao, Weixiao Meng, Zan Li, Yunfei Chen, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "UAV coverage for
downlink in disasters: Precoding and multi-hop D2D." In 2018 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications
in China (ICCC), pp. 341-346. IEEE, 2018.
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Network, 34(3), pp.86-91.
References
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26. -Ghosh, Sayanti, Soumen Mondal, Sanjay Dhar Roy, and Sumit Kundu. "D2D communication with energy harvesting
relays for disaster management." International Journal of Electronics (2020): 1-19.
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Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), Chennai, India, 2020, pp. 1297-1301, doi:
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communication of IoT devices in LTE environment through D2D link," 2018 10th International Conference on
Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS), Bengaluru, 2018, pp. 569-572, doi:
10.1109/COMSNETS.2018.8328275.
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