Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling as immunomodulating agents.
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins secreted by immune cells that mediate communication between cells. They include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and others. Cytokines act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms. They have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, and antagonistic effects and induce cascades of other cytokines. Cytokines mediate innate and adaptive immunity through effects on cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and recruitment. Chemokines are a subfamily of cytokines that direct cell migration through interaction with specific chemokine receptors on target cells.
The immune system protects organisms through layered defenses. The innate immune system provides an immediate response, while the adaptive immune system has immunological memory. The adaptive immune system is activated if pathogens evade the innate response and has both cell-mediated and humoral components. Cytokines allow communication between immune cells and help regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunosuppressive drugs target different parts of the immune activation cascade to suppress immune responses, such as by inhibiting cytokine production or lymphocyte proliferation.
This document provides information about cytokines. Some key points:
- Cytokines are small secreted proteins that regulate immune cell communication and function. They stimulate immune cell movement and interactions.
- Cytokines can have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. They exhibit properties like pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism.
- Major classes of cytokines include lymphokines, monokines, chemokines, and interleukins. They have various roles like attracting immune cells, activating macrophages, and stimulating antibody production.
- Cytokines act by binding specific receptors on target cells and altering gene expression. They have high affinity for receptors and can function at pic
The document discusses cytokines and chemokines. It defines them, classifies them into six families, and describes their general properties and functions. The six families are: interleukin 1, hematopoietin/class 1, interferon/class 2, chemokine, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 17 families. Cytokines have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, antagonistic, and cascade induction effects. They are important in innate and adaptive immunity.
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins that are important mediators of the immune system. They can be classified into interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony stimulating factors, chemokines, and growth factors. Cytokines act through specific cell surface receptors and have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects. They are involved in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Therapeutic uses of cytokines include treatment of viral infections, cancer, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases through administration of cytokines or anti-cytokine antibodies.
Cytokines are proteins secreted by immune cells that regulate the immune response through communication between cells. They affect a wide variety of cells and organs, and multiple cytokines may have similar effects. The main types of cytokines are interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, growth factors, and chemokines. Interleukins regulate interactions between lymphocytes and leukocytes. Interferons have antiviral properties and activate the immune system. Tumor necrosis factors destroy tumor cells and mediate inflammation. Growth factors control leukocyte production. Chemokines regulate leukocyte migration and activation during inflammation. Cytokines function through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine patterns of activity.
Cytokines are small proteins that mediate and regulate inflammation. The major cytokines involved in acute inflammation are interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and chemokines. These cytokines are primarily secreted by macrophages and T lymphocytes and work together in a cascade to recruit immune cells to sites of injury, induce fever, and stimulate the production of acute phase proteins from the liver. Chemokines specifically direct the movement of leukocytes through chemotaxis.
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins secreted by immune cells that mediate communication between cells. They include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and others. Cytokines act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms. They have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, and antagonistic effects and induce cascades of other cytokines. Cytokines mediate innate and adaptive immunity through effects on cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and recruitment. Chemokines are a subfamily of cytokines that direct cell migration through interaction with specific chemokine receptors on target cells.
The immune system protects organisms through layered defenses. The innate immune system provides an immediate response, while the adaptive immune system has immunological memory. The adaptive immune system is activated if pathogens evade the innate response and has both cell-mediated and humoral components. Cytokines allow communication between immune cells and help regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunosuppressive drugs target different parts of the immune activation cascade to suppress immune responses, such as by inhibiting cytokine production or lymphocyte proliferation.
This document provides information about cytokines. Some key points:
- Cytokines are small secreted proteins that regulate immune cell communication and function. They stimulate immune cell movement and interactions.
- Cytokines can have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. They exhibit properties like pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism.
- Major classes of cytokines include lymphokines, monokines, chemokines, and interleukins. They have various roles like attracting immune cells, activating macrophages, and stimulating antibody production.
- Cytokines act by binding specific receptors on target cells and altering gene expression. They have high affinity for receptors and can function at pic
The document discusses cytokines and chemokines. It defines them, classifies them into six families, and describes their general properties and functions. The six families are: interleukin 1, hematopoietin/class 1, interferon/class 2, chemokine, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 17 families. Cytokines have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, antagonistic, and cascade induction effects. They are important in innate and adaptive immunity.
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins that are important mediators of the immune system. They can be classified into interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony stimulating factors, chemokines, and growth factors. Cytokines act through specific cell surface receptors and have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects. They are involved in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Therapeutic uses of cytokines include treatment of viral infections, cancer, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases through administration of cytokines or anti-cytokine antibodies.
Cytokines are proteins secreted by immune cells that regulate the immune response through communication between cells. They affect a wide variety of cells and organs, and multiple cytokines may have similar effects. The main types of cytokines are interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, growth factors, and chemokines. Interleukins regulate interactions between lymphocytes and leukocytes. Interferons have antiviral properties and activate the immune system. Tumor necrosis factors destroy tumor cells and mediate inflammation. Growth factors control leukocyte production. Chemokines regulate leukocyte migration and activation during inflammation. Cytokines function through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine patterns of activity.
Cytokines are small proteins that mediate and regulate inflammation. The major cytokines involved in acute inflammation are interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and chemokines. These cytokines are primarily secreted by macrophages and T lymphocytes and work together in a cascade to recruit immune cells to sites of injury, induce fever, and stimulate the production of acute phase proteins from the liver. Chemokines specifically direct the movement of leukocytes through chemotaxis.
Cytokines are low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and other cells that regulate immune responses. They bind to specific receptors and can have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. Cytokine receptors fall into five main families. Cytokines act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms and mediate effects by binding specific receptors. Transforming growth factor beta inhibits T cell and macrophage functions. Chemokines attract macrophages and neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Macrophages produce cytokines like TNF-alpha that activate other immune cells. Cytokines are also targets for therapies related to transplantation and cancer.
This document provides an overview of cytokines. It discusses that cytokines are proteins secreted by immune cells that mediate inflammation and immune responses. It categorizes cytokines into pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). The document also describes the properties, receptors, and functions of some important cytokines like IL-1, TNF, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β in inflammation and immune responses.
This document provides an overview of cytokines presented in a lecture by Dr. Ge Jin. It defines cytokines as small secreted proteins that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. It describes the basic properties, categories and functions of cytokines including their role in innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses cytokine signaling pathways and the role of cytokines in immunoregulation and oral diseases like periodontal disease.
This document provides an overview of cytokines presented in a lecture by Dr. Ge Jin. It defines cytokines as small secreted proteins that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. It describes the basic properties, categories and functions of cytokines including their role in innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses cytokine signaling pathways and the role of cytokines in immunoregulation and oral diseases.
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins that are secreted by cells of the immune system and other cells to regulate immune responses. They act as signaling molecules between cells through specific high-affinity receptors. Cytokines control processes like activation, growth, and differentiation of immune cells. They are classified based on their cellular source (monokines, lymphokines) or functional roles (interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines, growth factors). Binding of cytokines to their receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades that regulate gene expression. Dysregulation of cytokines can contribute to diseases like cytokine release syndrome. Key cytokines discovered at the National Cancer Institute, like interleukin-2, interleukin-
CYTOKINES
NOMENCLATURE OF CYTOKINES
PROPERTIES OF CYTOKINES
CYTOKINES BELONG TO FOUR FAMILIES
CYTOKINES RECEPTORS
CLASS I AND CLASS II CYTOKINE RECEPTORS
ACTIVATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY BY CYTOKINE
1.Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors
2. Class I cytokine receptor family (also known as hematopoietin receptors family)
Three subfamilies of the class I cytokine receptor family (hematopoietin)
3. Class II cytokine receptor family (also known as Interferon receptors family)
4. TNF receptor superfamily
5. Chemokine receptors
Functional Categories of Cytokines
A. Mediators of natural immunity
B.Cytokines acting as mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity
C. Cytokines acting as stimulators of haematopoiesis
Cytokine Antagonists
IMMUNE REGULATION
A. Regulation by cytokines
B. Regulation by regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Cytokine cross-regulation
Therapeutic Uses of Cytokines and their Receptors
Initially, interleukins were thought to be produced by leukocytes and act on other leukocytes, leading to their name. Interleukins stimulate immune cell growth and differentiation and activate effector mechanisms. They are cytokines secreted by activated immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes. Interleukins modulate immune and inflammatory responses.
NK cells play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. As part of the innate immune system, NK cells help control viral infections through cytotoxic killing of infected cells and by secreting cytokines like IFNγ and TNFα that activate macrophages. NK cells express activating and inhibitory receptors that allow them to distinguish healthy "self" cells from infected or abnormal cells. The balance of signals through these receptors determines whether an NK cell mounts an immune response. NK cells also contribute to adaptive immunity by developing a form of immunological memory, responding more rapidly upon secondary exposure to pathogens.
cytokines play a key role in controlling the immune system. It facilitate other cells and organs to work, with this presentation you will be able to learn about what are cytokines, their types, & their biological roles along with diseases related to cytokines and cytokines based therapies.
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid cell-to-cell communication in the immune system. They are proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins secreted by immune cells that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells and regulate the immune response by stimulating or inhibiting cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Abnormal cytokine production or receptor expression has been implicated in diseases like septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and cancer.
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells to coordinate the immune response. They are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. Cytokines help regulate immune cell development and function, inducing inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and wound healing. They signal through high affinity receptors via autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions and exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism. Cytokines are classified into families including hematopoietins, chemokines, interferons, TNF, and CSFs. TH1 and TH2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine immune response type. Cytokine antagonists and inhibitors regulate cytokine activity.
Cytokines are small soluble proteins that are important mediators of the inflammatory response. They are produced by immune cells like lymphocytes and monocytes and act as signaling molecules between cells. The document defines cytokines and provides classifications of cytokines. It describes the roles of key cytokines like IL-1 and IL-2 in innate immunity and leukocyte recruitment during the early immune response. Cytokines function through binding to specific cell surface receptors and activating intracellular signaling pathways.
This document discusses several key cells of the innate immune system, including their origins, surface markers, functions, and mechanisms of action. It describes natural killer (NK) cells, which spontaneously kill virus-infected and tumor cells. It also outlines macrophages and their roles in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. Dendritic cells are discussed as the most efficient antigen presenting cells that activate naive T cells. The functions of neutrophils and basophils are also summarized.
Cytokines are low molecular weight polypeptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by cells and have various functions including mediating and regulating immune responses and inflammatory reactions. Cytokines are produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, glial cells and other cells. They act through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine mechanisms and initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane receptors. Cytokines have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects and form a cytokine network. The major classes of cytokines include interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, colony stimulating factors, transforming growth factors and chemokines. Cytokines play important roles in various diseases and their therapeutic uses include treatment
The document discusses cytokines, which are proteins that mediate communication between cells of the immune system. It describes the different types of cytokines, including interleukins produced by T-helper cells, lymphokines produced by lymphocytes, and monokines produced by monocytes. The document outlines the roles and functions of specific cytokines like IL-1, IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ and GM-CSF. It also discusses how cytokines are classified based on their structure and roles in innate versus adaptive immunity.
Cytokines are a diverse group of proteins that act as intercellular messengers to regulate immune and inflammatory responses. They are classified based on the cells that produce them and include monokines, lymphokines, interleukins, and chemokines. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and influence cell growth, differentiation, and synthesis of other cytokines. They are involved in innate immunity, acquired immunity, and hematopoiesis.
توثيق مراجع البحث العلمي على أنو: "إثبات ادلصادر البيانات وادلعلومات ونسبها إىلnedalalazzwy
عترب البحث العلمي ادلمنهج ذاك الذي يستويف يف مجيع مراحلو مراعاة معايري البحث العلمي ادلنهجي
خاصة فيما خيص األمانة يف اعتماد ادلراجع سواء كانت دراسات سابقة او مراجع لبعض االقتباسلت والعبارات
وزبتلف عملية التوثيق للمراجع باختالف مصدرىا ونوعها واختالف رلال زبصصها فتوثيق التت ملال خيتلف
عنو يف توثيق ادلقاالت الصحفية وخيتلف عن توثيق ادلواد االلتًتونية وىذه األخرية خيتلف يف توثيقها تبعا ألنواعها
ىي األخرى واذلدف من ذلك ىو حفاظ الباحث على سهولة العودة اىل ادلصادر وادلراجع ادلستخدمة بالنسبة
لقراء حبقو العلمي وىو أيضا من باب األمانة العلمية
This document discusses SNPs, GWAS, and association studies. It defines SNPs, linkage disequilibrium, haplotype blocks, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It describes two main types of association studies: family-based studies using TDT and case-control studies using allele frequencies and odds ratios. Issues like population stratification, principal components, identity-by-descent are addressed. GWAS require large sample sizes to reliably detect genetic associations and increase reproducibility.
Cytokines are low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and other cells that regulate immune responses. They bind to specific receptors and can have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. Cytokine receptors fall into five main families. Cytokines act through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mechanisms and mediate effects by binding specific receptors. Transforming growth factor beta inhibits T cell and macrophage functions. Chemokines attract macrophages and neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Macrophages produce cytokines like TNF-alpha that activate other immune cells. Cytokines are also targets for therapies related to transplantation and cancer.
This document provides an overview of cytokines. It discusses that cytokines are proteins secreted by immune cells that mediate inflammation and immune responses. It categorizes cytokines into pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). The document also describes the properties, receptors, and functions of some important cytokines like IL-1, TNF, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β in inflammation and immune responses.
This document provides an overview of cytokines presented in a lecture by Dr. Ge Jin. It defines cytokines as small secreted proteins that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. It describes the basic properties, categories and functions of cytokines including their role in innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses cytokine signaling pathways and the role of cytokines in immunoregulation and oral diseases like periodontal disease.
This document provides an overview of cytokines presented in a lecture by Dr. Ge Jin. It defines cytokines as small secreted proteins that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. It describes the basic properties, categories and functions of cytokines including their role in innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses cytokine signaling pathways and the role of cytokines in immunoregulation and oral diseases.
Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins that are secreted by cells of the immune system and other cells to regulate immune responses. They act as signaling molecules between cells through specific high-affinity receptors. Cytokines control processes like activation, growth, and differentiation of immune cells. They are classified based on their cellular source (monokines, lymphokines) or functional roles (interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines, growth factors). Binding of cytokines to their receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades that regulate gene expression. Dysregulation of cytokines can contribute to diseases like cytokine release syndrome. Key cytokines discovered at the National Cancer Institute, like interleukin-2, interleukin-
CYTOKINES
NOMENCLATURE OF CYTOKINES
PROPERTIES OF CYTOKINES
CYTOKINES BELONG TO FOUR FAMILIES
CYTOKINES RECEPTORS
CLASS I AND CLASS II CYTOKINE RECEPTORS
ACTIVATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY BY CYTOKINE
1.Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors
2. Class I cytokine receptor family (also known as hematopoietin receptors family)
Three subfamilies of the class I cytokine receptor family (hematopoietin)
3. Class II cytokine receptor family (also known as Interferon receptors family)
4. TNF receptor superfamily
5. Chemokine receptors
Functional Categories of Cytokines
A. Mediators of natural immunity
B.Cytokines acting as mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity
C. Cytokines acting as stimulators of haematopoiesis
Cytokine Antagonists
IMMUNE REGULATION
A. Regulation by cytokines
B. Regulation by regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Cytokine cross-regulation
Therapeutic Uses of Cytokines and their Receptors
Initially, interleukins were thought to be produced by leukocytes and act on other leukocytes, leading to their name. Interleukins stimulate immune cell growth and differentiation and activate effector mechanisms. They are cytokines secreted by activated immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes. Interleukins modulate immune and inflammatory responses.
NK cells play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. As part of the innate immune system, NK cells help control viral infections through cytotoxic killing of infected cells and by secreting cytokines like IFNγ and TNFα that activate macrophages. NK cells express activating and inhibitory receptors that allow them to distinguish healthy "self" cells from infected or abnormal cells. The balance of signals through these receptors determines whether an NK cell mounts an immune response. NK cells also contribute to adaptive immunity by developing a form of immunological memory, responding more rapidly upon secondary exposure to pathogens.
cytokines play a key role in controlling the immune system. It facilitate other cells and organs to work, with this presentation you will be able to learn about what are cytokines, their types, & their biological roles along with diseases related to cytokines and cytokines based therapies.
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid cell-to-cell communication in the immune system. They are proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins secreted by immune cells that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells and regulate the immune response by stimulating or inhibiting cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Abnormal cytokine production or receptor expression has been implicated in diseases like septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and cancer.
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells to coordinate the immune response. They are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. Cytokines help regulate immune cell development and function, inducing inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and wound healing. They signal through high affinity receptors via autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions and exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism. Cytokines are classified into families including hematopoietins, chemokines, interferons, TNF, and CSFs. TH1 and TH2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine immune response type. Cytokine antagonists and inhibitors regulate cytokine activity.
Cytokines are small soluble proteins that are important mediators of the inflammatory response. They are produced by immune cells like lymphocytes and monocytes and act as signaling molecules between cells. The document defines cytokines and provides classifications of cytokines. It describes the roles of key cytokines like IL-1 and IL-2 in innate immunity and leukocyte recruitment during the early immune response. Cytokines function through binding to specific cell surface receptors and activating intracellular signaling pathways.
This document discusses several key cells of the innate immune system, including their origins, surface markers, functions, and mechanisms of action. It describes natural killer (NK) cells, which spontaneously kill virus-infected and tumor cells. It also outlines macrophages and their roles in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. Dendritic cells are discussed as the most efficient antigen presenting cells that activate naive T cells. The functions of neutrophils and basophils are also summarized.
Cytokines are low molecular weight polypeptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by cells and have various functions including mediating and regulating immune responses and inflammatory reactions. Cytokines are produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, glial cells and other cells. They act through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine mechanisms and initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane receptors. Cytokines have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects and form a cytokine network. The major classes of cytokines include interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, colony stimulating factors, transforming growth factors and chemokines. Cytokines play important roles in various diseases and their therapeutic uses include treatment
The document discusses cytokines, which are proteins that mediate communication between cells of the immune system. It describes the different types of cytokines, including interleukins produced by T-helper cells, lymphokines produced by lymphocytes, and monokines produced by monocytes. The document outlines the roles and functions of specific cytokines like IL-1, IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ and GM-CSF. It also discusses how cytokines are classified based on their structure and roles in innate versus adaptive immunity.
Cytokines are a diverse group of proteins that act as intercellular messengers to regulate immune and inflammatory responses. They are classified based on the cells that produce them and include monokines, lymphokines, interleukins, and chemokines. Cytokines bind to specific cell surface receptors and influence cell growth, differentiation, and synthesis of other cytokines. They are involved in innate immunity, acquired immunity, and hematopoiesis.
توثيق مراجع البحث العلمي على أنو: "إثبات ادلصادر البيانات وادلعلومات ونسبها إىلnedalalazzwy
عترب البحث العلمي ادلمنهج ذاك الذي يستويف يف مجيع مراحلو مراعاة معايري البحث العلمي ادلنهجي
خاصة فيما خيص األمانة يف اعتماد ادلراجع سواء كانت دراسات سابقة او مراجع لبعض االقتباسلت والعبارات
وزبتلف عملية التوثيق للمراجع باختالف مصدرىا ونوعها واختالف رلال زبصصها فتوثيق التت ملال خيتلف
عنو يف توثيق ادلقاالت الصحفية وخيتلف عن توثيق ادلواد االلتًتونية وىذه األخرية خيتلف يف توثيقها تبعا ألنواعها
ىي األخرى واذلدف من ذلك ىو حفاظ الباحث على سهولة العودة اىل ادلصادر وادلراجع ادلستخدمة بالنسبة
لقراء حبقو العلمي وىو أيضا من باب األمانة العلمية
This document discusses SNPs, GWAS, and association studies. It defines SNPs, linkage disequilibrium, haplotype blocks, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It describes two main types of association studies: family-based studies using TDT and case-control studies using allele frequencies and odds ratios. Issues like population stratification, principal components, identity-by-descent are addressed. GWAS require large sample sizes to reliably detect genetic associations and increase reproducibility.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
Rabies virus, scientific name Rabies lyssavirus, is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals and less commonly through contact with human saliva. Rabies lyssavirus, like many rhabdoviruses, has an extremely wide host range.
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a technique that permits visualization of virtually many components in any given tissue or cell type. This broad capability is achieved through combinations of specific antibodies tagged with fluorophores. Consequently, the pos
fastidious organism is any organism that has complex or particular nutritional requirements. In other words, a fastidious organism will only grow when specific nutrients are included in its medium.
An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from th
Multiplex PCR is a technique whereby PCR is used to amplify several different DNA sequences simultaneously. It is a type of target enrichment approach. It was first described in 1988 as a method to detect deletion mutations in the dystrophin gene – the largest known human gene
Radio Immuno Assay, Immuno Fluorescent Test, Lab 4.pptxnedalalazzwy
A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone .
What is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay?
A laboratory technique that uses antibodies linked to enzymes to detect and measure the amount of a substance in a solution, such as serum. The test is done using a solid surface to which the antibodies and other molecules stick.
Infectious diseases can be viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. There's also a rare group of infectious diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
What is toxoplasmosis? Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. While the parasite is found throughout the world, more than 40 million people in the United States may be infected with the Toxoplasma parasite.
Integrons are genetic elements that contain a site-specific recombination system able to integrate, express and exchange specific DNA elements, called gene cassettes. 5. The complete integron is not considered to be a mobile element as such as it lacks functions for self-mobility.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae are bacteria that can cause illness by damaging the lining of the respiratory system (throat, lungs, windpipe). People can have the bacteria in their nose or throat at one time or another without being ill. People spread Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria to others by coughing or sneezing.
A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time. DNA microarrays are microscope slides that are printed with thousands of tiny spots in defined positions, with each spot containing a known DNA sequence or gene.
Recombinant DNA technology allows for the isolation, cloning, and manipulation of genes. Two key advances enabled this field: genetic engineering using restriction enzymes to isolate and modify genes in vitro, and DNA sequencing to determine the order of nucleotides. Recombinant DNA is generated by joining DNA from different sources, and molecular cloning produces large quantities of a particular DNA fragment through construction of a recombinant vector, introduction into a host cell, selective propagation of cells containing the vector, and extraction of the cloned DNA.
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its division.
Polymerase chain reaction (abbreviated PCR) is a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
3. Cytokines” are soluble protein secreted by
the cells of innate and adaptive immunity and
therefore mediate many of the functions of
these cells.
Produced in response to microbes and other antigens.
stimulate growth and differentiation of lymphocytes
also hemopiesis.
4. Are cytokines hormones? No
• Cytokines Hormones
• Usually act locally Usually act at
distance
• Transient synthesis Continuous
synthesis
• Many cell types Specialized cells
24/11/2022
6. Based on their cellular sources
Monokines (mononuclear phagocyte)
lymphokines (lymphocytes)
Interlukins (leukocytes) (IL-1, IL-2,)
A subfamily of cytokines primarily
functions in directing migration of
cells, these are called “chemotactic
cytokines” or “chemokines”
7. Cytokines are polypeptides
produced by the cells of innate
and adaptive immunity in
response to microbes and other
antigens as a result of cellular
activation.
Cytokines initiate their actions
by binding to specific membrane
receptors on target cells.
The cellular responses to most
cytokines consist of gene
activation, resulting in the
expression of new functions and
sometimes the proliferation of
the target cells
What are cytokines?
8. Functional Categories of Cytokines
Mediators and regulators of innate immunity:
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1, IL-6, IL-
12, Type I IFNs, IL-15, IL-18,chemokines
Mediators and regulators of adptive immunity
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-g, TGF-, LT(TNF- ),
IL-13,etc
Stimulators of hematopoiesis
granulocyte-CSF, G-CSF
macrophage-CSF,M-CSF
granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, GM-CSF)
erythropoietin, EPO
TPO
stem cell factor, SCF
9. Cytokine Receptors
Type I cytokine receptors
Type II cytokine receptors
Ig superfamily
TNF receptors
Seven-transmembrane -helical receptors
*Classification of cytokine receptors based
on structural homologies among the
extracellular cytokine-binding domain.
11. General properties of cytokines
Pleiotropism
One cytokine Can have multiple affects on different
Target Cells
Redundancy
Multiple cytokines have the same functional
actions
24/11/2022
12. Synergy
Two or more cytokines having greater additive
effects than one cytokine
Antagonism
One or more cytokine(s) Can inhibit the
action of the other
Cascading
–Cytokines acting sequentially
24/11/2022
13. 24/11/2022
General properties of cytokines
IL-4
IL-2
IL-4
IL-5
IFN-g
TNF
IFN-g
IgE
Th2 diff
Inhibition
Prolif
Increased expression
of MHC I and/or II
Macrophage
activation
14.
15. Cytokine actions may be local and systemic
Autocrine
action
Endocrine action
circulation
act at a distance from the site of infection
Paracrine action act on a nearby cell
act on cytokine-producing cell itself
16. Action of Cytokines
Autocrine
–Affects the generating cell (self)
Paracrine
–Affects cells in the immediate vicinity
Endocrine
–Affects cells remote from the secreting cell
18. Cytokine Network
CKs are part of complex system that regulates
the immune system.
CKs are primarily produced by immune
system but many other organs (liver, brain,
endocrine glands) make CKs to influence
immune response.
21. Chemokine Function
Recruitment of inflammatory cells to
infection
Provide immune homeostasis
Important in host defense against bacteria,
parasitic and viral infection
Role in wound healing
Role in hematopoesis and angiogenesis
under study
27. NK cells secret cytokine, mainly IFN-g—to activate
macrophage to destroy phagocytosed microbes.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
IL-1
IL-12
Type I IFNs
IL-15
IL-18
Mononuclear phagocytes are the principal source of
cytokines of innate immunity
As a result of cellular activation:
28. 24/11/2022
Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Mediate acute inflammation to G-ve and
other microbes.
- Produced by activated MNCs, NK, Ag
stimulated T cells and mast cells.
- MQ produced it in influence of LPS
30. 24/11/2022
Type I IFN (IFN and IFN)
• Source:
–IFN a: mononuclear phagocytes , Nk cells,
Ag stimulated cells.
– IFNb: Many cells (ex. Fibroblasts)
• Stimulus: viral infection, Ag activated T cells
31. 24/11/2022
Type I cytokines (IFN and IFN)
• Actions:
– Bind to the same receptor, induce similar biological
effects
– Protect against viral infections
– Promote cell-mediated immunity against intracellular
pathogens
» Inhibit viral replication (enzymes interfering with
transcription of viral RNA,DNA):
» Paracrine: IFN secreted protects neighbouring cells
» Autocrine: inhibits viral replication in the infected
cell
– Increase MHC Class I cell surface expression (CTL killing)
– Th1 (promotes expression IL-12R)
– Anti proliferative effect
32. type I IFN inhibits viral replication
virus
Viral replication
Induction of
“antiviral state”
IFN-
Induction of enzymes that
block viral replication
Potent
stimulus
nucleus nucleus
Virus infected cells Nearby uninfected cell
33. 24/11/2022
Major biological activities of IL-12
• Induction of cytokine secretion
– Induces production of large amounts of IFN-g from
resting and activated T cells and NK cells
– Induces the production in low amounts of:
• TNF, IL-2, GMCSF, IL-8
• IL-10 (negative feedback regulating its own
production as IL-10 inhibits IL-12 synthesis)
34. 24/11/2022
Major biological activities of IL-12
• Induction of cytokine secretion
– Induces production of large amounts of IFN-g from
resting and activated T cells and NK cells
– Induces the production in low amounts of:
• TNF, IL-2, GMCSF, IL-8
• IL-10 (negative feedback regulating its own
production as IL-10 inhibits IL-12 synthesis)
36. 24/11/2022
IL-1
• Source:
– Activated macrophages (neutrophils, EC, some epithelial
cells)
• Structure
– a and b forms, bind to same receptors, same biologic
activities
• Function:
– mediator of host inflammatory response to infections and
inflammatory reactions (similar as TNF except no apoptosis
and no septic shock induced)
• Receptors: members of Ig family . Type I on almost all cell
type; Type II on B cells, does not induce response to IL-1:
Decoy inhibiting IL-1 binding to type I receptor
37. 24/11/2022
Chemokines
Stimulate leukocytes movement and regulate
their migration from blood to tissue.
- Sources : MQ, Endothelial cell , T Cells,
Fibroblast & platelets.
- Regulate traffic of lymphocytes and leukocytes
through peripheral lymphoid.
- Organ development(angiogenesis
39. 24/11/2022
Major biological activities of IL-12
• Induction of cytokine secretion
– Induces production of large amounts of IFN-g from
resting and activated T cells and NK cells
– Induces the production in low amounts of:
• TNF, IL-2, GMCSF, IL-8
• IL-10 (negative feedback regulating its own
production as IL-10 inhibits IL-12 synthesis)
40. 24/11/2022
Interleukine-10(IL-10)
Sources :MQ, TH2 .
- Homeostatic control of innate immunity&
adaptive one.
- Inhibit production of IL-12 & TNF.
- Inhibit expression of MHC11 & co stimulatory
molecules.
- Stimulate prolifrate human B cell in culture
41. Cytokine of adaptive immunity are produced mainly by T
lymphocytes in response to specific recognition of protein Ags.
The function of T helper cells is mediated by cytokines
42. 24/11/2022
Interferon IFN-g
• Source: CD4+ Th1 cells, CTL, NK
• Function:
–In association with TNF IFN-g is the
major macrophage-activating
cytokine
• Stimulate MHC Class I and II molecules
and costimulators on APCs.
43. 24/11/2022
IFN-g functions
• On B cells acts on isotype switching :promotes
Ig2a (Fcg receptors binding on phagocytes),
inhibits IL-4 induced class switch to IgE and
IgG1
• Promotes indirectly Th1 differentiation: activates
mononuclear phagocytes to produce IL-12,
inhibits proliferation of Th2 cells
• Activate neutrophils and stimulates cytolytic
activity of NK cells
45. 24/11/2022
IL-4 (18kD)
• Source: CD4+ Th2 cells, CD4+ NK1.1+ T cells, mast
cells, basophils
• Action:
– B cells
– B cell growth factor
– Isotype switch to IgE
– Increase MHC ClassII and FceRII
– Thymocytes, T cells
– Th2 differentiation, proliferation
– Macrophages
– MHC ClassII expression, phagocytic activity
– Mast cells proliferation
46. IL-2 Production
• Produced mainly by mitogen activated CD4+T-
lymphocytes
• Originally called T-cell growth factor (TCGF)
• Transformed T-cells and B-cells, leukemia
cells,LAK cells (Lymphokine-activated killer
cells) and NK-cells also secrete IL-2
47. IL-2 Actions/Modulation
• Resting cells do not produce IL-2
• Induces cell cycle progression in resting
cells
• Allows clonal expansion of activated T-
lymphocytes
• Growth/expansion effect is modulated by
hormones such as prolactin
48. IL-2 Summary
• IL-2 important actions:
–It can increase immunoglobulin synthesis and J-
chain transcription
–Proliferation in B cells (with IL-4)
–potently augment the cytolytic activity of natural
killer (NK) cells
– induce the cytolytic activity of lymphokine-activated
killer (LAK) cells
–Due to its effects on T-cells and B-cells IL-2 is a
central regulator of immune response
–Passes BBB
49. 24/11/2022
Transforming Growth Factor beta(TGFβ)
Sources: T cells, MQ & other cells
- Inhibit proliferation and activation of
lymphocytes and leukocytes.
- Stimulate production of IgA in mucosal
immunity.
- Synthesis of collagen, cellular receptor for
matrix protein ( Repair mechanism).
53. Cytokine Assays
• The biological activities of cytokines can be
measured by a variety of bioassays which
may employ factor-dependent cell lines, or
antibodies (ELISA)
• RT-PCR quantitation of cytokines detects
the presence of mRNA encoding specific
cytokines