Current and power using hall sensors
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This document discusses Hall effect sensors and their applications. Hall effect sensors use the Hall effect principle to sense magnetic fields or electric current. They have simple and inexpensive designs, producing an output voltage proportional to the magnetic field. Common applications include sensing motor speed and position, measuring current, and detecting changes in magnetic fields. Hall effect sensors are widely used due to their low cost, ease of integration, and ability to provide non-contact sensing of magnetic fields and current.
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Hall sensors/working of hall sensors /hall effet ,
Hall sensors use the Hall effect to detect magnetic fields and measure properties like proximity, position, speed, and current. They work by producing a voltage when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to an electric current in a conductor. Common materials used are gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, and indium phosphide. Hall sensors have applications in magnetometers, current sensors, position sensing in motors, and automotive fuel level indicators. While low cost and reliable, they provide lower accuracy than other sensor types and can drift over time.
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3) Details on CRO measurements including amplitude, frequency, and the design of rectifier circuits.
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The document is a lab manual for experiments with analog electronics and cathode ray oscilloscopes (CROs). It includes:
1) An introduction to CRO components and how they work to display voltage signals over time.
2) Instructions for two experiments - the first to familiarize students with CRO functions like measuring voltage, current, frequency and phase shift. The second examines the performance of half wave, full wave and bridge rectifiers with and without capacitor filters.
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2. Directional couplers are 4-port networks that divide power between through and coupled ports. They use quarter-wave length lines and even-odd mode analysis. Voltage ratios define coupling factors. Multisection designs provide broadband operation.
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The Smith chart is a graphical tool used to analyze high frequency circuits. It represents all possible complex impedances in terms of the reflection coefficient. Circles of constant resistance and arcs of constant reactance intersect on the chart to indicate impedance values. The chart allows users to determine impedances, reflection coefficients, voltage standing wave ratios and other transmission line parameters through graphical techniques. It remains a popular tool decades after its original conception due to providing a clever way to visualize complex impedance functions.
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The transducer whose resistance varies because of the environmental effects such type of transducer is known as the resistive transducer. The change in resistance is measured by the ac or dc measuring devices. The resistive transducer is used for measuring the physical quantities like temperature, displacement, vibration etc.
The measurement of the physical quantity is quite difficult. The resistive transducer converts the physical quantities into variable resistance which is easily measured by the meters. The process of variation in resistance is widely used in the industrial applications.
The resistive transducer can work both as the primary as well as the secondary transducer. The primary transducer changes the physical quantities into a mechanical signal, and secondary transducer directly transforms it into an electrical signal.
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Where R – resistance in ohms.
A – cross-section area of the conductor in meter square.
L – Length of the conductor in meter square.
ρ – the resistivity of the conductor in materials in ohm meter.
The resistive transducer is designed by considering the variation of the length, area and resistivity of the metal.
Applications of Resistive Transducer
The following are the applications of the resistive transducer.
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Resistance Thermometer – The resistance of the metals changes because of changes in temperature. This property of conductor is used for measuring the temperature.
Thermistor – It works on the principle that the temperature coefficient of the thermistor material varies with the temperature. The thermistor has the negative temperature coefficient. The Negative temperature coefficient means the temperature is inversely proportional to resistance.
179740720 efek-hall-ppt
Teks menjelaskan tentang Efek Hall dimana arus listrik yang mengalir dalam lempengan logam yang diletakkan dalam medan magnet akan mengakibatkan muatan listrik terkumpul di sisi atas dan bawah lempengan logam, menghasilkan tegangan Hall. Tegangan Hall ini sebanding dengan kecepatan elektron dan medan magnet yang diberikan.
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1. Eksperimen mengukur tetapan Hall dan rapat pembawa muatan pada sampel tungsten menggunakan metode efek Hall.
2. Hasilnya menunjukkan tetapan Hall bernilai negatif dan rapat pembawa muatan meningkat dengan medan magnet yang lebih besar.
3. Eksperimen ini bermanfaat untuk mempelajari sifat konduktivitas material.
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The transducer whose resistance varies because of the environmental effects such type of transducer is known as the resistive transducer. The change in resistance is measured by the ac or dc measuring devices. The resistive transducer is used for measuring the physical quantities like temperature, displacement, vibration etc.
The measurement of the physical quantity is quite difficult. The resistive transducer converts the physical quantities into variable resistance which is easily measured by the meters. The process of variation in resistance is widely used in the industrial applications.
The resistive transducer can work both as the primary as well as the secondary transducer. The primary transducer changes the physical quantities into a mechanical signal, and secondary transducer directly transforms it into an electrical signal.
Working Principle of Resistive Transducer
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A – cross-section area of the conductor in meter square.
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Applications of Resistive Transducer
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Potentiometer – The translation and rotatory potentiometer are the examples of the resistive transducers. The resistance of their conductor varies with the variation in their lengths which is used for the measurement of displacement.
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179740720 efek-hall-ppt
Teks menjelaskan tentang Efek Hall dimana arus listrik yang mengalir dalam lempengan logam yang diletakkan dalam medan magnet akan mengakibatkan muatan listrik terkumpul di sisi atas dan bawah lempengan logam, menghasilkan tegangan Hall. Tegangan Hall ini sebanding dengan kecepatan elektron dan medan magnet yang diberikan.
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1. Eksperimen mengukur tetapan Hall dan rapat pembawa muatan pada sampel tungsten menggunakan metode efek Hall.
2. Hasilnya menunjukkan tetapan Hall bernilai negatif dan rapat pembawa muatan meningkat dengan medan magnet yang lebih besar.
3. Eksperimen ini bermanfaat untuk mempelajari sifat konduktivitas material.
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Acs712
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RadioPulse ecomagination
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Major project report on MEASUREMENT, PROTECTION, SPEED CONTROL AND GRAPHICAL ...
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http://www.meetup.com/FW-Dev/
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The Hall effect produces a voltage difference across a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. It was discovered in 1879 by Edwin Hall. When charges flow through a conductor in a magnetic field, the Lorentz force induces a voltage perpendicular to the current and field. This Hall voltage is proportional to the magnetic field and current. The Hall effect can determine the type and concentration of current carriers in materials and is used in applications like current sensors, motor control, and magnetometers.
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The Hall effect produces a voltage difference across a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. It was discovered in 1879 by Edwin Hall. When charges flow through a conductor, the Lorentz force causes electrons and holes to separate, producing an electric field perpendicular to the current and magnetic field. This Hall voltage can be used to determine properties of the conductor like carrier type and density. Modern applications of Hall effect sensors include current sensors, motor control, magnetometers, and blood flow measurement.
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Current and power using hall sensors
- 1. CURRENT AND POWER USING HALL SENSORS
- 2. Hall effect sensors Hall effect was discovered in 1879 by Edward H. Hall Exists in all conducting materials Is particularly pronounced and useful in semiconductors. One of the simplest of all magnetic sensing devices Used extensively in sensing position and measuring magnetic fields
- 3. Hall effect - principles Consider a block of conducting medium through which a current of electrons is flowing caused by an external field A magnetic filed B is established across the conductor, perpendicular to the current (. The electrons flow at a velocity v A force perpendicular to both the current and field is established. F= qvBsinvb [N]
- 4. Theory Thus R=Vh/aJH=Vhb/IH Vh is Hall Voltage and I is Jab
- 5. Hall effect - principle
- 6. Hall effect - principles The electrons are pulled towards the front side surface of the conductor (holes in semiconductors move towards the back) A voltage develops between the back (positive) and front (negative) surface. This voltage is the Hall voltage and is given by: Vout = IB qnd V d is the thickness of the hall plate, n is the carrier density [charges/m3] and q is the charge of the electron [C]
- 7. If the current changes direction or the magnetic field changes direction, the polarity of the Hall voltage flips. The Hall effect sensor is polarity dependent, may be used to measure direction of a field or direction of motion if the sensor is properly set up. The term 1/qn [m3/C] is material dependent and is called the Hall coefficient KH.
- 8. Hall coefficient The hall voltage is usually represented as: Vout = KH IB d V • Hall coefficients vary from material to material • Are particularly large in semiconductors. • Hall voltage is linear with respect to the field for given current and dimensions. • Hall coefficient is temperature dependent and this must be compensated if accurate sensing is needed.
- 9. Hall coefficient - cont. Hall coefficient is rather small - of the order of 50 mV/T Most sensed fields are smaller than 1 T The Hall voltage can be as small as a few V Must in almost all cases be amplified. Example, the earth’s magnetic field is only about 50 T so that the output is a mere 25 V
- 10. Hall effect sensors - practical considerations Hall voltages are easily measurable quantities Hall sensors are among the most commonly used sensors for magnetic fields: simple, linear, very inexpensive, available in arrays can be integrated within devices. Errors involved in measurement are mostly due to temperature and variations and the averaging effect of the Hall plate size These can be compensated by appropriate
- 11. Hall effect sensors - fabrication A typical sensor will be a rectangular wafer of small thickness Made of p or n doped semiconductor (InAs and InSb are most commonly used because of their larger carrier densities – hence larger Hall coefficients) Silicon may also be used with reduced sensitivity) The sensor is usually identified by the two transverse resistances – the control resistance through which the control current flows and the output resistance across which the Hall voltage develops.
- 12. Hall effect sensors - applications In practical applications, the current is usually kept constant so that the output voltage is proportional to the field. The sensor may be used to measure field (provided proper compensation can be incorporated) It may be used as a detector or to operate a switch. The latter is very common in sensing of rotation which in itself may be used to measure a variety of effect (shaft position, frequency of rotation (rpm), position, differential position, etc.).
- 13. Hall effect sensors - applications Example is shown in Figure 5.31 where the rpm of a shaft is sensed. Many variations of this basic configuration: for example, measurement of angular displacement. Sensing of gears (electronic ignition) Multiple sensors can sense direction as well
- 14. Hall element as a rotation sensor
- 16. Hall effect sensors - applications Example: measuring power The magnetic field through the hall element is proportional to the current being measured The current is proportional to voltage being measured The Hall voltage is proportional to product of current and voltage - power
- 17. Hall element power sensor
- 18. Applications Hall effect devices produce a very low signal level and thus require amplification. In early 20th century vacuum tube amplifiers were expensive and unreliable. But with the development of the low cost integrated circuit the Hall effect sensor became suitable for mass application.
- 19. Some Hall element sensors
- 20. A 3-axis Hall element probe
- 21. Hall sensors used to control a CDROM motor
- 22. Current Sensor When electrons flow through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced. Thus, it is possible to create a non-contacting current sensor. This has several advantages: 1.No additional resistance (a shunt) need be inserted in the primary circuit. 2.Also, the voltage present on the line to be sensed is not transmitted to the sensor, which enhances the safety of measuring equipment. Hall effect current sensor with internal integrated circuit amplifier.